{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T02:01:32Z","timestamp":1790388092567,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ganglioneuromas (GNs) are rare benign tumors arising from sympathetic neural crest derivatives, with limited large-scale data guiding management. The objective of this study was to characterize the clinical presentation, imaging features, surgical management, and long-term outcomes of patients with GN treated at a single institution over a 30-year period.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The authors conducted a retrospective review of all patients diagnosed with GN between 1995 and 2025 at a single institution. Clinical data, imaging characteristics, operative details, perioperative complications, and long-term outcomes were abstracted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 101 patients (62.3% female, mean age 26.9 \u00b1 15.9 years) were identified. Tumors most commonly arose in the retroperitoneum (n = 46, 45.5%), thoracic paraspinal\/mediastinal region (n = 33, 32.7%), presacral space (n = 18, 17.8%), and cervical region (n = 4, 4%). The mean tumor dimensions on MRI were 8.5 \u00b1 3.8 \u00d7 6.6 \u00b1 3.2 \u00d7 5.8 \u00b1 3.7 cm. Most lesions (72%) were incidental findings. Seventy patients underwent 72 surgeries, of which 69.4% had preoperative biopsy confirmation. Gross-total resection (GTR) was achieved in 73.6% of cases (53\/72) and subtotal resection (STR) was performed in 26.4% (19\/72). Short-term postoperative complications occurred in 43.1% of cases, most commonly neurological deficits (22.2%). The mean hospital length of stay was 4.6 \u00b1 3.7 days. At the final follow-up (mean duration 33.8 \u00b1 42.6 months), 46.5% of patients were stable, 42.3% had improved, and 11.3% had worsened from baseline. Two patients experienced recurrence (2.9%, 2\/70). No malignant transformations were observed. Thirty-one patients were managed with observation (mean age 32.3 \u00b1 17.7 years; mean follow-up duration 90.9 \u00b1 151 months). Observation was chosen primarily due to proximity to major vascular or neural structures (74.2%). No patient in the observation group developed new symptoms, and 2 tumors exhibited minimal interval growth (0.08\u20130.17 cm\/year).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>GNs demonstrate indolent behavior, low recurrence rates, and no observed malignant transformation in this large cohort. GTR is achievable in most cases, but STR provides excellent long-term control when required to avoid morbidity. Observation is safe for asymptomatic tumors, particularly when adjacent to critical structures, with no growth observed on long-term follow-up, except for minimal growth in few cases. These findings support an individualized, risk-based approach to management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2026.2.jns252992","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:01:52Z","timestamp":1785283312000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A comprehensive analysis of ganglioneuromas: a 30-year experience of 101 patients"],"prefix":"10.3171","author":[{"given":"Pavlos","family":"Texakalidis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and"},{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahul","family":"Gogoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Spinner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"b1","series-title":"Int J Clin Exp Pathol","first-page":"4862","article-title":"Ganglioneuroma in unusual sites: clinical, radiologic and pathological features","volume":"11","author":"Wu Z","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wu Z, Zeng Q, Zhang X, Tu S, Zhang F. 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