{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T15:26:26Z","timestamp":1793978786397,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>M. Gazi Ya\u015fargil, often called the \"father of modern microneurosurgery,\" fundamentally reshaped neurosurgery through a philosophy emphasizing precision and functional preservation. Despite his widely acknowledged legacy, no comprehensive, data-driven analysis has consolidated the full scope of his clinical and scholarly impact. This study combines a narrative synthesis of Ya\u015fargil\u2019s work with a bibliometric meta-analysis of his publications from 1952 to 2024, evaluating contributions across anatomical approaches, technical innovations, therapeutic strategies, surgical outcomes, and academic influence. Findings highlight foundational anatomical approaches, such as the pterional craniotomy, and key technical innovations, including specialized microsurgical instruments. His therapeutic strategies achieved durable outcomes, with &gt; 90% obliteration rates in selected vascular cohorts and Engel class I seizure freedom in approximately 70% of epilepsy cases. Bibliometric analysis of 145 publications (approximately 15,089 citations) shows his sustained scholarly influence, with 2748 citations accrued since 2020, particularly in epilepsy and tumor research. This work underscores Ya\u015fargil\u2019s enduring impact: anatomy-driven, transferable strategies that remain central to contemporary neurosurgical practice, even amid advances in robotics, endovascular techniques, and image guidance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/2026.3.jns252702","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:01:11Z","timestamp":1788307271000},"page":"1524-1532","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["M. Gazi Ya\u015fargil (1925\u20132025): a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of his impact on modern microneurosurgery"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"145","author":[{"given":"Ali","family":"Hammed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Weiden Hospital, Weiden, Bavaria;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bilal","family":"Younes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Reithmeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Weiden Hospital, Weiden, Bavaria;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Numier","family":"Alyosef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Weiden Hospital, Weiden, Bavaria;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael T.","family":"Lawton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph\u2019s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atta ul Aleem","family":"Bhatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuro Health Care 4 LMIC, Geneva, Switzerland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steffen K.","family":"Rosahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helios Klinikum Erfurt, Department of Neurosurgery, Erfurt, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas K.","family":"Demetriades","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, NHS Lothian\/Edinburgh University Hospitals, Edinburgh, Scotland; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, King\u2019s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"b1","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"1019","article-title":"Gazi Ya\u015fargil: the time in Little Rock","volume":"45","author":"Al-Mefty O. M","year":"1999","unstructured":"Al-Mefty O. M. Gazi Ya\u015fargil: the time in Little Rock. Neurosurgery. 1999;45(5):1019\u20131024. doi:10.1097\/00006123-199911000-00013"},{"issue":"3","key":"b2","series-title":"Mt Sinai J Med","first-page":"160","article-title":"The early days of microsurgery in Vermont","volume":"64","author":"Jacobson JH II","year":"1997","unstructured":"Jacobson JH II. The early days of microsurgery in Vermont. Mt Sinai J Med. 1997;64(3):160\u2013163."},{"issue":"5","key":"b3","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"1015","article-title":"Professor M. Gazi Ya\u015fargil: an appreciation by a former apprentice","volume":"45","author":"Flamm ES","year":"1999","unstructured":"Flamm ES.  Professor M. Gazi Ya\u015fargil: an appreciation by a former apprentice. Neurosurgery. 1999;45(5):1015\u20131018. doi:10.1097\/00006123-199911000-00011"},{"issue":"5","key":"b4","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"1010","article-title":"M. Gazi Ya\u015fargil: neurosurgery\u2019s man of the century","volume":"45","author":"Tew JM Jr","year":"1999","unstructured":"Tew JM Jr. M. Gazi Ya\u015fargil: neurosurgery\u2019s man of the century. Neurosurgery. 1999;45(5):1010\u20131014. doi:10.1097\/00006123-199911000-00010"},{"issue":"6","key":"b5","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1176","article-title":"Raymond M. P. Donaghy: a pioneer in microneurosurgery","volume":"112","author":"Link TE","year":"2010","unstructured":"Link TE, Bisson E, Horgan MA, Tranmer BI. Raymond M. P. Donaghy: a pioneer in microneurosurgery. J Neurosurg. 2010;112(6):1176\u20131181. doi:10.3171\/2009.6.JNS09539"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Adv Tech Stand Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-7008-3_2","article-title":"Selective amygdalohippocampectomy. Operative anatomy and surgical technique","volume":"12","author":"Ya\u015fargil MG","year":"1985","unstructured":"Ya\u015fargil MG, Teddy PJ, Roth P. Selective amygdalohippocampectomy. Operative anatomy and surgical technique. Adv Tech Stand Neurosurg. 1985;12:93\u2013123. doi:10.1007\/978-3-7091-7008-3_2"},{"issue":"2","key":"b7","series-title":"Neurosurg Open","first-page":"e00004","article-title":"The history of stereotactic and functional neurosurgery in Zurich","volume":"3","author":"Oertel MF","year":"2022","unstructured":"Oertel MF, Krayenb\u00fchl N, Baumann CR, Regli L, Stieglitz LH. The history of stereotactic and functional neurosurgery in Zurich. Neurosurg Open. 2022;3(2):e00004. doi:10.1227\/neuopn.0000000000000004"},{"issue":"2","key":"b8","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"599","article-title":"Cerebrovascular surgery: from the Wild West through the endovascular revolution. The M. Gazi Ya\u015fargil Lecture at the American Association of Neurological Surgeons 2021 Annual Scientific Meeting","volume":"137","author":"Batjer HH","year":"2022","unstructured":"Batjer HH, Kim J, El Ahmadieh TY,  Cerebrovascular surgery: from the Wild West through the endovascular revolution. The M. Gazi Ya\u015fargil Lecture at the American Association of Neurological Surgeons 2021 Annual Scientific Meeting. J Neurosurg. 2022;137(2):599\u2013603. doi:10.3171\/2021.10.JNS211412"},{"issue":"4","key":"b9","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"751","article-title":"Long-term seizure outcomes following amygdalohippocampectomy","volume":"98","author":"Wieser HG","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wieser HG, Ortega M, Friedman A, Yonekawa Y. Long-term seizure outcomes following amygdalohippocampectomy. J Neurosurg. 2003;98(4):751\u2013763. doi:10.3171\/jns.2003.98.4.0751"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Microneurosurgery, Volume I: Microsurgical Anatomy of the Basal Cisterns and Vessels of the Brain, Diagnostic Studies, General Operative Techniques and Pathological Considerations of the Intracranial Aneurysms","author":"Ya\u015fargil MG","year":"1984","unstructured":"Ya\u015fargil MG. Microneurosurgery, Volume I: Microsurgical Anatomy of the Basal Cisterns and Vessels of the Brain, Diagnostic Studies, General Operative Techniques and Pathological Considerations of the Intracranial Aneurysms. Thieme; 1984."},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Microneurosurgery, Volume II: Clinical Considerations, Surgery of the Intracranial Aneurysms and Results","author":"Ya\u015fargil MG","year":"1984","unstructured":"Ya\u015fargil MG. Microneurosurgery, Volume II: Clinical Considerations, Surgery of the Intracranial Aneurysms and Results. Thieme; 1984."},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Microneurosurgery, Volume IIIA: AVM of the Brain \u2013 History, Embryology, Pathological Considerations, Hemodynamics, Diagnostic Studies, Microsurgical Anatomy","author":"Ya\u015fargil MG","year":"1987","unstructured":"Ya\u015fargil MG. Microneurosurgery, Volume IIIA: AVM of the Brain \u2013 History, Embryology, Pathological Considerations, Hemodynamics, Diagnostic Studies, Microsurgical Anatomy. Thieme; 1987."},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Microneurosurgery, Volume IIIB: AVM of the Brain \u2013 Clinical Considerations, General and Special Operative Techniques, Surgical Results, Nonoperated Cases, Cavernous and Venous Angiomas, Neuroanesthesia","author":"Ya\u015fargil MG","year":"1988","unstructured":"Ya\u015fargil MG. Microneurosurgery, Volume IIIB: AVM of the Brain \u2013 Clinical Considerations, General and Special Operative Techniques, Surgical Results, Nonoperated Cases, Cavernous and Venous Angiomas, Neuroanesthesia. Thieme; 1988."},{"issue":"1","key":"b14","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"7","article-title":"The microsurgical approach to intracranial aneurysms","volume":"3","author":"Ya\u015fargil MG","year":"1975","unstructured":"Ya\u015fargil MG, Fox JL. The microsurgical approach to intracranial aneurysms. Surg Neurol. 1975;3(1):7\u201314."},{"issue":"6","key":"b15","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"1261","article-title":"Giant intracranial aneurysms: evolution of management in a contemporary surgical series","volume":"69","author":"Sughrue ME","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sughrue ME, Saloner D, Rayz VL, Lawton MT. Giant intracranial aneurysms: evolution of management in a contemporary surgical series. Neurosurgery. 2011;69(6):1261\u20131271. doi:10.1227\/NEU.0b013e31822bb8a6"},{"issue":"2","key":"b16","series-title":"Neurosurg Clin N Am","first-page":"243","article-title":"Surgery and results of selective amygdala-hippocampectomy in one hundred patients with nonlesional limbic epilepsy","volume":"4","author":"Ya\u015fargil MG","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ya\u015fargil MG, Wieser HG, Valavanis A, von Ammon K, Roth P. Surgery and results of selective amygdala-hippocampectomy in one hundred patients with nonlesional limbic epilepsy. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 1993;4(2):243\u2013261. doi:10.1016\/S1042-3680(18)30591-6"},{"issue":"3","key":"b17","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"705","article-title":"Visual outcomes after anterior temporal lobectomy and transsylvian selective amygdalohippocampectomy: a quantitative comparison of clinical and diffusion data","volume":"64","author":"Pruckner P","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pruckner P, Nenning KH, Fischmeister FPS,  Visual outcomes after anterior temporal lobectomy and transsylvian selective amygdalohippocampectomy: a quantitative comparison of clinical and diffusion data. Epilepsia. 2023;64(3):705\u2013717. doi:10.1111\/epi.17490"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Microneurosurgery, Volume IVA: CNS Tumors \u2013 Surgical Anatomy, Neuropathology, Neuroradiology, Neurophysiology, Clinical Considerations, Operability, Treatment Options","author":"Ya\u015fargil MG","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ya\u015fargil MG. Microneurosurgery, Volume IVA: CNS Tumors \u2013 Surgical Anatomy, Neuropathology, Neuroradiology, Neurophysiology, Clinical Considerations, Operability, Treatment Options. Thieme; 1994."},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Microneurosurgery, Volume IVB: Microneurosurgery of CNS Tumors","author":"Ya\u015fargil MG","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ya\u015fargil MG. Microneurosurgery, Volume IVB: Microneurosurgery of CNS Tumors. Thieme; 2013."},{"issue":"4 Suppl","key":"b20","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"242","article-title":"Ten-year experience with the supraorbital subfrontal approach through an eyebrow skin incision","volume":"57","author":"Reisch R","year":"2005","unstructured":"Reisch R, Perneczky A. Ten-year experience with the supraorbital subfrontal approach through an eyebrow skin incision. Neurosurgery. 2005;57(4 Suppl):242-255. doi:10.1227\/01.neu.0000178353.42777.2c"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Adv Tech Stand Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-6504-1_4","article-title":"The endovascular treatment of brain arteriovenous malformations","volume":"24","author":"Valavanis A","year":"1998","unstructured":"Valavanis A, Ya\u015fargil MG. The endovascular treatment of brain arteriovenous malformations. Adv Tech Stand Neurosurg. 1998;24:131\u2013214. doi:10.1007\/978-3-7091-6504-1_4"},{"issue":"1 Suppl Operative","key":"b22","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"125","article-title":"Osteoplastic pterional craniotomy revisited","volume":"68","author":"Kim E","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kim E, Delashaw JB Jr. Osteoplastic pterional craniotomy revisited. Neurosurgery. 2011;68(1 Suppl Operative):125-129. doi:10.1227\/NEU.0b013e318207b3e3"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Advances and Technical Standards in Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-7008-3_2","article-title":"Selective amygdalohippocampectomy operative anatomy and surgical technique","author":"Ya\u015fargil MG","year":"1985","unstructured":"Ya\u015fargil MG, Teddy PJ, Roth P. Selective amygdalohippocampectomy operative anatomy and surgical technique. In: Symon L, ed. Advances and Technical Standards in Neurosurgery. Springer;1985;12. doi:10.1007\/978-3-7091-7008-3_2"},{"issue":"9","key":"b24","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"2662","article-title":"Investigating current clinical opinions in stereoelectroencephalography-informed epilepsy surgery","volume":"65","author":"Thomas J","year":"2024","unstructured":"Thomas J, Abdallah C, Cai Z,  Investigating current clinical opinions in stereoelectroencephalography-informed epilepsy surgery. Epilepsia. 2024;65(9):2662\u20132672. doi:10.1111\/epi.18076"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers","first-page":"15008","article-title":"Brain arteriovenous malformations","volume":"1","author":"Lawton MT","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lawton MT, Rutledge WC, Kim H,  Brain arteriovenous malformations. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2015;1:15008. doi:10.1038\/nrdp.2015.8"},{"issue":"1","key":"b26","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"9","article-title":"The future of open vascular neurosurgery: perspectives on microneurosurgery, bypass, and endovascular technology","volume":"84","author":"Lawton MT","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lawton MT, Lang MJ. The future of open vascular neurosurgery: perspectives on microneurosurgery, bypass, and endovascular technology. Neurosurgery. 2019;84(1):9\u201320."},{"issue":"3","key":"b27","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"298","article-title":"Anatomical observations of the subarachnoid cisterns of the brain during surgery","volume":"44","author":"Ya\u015fargil MG","year":"1976","unstructured":"Ya\u015fargil MG, Kasdaglis K, Jain KK, Weber HP. Anatomical observations of the subarachnoid cisterns of the brain during surgery. J Neurosurg. 1976;44(3):298\u2013302. doi:10.3171\/jns.1976.44.3.0298"},{"issue":"5","key":"b28","series-title":"Neurol India","first-page":"723","article-title":"Reshaping the zygomatic complex: a \"small step\" in frontotemporal craniotomy and a \"big leap\" in exposure","volume":"63","author":"Mishra S","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mishra S, Srivastava AK, Kumar H, Sharma BS. Reshaping the zygomatic complex: a \"small step\" in frontotemporal craniotomy and a \"big leap\" in exposure. Neurol India. 2015;63(5):723\u2013726. doi:10.4103\/0028-3886.166540"},{"issue":"1","key":"b29","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"168","article-title":"The selective amygdalohippocampectomy for intractable temporal limbic seizures","volume":"112","author":"Ya\u015fargil MG","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ya\u015fargil MG, Krayenb\u00fchl N, Roth P, Hsu SP, Ya\u015fargil DC. The selective amygdalohippocampectomy for intractable temporal limbic seizures. J Neurosurg. 2010;112(1):168\u2013185. doi:10.3171\/2008.12.JNS081112"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"124668","article-title":"The continuing legacy of M. Gazi Ya\u015fargil and the Microneurosurgery Laboratory at Yeditepe University School of Medicine","volume":"205","author":"Kabakc\u0131 A\u0130","year":"2026","unstructured":"Kabakc\u0131 A\u0130, G\u00fcng\u00f6r A, \u00c7ak\u0131r SC,  The continuing legacy of M. Gazi Ya\u015fargil and the Microneurosurgery Laboratory at Yeditepe University School of Medicine. World Neurosurg. 2026;205:124668. doi:10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.124668"},{"issue":"5","key":"b31","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"331","article-title":"Technical adjuncts in neurosurgery","volume":"8","author":"Yasargil MG","year":"1977","unstructured":"Yasargil MG, Vise WM, Bader DC. Technical adjuncts in neurosurgery. Surg Neurol. 1977;8(5):331\u2013336."},{"key":"b32","series-title":"Neurochirurgie","first-page":"181","article-title":"Anastomose entre la carotide primitive et la carotide intracranienne ou de la Sylvienne par greffon selon la technique de la suture suspendue [Anastomosis between the common carotid artery and the intracranial carotid or middle cerebral artery using a graft and the suspended suture technique]","volume":"9","author":"Woringer E","year":"1963","unstructured":"Woringer E, Kunlin J. Anastomose entre la carotide primitive et la carotide intracranienne ou de la Sylvienne par greffon selon la technique de la suture suspendue [Anastomosis between the common carotid artery and the intracranial carotid or middle cerebral artery using a graft and the suspended suture technique]. Neurochirurgie 1963;9:181."}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/145\/5\/article-p1524.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/145\/5\/article-p1524.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/145\/5\/article-p1524.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T14:50:20Z","timestamp":1793976620000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/145\/5\/article-p1524.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2026.3.jns252702","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3085","1933-0693"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3085","type":"print"},{"value":"1933-0693","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]]}}}