{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:49:02Z","timestamp":1785890942022,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) is a progressive spinal cord disorder, yet modifiable risk factors that accelerate its progression remain poorly understood. While cigarette smoking worsens surgical outcomes, its influence on disease progression under conservative management is unclear. Heated tobacco products (HTPs) are increasingly used worldwide, but their neurological effects remain unexamined. Authors of this study analyzed the effects of extracts derived from combustible cigarettes and HTPs on the progression of cervical myelopathy and determined whether combustible cigarettes and HTPs exert similar effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Male Sprague Dawley rats (8 weeks old) underwent laminectomy only (sham group) or cervical spinal cord compression surgery and received intraperitoneal injections of saline (compression model [CM] group), cigarette smoke extract (CSE; compression model based on combustible cigarettes [cCM group]) or HTP extract (compression model based on heated tobacco products [hCM group]) every 5 days for 10 weeks. Motor and sensory function were assessed using the Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) Locomotor Rating Scale and the von Frey test, respectively. Histological evaluation was performed postmortem. In vitro, differentiated rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells were exposed to CSEs prepared from combustible cigarettes (cCSE) or HTPs (hCSE), and neurite length, cell viability, and apoptosis rates were assessed after 24 hours.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The median BBB scale scores at 10 weeks postoperatively were significantly lower in the cCM (median 11 [IQR 11\u201311], p &lt; 0.01) and hCM (11 [10\u201311], p &lt; 0.01) groups than in the CM group (13 [13\u201315]). Hind paw withdrawal thresholds were higher in the cCM (median 26.0 g [IQR 26.0\u201360.0 g], p &lt; 0.001) and hCM (26.0 g [26.0\u201360.0 g], p &lt; 0.001) groups than in the CM group (15.0 g [10.0\u201315.0 g]). Histological analysis revealed increased neuronal loss, gray matter cavitation, and white matter demyelination. In PC12 cells, both extracts reduced neurite length (cCSE 13.4 \u00b1 1.1 \u03bcm or hCSE 23.7 \u00b1 11.4 \u03bcm vs untreated control 38.2 \u00b1 15.4 \u03bcm, p &lt; 0.001 for both), decreased viability (cCSE 0.041 \u00b1 0.007 or hCSE 0.047 \u00b1 0.007 vs untreated control 0.070 \u00b1 0.015, p &lt; 0.01 for both), and increased apoptosis (cCSE 53.6% \u00b1 0.8% or hCSE 52.5% \u00b1 1.2% vs untreated control 6.1% \u00b1 1.0%, p &lt; 0.01 for both).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both combustible cigarette and HTP extracts exacerbated neurological deterioration in a cervical myelopathy model. HTPs, despite their perceived safety, exhibited detrimental effects comparable to those from combustible cigarettes. These findings highlight the need to address all forms of tobacco use in patients with DCM treated conservatively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2026.2.spine251111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:01:47Z","timestamp":1785283307000},"page":"1-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cervical myelopathy responses to extracts derived from combustible cigarettes and heated tobacco products: in vivo and in vitro evidence"],"prefix":"10.3171","author":[{"given":"Yuto","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koji","family":"Tamai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masayoshi","family":"Iwamae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuya","family":"Nishino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kumi","family":"Orita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Kinoshita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masataka","family":"Miura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Nagashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takeo","family":"Furuya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seiji","family":"Ohtori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroaki","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hidetomi","family":"Terai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"22 Suppl 1","key":"b1","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Cervical spondylotic myelopathy: current state of the art and future directions","volume":"38","author":"Fehlings MG","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fehlings MG, Tetreault LA, Wilson JR, Skelly AC. Cervical spondylotic myelopathy: current state of the art and future directions. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2013;38(22 Suppl 1):S1-S8. doi:10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3182a7e9e0"},{"issue":"7","key":"b2","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"843","article-title":"The pathophysiology of cervical spondylosis and myelopathy","volume":"13","author":"Bohlman HH","year":"1988","unstructured":"Bohlman HH, Emery SE. The pathophysiology of cervical spondylosis and myelopathy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976).1988;13(7):843\u2013846. doi:10.1097\/00007632-198807000-00025"},{"issue":"3 suppl","key":"b3","series-title":"Global Spine J","first-page":"70S","article-title":"A clinical practice guideline for the management of patients with degenerative cervical myelopathy: recommendations for patients with mild, moderate, and severe disease and nonmyelopathic patients with evidence of cord compression","volume":"7","author":"Fehlings MG","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fehlings MG, Tetreault LA, Riew KD,  A clinical practice guideline for the management of patients with degenerative cervical myelopathy: recommendations for patients with mild, moderate, and severe disease and nonmyelopathic patients with evidence of cord compression. Global Spine J. 2017;7(3 suppl):70S-83S. doi:10.1177\/2192568217701914"},{"issue":"22 Suppl 1","key":"b4","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"S21","article-title":"Pathophysiology and natural history of cervical spondylotic myelopathy","volume":"38","author":"Karadimas SK","year":"2013","unstructured":"Karadimas SK, Erwin WM, Ely CG, Dettori JR, Fehlings MG. Pathophysiology and natural history of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2013;38(22 Suppl 1):S21-S36. doi:10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3182a7f2c3"},{"issue":"10","key":"b5","series-title":"Clin Spine Surg","first-page":"E493","article-title":"Impact of tobacco smoking on outcomes after posterior decompression surgery in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy: a retrospective multicenter study","volume":"33","author":"Nagoshi N","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nagoshi N, Kono H, Tsuji O,  Impact of tobacco smoking on outcomes after posterior decompression surgery in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy: a retrospective multicenter study. Clin Spine Surg. 2020;33(10):E493\u2013E498. doi:10.1097\/BSD.0000000000000984"},{"issue":"20","key":"b6","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"1565","article-title":"Does tobacco use attenuate benefits of early decompression in patients with cervical myelopathy?","volume":"41","author":"Kusin DJ","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kusin DJ, Li SQ, Ahn UM, Ahn NU. Does tobacco use attenuate benefits of early decompression in patients with cervical myelopathy? Spine (Phila Pa 1976).2016;41(20):1565\u20131569. doi:10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001597"},{"issue":"9","key":"b7","series-title":"Eur Spine J","first-page":"2386","article-title":"Trends analysis of surgical procedures for cervical degenerative disc disease and myelopathy in patients with tobacco use disorder","volume":"26","author":"Grisdela P","year":"2017","unstructured":"Grisdela P, Buser Z, D\u2019Oro A, Paholpak P, Liu JC, Wang JC. Trends analysis of surgical procedures for cervical degenerative disc disease and myelopathy in patients with tobacco use disorder. Eur Spine J. 2017;26(9):2386\u20132392. doi:10.1007\/s00586-017-5120-9"},{"issue":"5","key":"b8","series-title":"Clin Spine Surg","first-page":"E473","article-title":"Does cigarette smoking affect cervical laminoplasty clinical and radiologic outcomes?","volume":"35","author":"Liu G","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu G, Tan JH, Tan J,  Does cigarette smoking affect cervical laminoplasty clinical and radiologic outcomes?. Clin Spine Surg. 2022;35(5):E473\u2013E477. doi:10.1097\/BSD.0000000000001285"},{"issue":"18","key":"b9","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","first-page":"1659","article-title":"A clinical prediction model to determine outcomes in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy undergoing surgical treatment data from the prospective, multi-center AOSpine North America study","volume":"95","author":"Tetreault LA","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tetreault LA, Kopjar B, Vaccaro A,  A clinical prediction model to determine outcomes in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy undergoing surgical treatment data from the prospective, multi-center AOSpine North America study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013;95(18):1659\u20131666. doi:10.2106\/JBJS.L.01323"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"J Hazard Mater","first-page":"123417","article-title":"Comparison of the chemical composition of aerosols from heated tobacco products, electronic cigarettes and tobacco cigarettes and their toxic impacts on the human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells","volume":"401","author":"Dusautoir R","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dusautoir R, Zarcone G, Verriele M,  Comparison of the chemical composition of aerosols from heated tobacco products, electronic cigarettes and tobacco cigarettes and their toxic impacts on the human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells. J Hazard Mater. 2021;401:123417. doi:10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.123417"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"b11","series-title":"Regul Toxicol Pharmacol","first-page":"S17","article-title":"Evaluation of the tobacco heating system 2.2. Part 1: description of the system and the scientific assessment program","volume":"81","author":"Smith MR","year":"2016","unstructured":"Smith MR, Clark B, L\u00fcdicke F,  Evaluation of the tobacco heating system 2.2. Part 1: description of the system and the scientific assessment program. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2016;81 Suppl 2:S17\u2013S26. doi:10.1016\/j.yrtph.2016.07.006"},{"issue":"3","key":"b12","series-title":"Regul Toxicol Pharmacol","first-page":"338","article-title":"Exposure evaluation of adult male Japanese smokers switched to a heated cigarette in a controlled clinical setting","volume":"69","author":"Sakaguchi C","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sakaguchi C, Kakehi A, Minami N, Kikuchi A, Futamura Y. Exposure evaluation of adult male Japanese smokers switched to a heated cigarette in a controlled clinical setting. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2014;69(3):338\u2013347. doi:10.1016\/j.yrtph.2014.04.016"},{"issue":"2","key":"b13","series-title":"Nicotine Tob Res","first-page":"173","article-title":"Effects of switching to the menthol tobacco heating system 2.2, smoking abstinence, or continued cigarette smoking on clinically relevant risk markers: a randomized, controlled, open-label, multicenter study in sequential confinement and ambulatory settings (part 2)","volume":"20","author":"L\u00fcdicke F","year":"2018","unstructured":"L\u00fcdicke F, Picavet P, Baker G,  Effects of switching to the menthol tobacco heating system 2.2, smoking abstinence, or continued cigarette smoking on clinically relevant risk markers: a randomized, controlled, open-label, multicenter study in sequential confinement and ambulatory settings (part 2). Nicotine Tob Res. 2018;20(2):173\u2013182. doi:10.1093\/ntr\/ntx028"},{"issue":"1","key":"b14","series-title":"Rev Invest Clin","first-page":"17","article-title":"Respiratory impact of electronic cigarettes and low-risk tobacco","volume":"71","author":"Thiri\u00f3n-Romero I","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thiri\u00f3n-Romero I, P\u00e9rez-Padilla R, Zabert G, Barrientos-Guti\u00e9rrez I. Respiratory impact of electronic cigarettes and low-risk tobacco. Rev Invest Clin. 2019;71(1):17\u201327. doi:10.24875\/ric.18002616"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Tob Prev Cessat","first-page":"01","article-title":"Heated tobacco product use among US adolescents in 2019: the new tobacco risk","volume":"7","author":"Lee J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee J, Thompson L, Salloum R. Heated tobacco product use among US adolescents in 2019: the new tobacco risk. Tob Prev Cessat. 2021;7:01. doi:10.18332\/tpc\/130502"},{"issue":"1","key":"b16","series-title":"Toxics","first-page":"8","article-title":"The emission of VOCs and CO from heated tobacco products, electronic cigarettes, and conventional cigarettes, and their health risk","volume":"10","author":"Lu F","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lu F, Yu M, Chen C,  The emission of VOCs and CO from heated tobacco products, electronic cigarettes, and conventional cigarettes, and their health risk. Toxics. 2021;10(1):8. doi:10.3390\/toxics10010008"},{"issue":"4","key":"b17","series-title":"Ann Neurol","first-page":"503","article-title":"Delayed myelopathy induced by chronic compression in the rat spinal cord","volume":"55","author":"Kim P","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kim P, Haisa T, Kawamoto T, Kirino T, Wakai S. Delayed myelopathy induced by chronic compression in the rat spinal cord. Ann Neurol. 2004;55(4):503\u2013511. doi:10.1002\/ana.20018"},{"issue":"18","key":"b18","series-title":"Neuroreport","first-page":"1239","article-title":"Experimental rat model for cervical compressive myelopathy","volume":"28","author":"Ijima Y","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ijima Y, Furuya T, Koda M,  Experimental rat model for cervical compressive myelopathy. Neuroreport. 2017;28(18):1239\u20131245. doi:10.1097\/WNR.0000000000000907"},{"issue":"3","key":"b19","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"450","article-title":"Differences in the expression of myelopathy in a rat model of chronic spinal cord compression","volume":"47","author":"Miura M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Miura M, Furuya T, Hashimoto M,  Differences in the expression of myelopathy in a rat model of chronic spinal cord compression. J Spinal Cord Med. 2024;47(3):450\u2013458. doi:10.1080\/10790268.2022.2111048"},{"issue":"10","key":"b20","series-title":"J Psychopharmacol","first-page":"1169","article-title":"Rodent models for nicotine withdrawal","volume":"35","author":"Chellian R","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chellian R, Behnood-Rod A, Bruijnzeel DM, Wilson R, Pandy V, Bruijnzeel AW. Rodent models for nicotine withdrawal. J Psychopharmacol. 2021;35(10):1169\u20131187. doi:10.1177\/02698811211005629"},{"issue":"21","key":"b21","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","first-page":"2024","article-title":"Heated tobacco products impair cell viability, osteoblastic differentiation, and bone fracture-healing","volume":"103","author":"Nishino K","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nishino K, Tamai K, Orita K, Hashimoto Y, Nakamura H. Heated tobacco products impair cell viability, osteoblastic differentiation, and bone fracture-healing. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2021;103(21):2024\u20132031. doi:10.2106\/JBJS.20.02227"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun","first-page":"150512","article-title":"Does cessation of combustible cigarette and heated tobacco product smoking immediately following a fracture benefit fracture healing?. In vivo and in vitro validation","volume":"736","author":"Iwamae M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Iwamae M, Tamai K, Nishino K,  Does cessation of combustible cigarette and heated tobacco product smoking immediately following a fracture benefit fracture healing?. In vivo and in vitro validation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2024;736:150512. doi:10.1016\/j.bbrc.2024.150512"},{"issue":"9","key":"b23","series-title":"Nicotine Tob Res","first-page":"1285","article-title":"Free-base and total nicotine, reactive oxygen species, and carbonyl emissions from IQOS, a heated tobacco product","volume":"21","author":"Salman R","year":"2019","unstructured":"Salman R, Talih S, El-Hage R,  Free-base and total nicotine, reactive oxygen species, and carbonyl emissions from IQOS, a heated tobacco product. Nicotine Tob Res. 2019;21(9):1285\u20131288. doi:10.1093\/ntr\/nty235"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"Environ Res","first-page":"395","article-title":"Self-reported smoking, serum cotinine, and blood DNA methylation","volume":"146","author":"Zhang Y","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Florath I, Saum KU, Brenner H. Self-reported smoking, serum cotinine, and blood DNA methylation. Environ Res. 2016;146:395\u2013403. doi:10.1016\/j.envres.2016.01.026"},{"issue":"2","key":"b25","series-title":"Exp Neurol","first-page":"244","article-title":"Graded histological and locomotor outcomes after spinal cord contusion using the NYU weight-drop device versus transection","volume":"139","author":"Basso DM","year":"1996","unstructured":"Basso DM, Beattie MS, Bresnahan JC. Graded histological and locomotor outcomes after spinal cord contusion using the NYU weight-drop device versus transection. Exp Neurol. 1996;139(2):244\u2013256. doi:10.1006\/exnr.1996.0098"},{"issue":"2","key":"b26","series-title":"J Neurosci Methods","first-page":"185","article-title":"Paw withdrawal threshold in the von Frey hair test is influenced by the surface on which the rat stands","volume":"87","author":"Pitcher GM","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pitcher GM, Ritchie J, Henry JL. Paw withdrawal threshold in the von Frey hair test is influenced by the surface on which the rat stands. J Neurosci Methods. 1999;87(2):185\u2013193. doi:10.1016\/s0165-0270(99)00004-7"},{"issue":"3","key":"b27","series-title":"Eur J Neurosci","first-page":"271","article-title":"Functional evaluation of peripheral nerve regeneration and target reinnervation in animal models: a critical overview","volume":"43","author":"Navarro X","year":"2016","unstructured":"Navarro X. Functional evaluation of peripheral nerve regeneration and target reinnervation in animal models: a critical overview. Eur J Neurosci. 2016;43(3):271\u2013286. doi:10.1111\/ejn.13033"},{"issue":"1","key":"b28","series-title":"J Neurosci Methods","first-page":"55","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of tactile allodynia in the rat paw","volume":"53","author":"Chaplan SR","year":"1994","unstructured":"Chaplan SR, Bach FW, Pogrel JW, Chung JM, Yaksh TL. Quantitative assessment of tactile allodynia in the rat paw. J Neurosci Methods. 1994;53(1):55\u201363. doi:10.1016\/0165-0270(94)90144-9"},{"issue":"2","key":"b29","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"202","article-title":"Postdecompressive spinal cord blood flow increments in a cervical chronic myelopathy model in rats","volume":"35","author":"Yamamoto S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yamamoto S, Kurokawa R, Kim P. Postdecompressive spinal cord blood flow increments in a cervical chronic myelopathy model in rats. J Neurosurg Spine. 2021;35(2):202\u2013210. doi:10.3171\/2020.11.SPINE201194"},{"issue":"7","key":"b30","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","first-page":"2424","article-title":"Establishment of a noradrenergic clonal line of rat adrenal pheochromocytoma cells which respond to nerve growth factor","volume":"73","author":"Greene LA","year":"1976","unstructured":"Greene LA, Tischler AS. Establishment of a noradrenergic clonal line of rat adrenal pheochromocytoma cells which respond to nerve growth factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1976;73(7):2424\u20132428. doi:10.1073\/pnas.73.7.2424"},{"issue":"4","key":"b31","series-title":"Biosci Biotechnol Biochem","first-page":"659","article-title":"Effects of fluvoxamine on nerve growth factor-induced neurite outgrowth inhibition by dexamethasone in PC12 cells","volume":"83","author":"Matsushima Y","year":"2019","unstructured":"Matsushima Y, Terada K, Takata J, Karube Y, Kamei C, Sugimoto Y. Effects of fluvoxamine on nerve growth factor-induced neurite outgrowth inhibition by dexamethasone in PC12 cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2019;83(4):659\u2013665. doi:10.1080\/09168451.2018.1553607"},{"issue":"7","key":"b32","series-title":"Free Radic Res","first-page":"477","article-title":"Smokeless tobacco induces toxicity and apoptosis in neuronal cells: a mechanistic evaluation","volume":"54","author":"Biswas S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Biswas S, Das H, Das U,  Smokeless tobacco induces toxicity and apoptosis in neuronal cells: a mechanistic evaluation. Free Radic Res. 2020;54(7):477\u2013496. doi:10.1080\/10715762.2020.1805446"},{"issue":"5","key":"b33","series-title":"Nicotine Tob Res","first-page":"395","article-title":"Adult consequences of repeated nicotine vapor inhalation in adolescent rats","volume":"62","author":"Gutierrez A","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gutierrez A, Nguyen JD, Creehan KM, Grant Y, Taffe MA. Adult consequences of repeated nicotine vapor inhalation in adolescent rats. Nicotine Tob Res. 2012;62(5):395\u2013399."},{"issue":"4","key":"b34","series-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"453","article-title":"Arteriovenous differences in plasma concentration of nicotine and catecholamines and related cardiovascular effects after smoking, nicotine nasal spray, and intravenous nicotine","volume":"62","author":"Gourlay SG","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gourlay SG, Benowitz NL. Arteriovenous differences in plasma concentration of nicotine and catecholamines and related cardiovascular effects after smoking, nicotine nasal spray, and intravenous nicotine. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1997;62(4):453\u2013463. doi:10.1016\/S0009-9236(97)90124-7"},{"issue":"5","key":"b35","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"1121","article-title":"Human spinal cord tissue is an underutilised resource in degenerative cervical myelopathy: findings from a systematic review of human autopsies","volume":"165","author":"Dohle E","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dohle E, Beardall S, Chang A,  Human spinal cord tissue is an underutilised resource in degenerative cervical myelopathy: findings from a systematic review of human autopsies. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2023;165(5):1121\u20131131. doi:10.1007\/s00701-023-05526-5"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf","first-page":"116392","article-title":"Tobacco toxins trigger bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells aging by inhibiting mitophagy","volume":"277","author":"Xiang K","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xiang K, Ren M, Liu F,  Tobacco toxins trigger bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells aging by inhibiting mitophagy. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2024;277:116392. doi:10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.116392"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"Phytomedicine","first-page":"153894","article-title":"Dihydroquercetin suppresses cigarette smoke induced ferroptosis in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by activating Nrf2-mediated pathway","volume":"96","author":"Liu X","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu X, Ma Y, Luo L,  Dihydroquercetin suppresses cigarette smoke induced ferroptosis in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by activating Nrf2-mediated pathway. Phytomedicine. 2022;96:153894. doi:10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153894"},{"issue":"1","key":"b38","series-title":"Tob Induc Dis","first-page":"6","article-title":"Comparison between cigarette smoke-induced emphysema and cigarette smoke extract-induced emphysema","volume":"13","author":"He ZH","year":"2015","unstructured":"He ZH, Chen P, Chen Y,  Comparison between cigarette smoke-induced emphysema and cigarette smoke extract-induced emphysema. Tob Induc Dis. 2015;13(1):6. doi:10.1186\/s12971-015-0033-z"},{"issue":"24","key":"b39","series-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci","first-page":"8001","article-title":"Autophagy and apoptosis cascade: which is more prominent in neuronal death?","volume":"78","author":"Gupta R","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gupta R, Ambasta RK, Kumar P. Autophagy and apoptosis cascade: which is more prominent in neuronal death?. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2021;78(24):8001\u20138047. doi:10.1007\/s00018-021-04004-4"},{"issue":"5","key":"b40","series-title":"Clin Dermatol","first-page":"557","article-title":"Clinical pharmacology of nicotine","volume":"16","author":"Zevin S","year":"1998","unstructured":"Zevin S, Gourlay SG, Benowitz NL. Clinical pharmacology of nicotine. Clin Dermatol. 1998;16(5):557\u2013564. doi:10.1016\/s0738-081x(98)00038-8"},{"issue":"1","key":"b41","series-title":"J Physiol Sci","first-page":"35","article-title":"Cytotoxic effects of the cigarette smoke extract of heated tobacco products on human oral squamous cell carcinoma: the role of reactive oxygen species and CaMKK2","volume":"74","author":"Kagemichi N","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kagemichi N, Umemura M, Ishikawa S,  Cytotoxic effects of the cigarette smoke extract of heated tobacco products on human oral squamous cell carcinoma: the role of reactive oxygen species and CaMKK2. J Physiol Sci. 2024;74(1):35. doi:10.1186\/s12576-024-00928-1"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-spine\/aop\/article-10.3171-2026.2.SPINE251111\/article-10.3171-2026.2.SPINE251111.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-spine\/aop\/article-10.3171-2026.2.SPINE251111\/article-10.3171-2026.2.SPINE251111.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:01:52Z","timestamp":1785888112000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-spine\/aop\/article-10.3171-2026.2.SPINE251111\/article-10.3171-2026.2.SPINE251111.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"references-count":41,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2026.2.spine251111","relation":{},"ISSN":["1547-5654"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1547-5654","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]}}}