{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T02:39:21Z","timestamp":1792809561498,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with metopic synostosis have an increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders, despite a minimal risk of intracranial hypertension. While mechanical constraint due to premature suture fusion has been proposed as a contributing factor, evidence suggests intrinsic brain malformations may play a more significant role. Cortical thickness, volume, and surface area alterations have been implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders, yet their role in metopic synostosis remains unclear. In this retrospective study, authors investigated whether these cortical parameters are altered in patients with metopic synostosis compared with those in healthy controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>3D T1-weighted MRI brain scans from patients 0\u20132 years of age with metopic synostosis were reviewed. Children born preterm or with a syndromic condition were excluded. MRI brain scans of patients and age-matched controls were processed using the Infant FreeSurfer pipeline to quantify cortical thickness, cortical volume, cortical surface area, and intracranial volume. Linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, and intracranial volume were used to compare global cortical thickness, cortical volume, and cortical surface area between the groups, with secondary analyses of these metrics at the lobular level.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sixty-four patients with metopic synostosis and 32 controls (median age at MRI 8.4 months [IQR 4.84] and 12.4 months [IQR 9.68], respectively) were eligible for inclusion. Patients with metopic synostosis had a significantly increased cortical surface area compared to that in controls (p = 0.029). No significant differences were found in global cortical thickness (p = 0.281) or total cortical volume (p = 0.141) between patients and controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Increased cortical surface area is observed in patients with metopic synostosis; however, there are no significant differences in cortical thickness and volume. Similar developmental trajectories have been observed in infants with neurodevelopmental disorders. These findings shift the focus from mechanical deformation to fundamental brain development pathways in patients with metopic synostosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2026.2.peds25473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:01:08Z","timestamp":1790726468000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cortical development in patients with metopic craniosynostosis"],"prefix":"10.3171","author":[{"given":"Pauline A. E.","family":"Tio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meike C.","family":"Tjaberinga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diede C.","family":"Wijnbergen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam;"},{"name":"Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Gaillard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjolein H. G.","family":"Dremmen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mieke M.","family":"Pleumeekers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Lise C.","family":"van Veelen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; and"},{"name":"Child Brain Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Sophia Children\u2019s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henri A.","family":"Vrooman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene M. J.","family":"Mathijssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"b1","series-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg","first-page":"1273","article-title":"Increase of prevalence of craniosynostosis","volume":"44","author":"Cornelissen M","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cornelissen M, Ottelander BD, Rizopoulos D,  Increase of prevalence of craniosynostosis. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2016;44(9):1273\u20131279. doi:10.1016\/j.jcms.2016.07.007"},{"issue":"1","key":"b2","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"178","article-title":"Making the diagnosis: metopic ridge versus metopic craniosynostosis","volume":"24","author":"Birgfeld CB","year":"2013","unstructured":"Birgfeld CB, Saltzman BS, Hing AV,  Making the diagnosis: metopic ridge versus metopic craniosynostosis. J Craniofac Surg. 2013;24(1):178\u2013185. doi:10.1097\/SCS.0b013e31826683d1"},{"issue":"4","key":"b3","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"885","article-title":"Cognitive and behavioral functioning in 82 patients with trigonocephaly","volume":"130","author":"van der Vlugt JJB","year":"2012","unstructured":"van der Vlugt JJB, van der Meulen J, Creemers HE, Verhulst FC, Hovius SER, Okkerse JME. Cognitive and behavioral functioning in 82 patients with trigonocephaly. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2012;130(4):885\u2013893. doi:10.1097\/PRS.0b013e318262f21f"},{"issue":"2","key":"b4","series-title":"Child Neuropsychol","first-page":"263","article-title":"Cognitive, behavioral and psychological functioning in children with metopic synostosis: a meta-analysis examining the impact of surgical status","volume":"25","author":"Osborn AJ","year":"2019","unstructured":"Osborn AJ, Roberts RM, Mathias JL, Anderson PJ, Flapper WJ. Cognitive, behavioral and psychological functioning in children with metopic synostosis: a meta-analysis examining the impact of surgical status. Child Neuropsychol. 2019;25(2):263\u2013277. doi:10.1080\/09297049.2018.1441821"},{"issue":"5","key":"b5","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"382","article-title":"Behavioral, developmental, and educational problems in children with nonsyndromic trigonocephaly","volume":"105","author":"Kelleher MO","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kelleher MO, Murray DJ, McGillivary A, Kamel MH, Allcutt D, Earley MJ. Behavioral, developmental, and educational problems in children with nonsyndromic trigonocephaly. J Neurosurg. 2006;105(5):382\u2013384. doi:10.3171\/ped.2006.105.5.382"},{"issue":"5","key":"b6","series-title":"Dev Neuropsychol","first-page":"191","article-title":"Attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in individuals with non-syndromic craniosynostosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Osborn AJ","year":"2024","unstructured":"Osborn AJ, Lange O, Roberts RM. Attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in individuals with non-syndromic craniosynostosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dev Neuropsychol. 2024;49(5):191\u2013206. doi:10.1080\/87565641.2024.2357801"},{"issue":"1","key":"b7","series-title":"J Pediatr Neuropsychol","first-page":"2","article-title":"Autism and social functioning in individuals with nonsyndromic craniosynostosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Ljubicic LR","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ljubicic LR, Osborn AJ, Roberts RM. Autism and social functioning in individuals with nonsyndromic craniosynostosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pediatr Neuropsychol. 2025;11(1):2\u201312. doi:10.1037\/jpn0000003"},{"issue":"9","key":"b8","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"1359","article-title":"Metopic synostosis","volume":"28","author":"van der Meulen J","year":"2012","unstructured":"van der Meulen J. Metopic synostosis. Childs Nerv Syst. 2012;28(9):1359\u20131367. doi:10.1007\/s00381-012-1803-z"},{"issue":"42","key":"b9","series-title":"Pediatr Neurol","first-page":"48","article-title":"A diffusion tensor imaging analysis of frontal lobe white matter microstructure in trigonocephaly patients","volume":"131","author":"de Planque CA","year":"2022","unstructured":"de Planque CA, Gaillard L, Vrooman HA,  A diffusion tensor imaging analysis of frontal lobe white matter microstructure in trigonocephaly patients. Pediatr Neurol. 2022;131(42):48. doi:10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2022.04.003"},{"issue":"4","key":"b10","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"931","article-title":"Cerebral blood flow of the frontal lobe in untreated children with trigonocephaly versus healthy controls: an arterial spin labeling study","volume":"149","author":"de Planque CA","year":"2022","unstructured":"de Planque CA, Petr J, Gaillard L,  Cerebral blood flow of the frontal lobe in untreated children with trigonocephaly versus healthy controls: an arterial spin labeling study. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2022;149(4):931\u2013937. doi:10.1097\/PRS.0000000000008931"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Acta Anat (Basel)","first-page":"351","article-title":"The pathogenesis of premature cranial synostosis in man","volume":"37","author":"Moss ML","year":"1959","unstructured":"Moss ML. The pathogenesis of premature cranial synostosis in man. Acta Anat (Basel). 1959;37:351\u2013370. doi:10.1159\/000141479"},{"issue":"3","key":"b12","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"269","article-title":"Neurodevelopment of children with single suture craniosynostosis: a review","volume":"23","author":"Kapp-Simon KA","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kapp-Simon KA, Speltz ML, Cunningham ML, Patel PK, Tomita T. Neurodevelopment of children with single suture craniosynostosis: a review. Childs Nerv Syst. 2007;23(3):269\u2013281. doi:10.1007\/s00381-006-0251-z"},{"issue":"6","key":"b13","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"536","article-title":"Overlap of genetic factors among craniosynostosis and autism spectrum disorder: the presence of autistic cases without craniosynostosis in carriers of shared variants","volume":"35","author":"Ijichi S","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ijichi S, Ijichi N, Sakuma M,  Overlap of genetic factors among craniosynostosis and autism spectrum disorder: the presence of autistic cases without craniosynostosis in carriers of shared variants. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2025;35(6):536\u2013545. doi:10.3171\/2024.12.PEDS24296"},{"issue":"6","key":"b14","series-title":"Am J Hum Genet","first-page":"1195","article-title":"De novo and inherited loss-of-function variants in TLK2: clinical and genotype-phenotype evaluation of a distinct neurodevelopmental disorder","volume":"102","author":"Reijnders MRF","year":"2018","unstructured":"Reijnders MRF, Miller KA, Alvi M,  De novo and inherited loss-of-function variants in TLK2: clinical and genotype-phenotype evaluation of a distinct neurodevelopmental disorder. Am J Hum Genet. 2018;102(6):1195\u20131203. doi:10.1016\/j.ajhg.2018.04.014"},{"issue":"9","key":"b15","series-title":"Genet Med","first-page":"1498","article-title":"SMAD6 variants in craniosynostosis: genotype and phenotype evaluation","volume":"22","author":"Calpena E","year":"2020","unstructured":"Calpena E, Cuellar A, Bala K,  SMAD6 variants in craniosynostosis: genotype and phenotype evaluation. Genet Med. 2020;22(9):1498\u20131506. doi:10.1038\/s41436-020-0817-2"},{"issue":"2","key":"b16","series-title":"Intelligence","first-page":"145","article-title":"Positive association between cognitive ability and cortical thickness in a representative US sample of healthy 6 to 18 year-olds","volume":"37","author":"Karama S","year":"2009","unstructured":"Karama S, Ad-Dab\u2019bagh Y, Haier R,  Positive association between cognitive ability and cortical thickness in a representative US sample of healthy 6 to 18 year-olds. Intelligence. 2009;37(2):145\u2013155. doi:10.1016\/j.intell.2008.09.006"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Front Neurosci","first-page":"1172779","article-title":"Structural neuroimaging phenotypes and associated molecular and genomic underpinnings in autism: a review","volume":"17","author":"Pretzsch CM","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pretzsch CM, Ecker C. Structural neuroimaging phenotypes and associated molecular and genomic underpinnings in autism: a review. Front Neurosci. 2023;17:1172779. doi:10.3389\/fnins.2023.1172779"},{"issue":"7084","key":"b18","series-title":"Nature","first-page":"676","article-title":"Intellectual ability and cortical development in children and adolescents","volume":"440","author":"Shaw P","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shaw P, Greenstein D, Lerch J,  Intellectual ability and cortical development in children and adolescents. Nature. 2006;440(7084):676\u2013679. doi:10.1038\/nature04513"},{"issue":"3","key":"b19","series-title":"Brain Behav Evol","first-page":"143","article-title":"Gyrification in the cerebral cortex of primates","volume":"34","author":"Zilles K","year":"1989","unstructured":"Zilles K, Armstrong E, Moser KH, Schleicher A, Stephan H. Gyrification in the cerebral cortex of primates. Brain Behav Evol. 1989;34(3):143\u2013150. doi:10.1159\/000116500"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"NeuroImage Clin","first-page":"215","article-title":"Development of cortical thickness and surface area in autism spectrum disorder","volume":"13","author":"Mensen VT","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mensen VT, Wierenga LM, van Dijk S,  Development of cortical thickness and surface area in autism spectrum disorder. NeuroImage Clin. 2017;13:215\u2013222. doi:10.1016\/j.nicl.2016.12.003"},{"issue":"9","key":"b21","series-title":"Am J Psychiatry","first-page":"834","article-title":"Subcortical brain volume, regional cortical thickness, and cortical surface area across disorders: findings from the ENIGMA ADHD, ASD, and OCD working groups","volume":"177","author":"Boedhoe PSW","year":"2020","unstructured":"Boedhoe PSW, Van Rooij D, Hoogman M,  Subcortical brain volume, regional cortical thickness, and cortical surface area across disorders: findings from the ENIGMA ADHD, ASD, and OCD working groups. Am J Psychiatry. 2020;177(9):834\u2013843. doi:10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.19030331"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Neuroimage","first-page":"119816","article-title":"Atypical brain structure mediates reduced IQ in young adults born preterm with very low birth weight","volume":"266","author":"Rimol LM","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rimol LM, Rise HH, Evensen KAI,  Atypical brain structure mediates reduced IQ in young adults born preterm with very low birth weight. Neuroimage. 2023;266:119816. doi:10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.119816"},{"issue":"5","key":"b23","series-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry","first-page":"467","article-title":"Early brain overgrowth in autism associated with an increase in cortical surface area before age 2 years","volume":"68","author":"Hazlett HC","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hazlett HC, Poe MD, Gerig G,  Early brain overgrowth in autism associated with an increase in cortical surface area before age 2 years. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68(5):467\u2013476. doi:10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.39"},{"issue":"7641","key":"b24","series-title":"Nature","first-page":"348","article-title":"Early brain development in infants at high risk for autism spectrum disorder","volume":"542","author":"Hazlett HC","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hazlett HC, Gu H, Munsell BC,  Early brain development in infants at high risk for autism spectrum disorder. Nature. 2017;542(7641):348\u2013351. doi:10.1038\/nature21369"},{"issue":"2","key":"b25","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"245","article-title":"Unusual brain growth patterns in early life in patients with autistic disorder: an MRI study","volume":"57","author":"Courchesne E","year":"2001","unstructured":"Courchesne E, Karns CM, Davis HR,  Unusual brain growth patterns in early life in patients with autistic disorder: an MRI study. Neurology. 2001;57(2):245\u2013254. doi:10.1212\/wnl.57.2.245"},{"issue":"6","key":"b26","series-title":"J Anat","first-page":"894","article-title":"Brain volume in infants with metopic synostosis: less white matter volume with an accelerated growth pattern in early life","volume":"245","author":"Gaillard L","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gaillard L, Tjaberinga MC, Dremmen MHG, Mathijssen IMJ, Vrooman HA. Brain volume in infants with metopic synostosis: less white matter volume with an accelerated growth pattern in early life. J Anat. 2024;245(6):894\u2013902. doi:10.1111\/joa.14028"},{"issue":"6","key":"b27","series-title":"Am J Psychiatry","first-page":"589","article-title":"Differences in white matter fiber tract development present from 6 to 24 months in infants with autism","volume":"169","author":"Wolff JJ","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wolff JJ, Gu H, Gerig G,  Differences in white matter fiber tract development present from 6 to 24 months in infants with autism. Am J Psychiatry. 2012;169(6):589\u2013600. doi:10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.11091447"},{"issue":"1","key":"b28","series-title":"J Anat","first-page":"4","article-title":"The neuroanatomy of autism - a developmental perspective","volume":"230","author":"Donovan APA","year":"2017","unstructured":"Donovan APA, Basson MA. The neuroanatomy of autism - a developmental perspective. J Anat. 2017;230(1):4\u201315. doi:10.1111\/joa.12542"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"Neuroimage","first-page":"116946","article-title":"Infant FreeSurfer: an automated segmentation and surface extraction pipeline for T1-weighted neuroimaging data of infants 0-2 years","volume":"218","author":"Z\u00f6llei L","year":"2020","unstructured":"Z\u00f6llei L, Iglesias JE, Ou Y, Grant PE, Fischl B. Infant FreeSurfer: an automated segmentation and surface extraction pipeline for T1-weighted neuroimaging data of infants 0-2 years. Neuroimage. 2020;218:116946. doi:10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116946"},{"issue":"1","key":"b30","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"75","article-title":"A suture-specific photo score for metopic synostosis","volume":"35","author":"Gaillard L","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gaillard L. A suture-specific photo score for metopic synostosis. J Craniofac Surg. 2024;35(1):75\u201379. doi:10.1097\/SCS.0000000000009773"},{"issue":"7","key":"b31","series-title":"Am J Psychiatry","first-page":"531","article-title":"Brain imaging of the cortex in ADHD: a coordinated analysis of large-scale clinical and population-based samples","volume":"176","author":"Hoogman M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hoogman M, Muetzel R, Guimaraes JP,  Brain imaging of the cortex in ADHD: a coordinated analysis of large-scale clinical and population-based samples. Am J Psychiatry. 2019;176(7):531\u2013542. doi:10.1176\/appi.ajp.2019.18091033"},{"issue":"50","key":"b32","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","first-page":"15462","article-title":"Development and aging of cortical thickness correspond to genetic organization patterns","volume":"112","author":"Fjell AM","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fjell AM, Grydeland H, Krogsrud SK,  Development and aging of cortical thickness correspond to genetic organization patterns. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112(50):15462\u201315467. doi:10.1073\/pnas.1508831112"},{"issue":"1","key":"b33","series-title":"Commun Biol","first-page":"1301","article-title":"The genetics of spatiotemporal variation in cortical thickness in youth","volume":"7","author":"Schmitt JE","year":"2024","unstructured":"Schmitt JE, Alexander-Bloch A, Seidlitz J, Raznahan A, Neale MC. The genetics of spatiotemporal variation in cortical thickness in youth. Commun Biol. 2024;7(1):1301. doi:10.1038\/s42003-024-06956-2"},{"issue":"34","key":"b34","series-title":"J Neurosci","first-page":"6010","article-title":"Mapping genetic topography of cortical thickness and surface area in neonatal brains","volume":"43","author":"Huang Y","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang Y, Wu Z, Li T,  Mapping genetic topography of cortical thickness and surface area in neonatal brains. J Neurosci. 2023;43(34):6010\u20136020. doi:10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1841-22.2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"b35","series-title":"Nat Commun","first-page":"7987","article-title":"Regional patterns of human cortex development correlate with underlying neurobiology","volume":"15","author":"Lotter LD","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lotter LD, Saberi A, Hansen JY,  Regional patterns of human cortex development correlate with underlying neurobiology. Nat Commun. 2024;15(1):7987. doi:10.1038\/s41467-024-52366-7"},{"issue":"2","key":"b36","series-title":"Mol Psychiatry","first-page":"698","article-title":"Cortical profiles of numerous psychiatric disorders and normal development share a common pattern","volume":"28","author":"Cao Z","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cao Z, Cupertino RB, Ottino-Gonzalez J,  Cortical profiles of numerous psychiatric disorders and normal development share a common pattern. Mol Psychiatry. 2023;28(2):698\u2013709. doi:10.1038\/s41380-022-01855-6"},{"issue":"3","key":"b37","series-title":"Cereb Cortex","first-page":"1721","article-title":"Cortical thickness abnormalities in autism spectrum disorders through late childhood, adolescence, and adulthood: a large-scale MRI study","volume":"27","author":"Khundrakpam BS","year":"2017","unstructured":"Khundrakpam BS, Lewis JD, Kostopoulos P, Carbonell F, Evans AC. Cortical thickness abnormalities in autism spectrum disorders through late childhood, adolescence, and adulthood: a large-scale MRI study. Cereb Cortex. 2017;27(3):1721\u20131731. doi:10.1093\/cercor\/bhx038"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"Neuroimage","first-page":"246","article-title":"Quantifying cortical development in typically developing toddlers and young children, 1\u20136 years of age","volume":"153","author":"Remer J","year":"2017","unstructured":"Remer J, Croteau-Chonka E, Dean DC,  Quantifying cortical development in typically developing toddlers and young children, 1\u20136 years of age. Neuroimage. 2017;153:246\u2013261. doi:10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.04.010"},{"issue":"4","key":"b39","series-title":"Brain","first-page":"1526","article-title":"Cortical growth from infancy to adolescence in preterm and term-born children","volume":"147","author":"Kelly CE","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kelly CE, Thompson DK, Adamson CL,  Cortical growth from infancy to adolescence in preterm and term-born children. Brain. 2024;147(4):1526\u20131538. doi:10.1093\/brain\/awad348"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev","first-page":"789","article-title":"The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 evidence-based conclusions about the disorder","volume":"128","author":"Faraone SV","year":"2021","unstructured":"Faraone SV, Banaschewski T, Coghill D,  The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 evidence-based conclusions about the disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2021;128:789\u2013818. doi:10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.01.022"},{"issue":"2","key":"b41","series-title":"Autism Res","first-page":"232","article-title":"Increased surface area, but not cortical thickness, in a subset of young boys with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"9","author":"Ohta H","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ohta H, Nordahl CW, Iosif AM, Lee A, Rogers S, Amaral DG. Increased surface area, but not cortical thickness, in a subset of young boys with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Res. 2016;9(2):232\u2013248. doi:10.1002\/aur.1520"},{"issue":"6484","key":"b42","series-title":"Science","first-page":"eaay6690","article-title":"The genetic architecture of the human cerebral cortex","volume":"367","author":"Grasby KL","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grasby KL, Jahanshad N, Painter JN,  The genetic architecture of the human cerebral cortex. Science. 2020;367(6484):eaay6690. doi:10.1126\/science.aay6690"},{"issue":"12","key":"b43","series-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry","first-page":"1366","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging and head circumference study of brain size in autism: birth through age 2 years","volume":"62","author":"Hazlett HC","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hazlett HC, Poe M, Gerig G,  Magnetic resonance imaging and head circumference study of brain size in autism: birth through age 2 years. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(12):1366\u20131376. doi:10.1001\/archpsyc.62.12.1366"},{"issue":"2","key":"b44","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"184","article-title":"Brain structural abnormalities in young children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"59","author":"Sparks BF","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sparks BF, Friedman SD, Shaw DW,  Brain structural abnormalities in young children with autism spectrum disorder. Neurology. 2002;59(2):184\u2013192. doi:10.1212\/wnl.59.2.184"},{"issue":"4","key":"b45","series-title":"Lancet Psychiatry","first-page":"310","article-title":"Subcortical brain volume differences in participants with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adults: a cross-sectional mega-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Hoogman M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hoogman M, Bralten J, Hibar DP,  Subcortical brain volume differences in participants with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adults: a cross-sectional mega-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2017;4(4):310\u2013319. doi:10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30049-4"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/aop\/article-10.3171-2026.2.PEDS25473\/article-10.3171-2026.2.PEDS25473.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/aop\/article-10.3171-2026.2.PEDS25473\/article-10.3171-2026.2.PEDS25473.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T02:14:13Z","timestamp":1792808053000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/aop\/article-10.3171-2026.2.PEDS25473\/article-10.3171-2026.2.PEDS25473.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"references-count":45,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2026.2.peds25473","relation":{},"ISSN":["1933-0707","1933-0715"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1933-0707","type":"print"},{"value":"1933-0715","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]}}}