{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T02:38:46Z","timestamp":1792809526740,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Before the advent of levodopa therapy for Parkinson\u2019s disease, surgical lesioning of the motor thalamus or globus pallidus represented the primary therapeutic intervention for Parkinson\u2019s disease and essential tremor at a time when effective medical alternatives were severely limited. In this context, Irving S. Cooper directed one of the most prolific and controversial lesioning practices of the mid-20th century, performing thousands of procedures and documenting outcomes. Through chemopallidectomy, chemothalamectomy, and later cryosurgical techniques, Cooper investigated the relationship between basal ganglia targets and motor symptoms, establishing reproducible symptom-anatomy associations for tremor and rigidity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Cooper\u2019s work introduced a systematic approach to target selection that contrasted with earlier lesioning methods. His outcomes demonstrated alleviation of tremor and rigidity when lesions were accurately placed, while highlighting risks of bilateral procedures. Most notably, the cryogenic \"test-freeze\" method allowed reversible intraoperative physiological inhibition, enabling assessment of clinical benefit before permanent lesions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Although many techniques were later abandoned, principles derived from Cooper\u2019s work continue to shape contemporary practice. Modern neuromodulation strategies, including deep brain stimulation and MR-guided focused ultrasound, rely on symptom-based targeting paradigms established during the lesioning era. This vignette examines how Cooper\u2019s innovations informed modern targeting strategies and standards of safety in functional neurosurgery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/2026.4.jns26203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:01:23Z","timestamp":1790726483000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cryoprobe to current practice: neurosurgical legacies of Dr. Irving S. Cooper in movement disorders"],"prefix":"10.3171","author":[{"given":"Kelly","family":"Fisher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Tsirelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahdev Singh","family":"Baweja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aarti Kishore","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Fekete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"b1","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"275","article-title":"L-dopa in the treatment of Parkinsonism; a preliminary appraisal","volume":"32","author":"Stellar S","year":"1970","unstructured":"Stellar S, Mandell S, Waltz JM, Cooper IS. L-dopa in the treatment of Parkinsonism; a preliminary appraisal. J Neurosurg. 1970;32(3):275\u2013280. doi:10.3171\/jns.1970.32.3.0275"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"921","article-title":"Cryogenic freezing of brain tumors for excision or destruction in situ","volume":"20","author":"Cooper IS","year":"1963","unstructured":"Cooper IS, Stellar S. Cryogenic freezing of brain tumors for excision or destruction in situ. J Neurosurg. 1963;20:921\u2013930. doi:10.3171\/jns.1963.20.11.0921"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Ann Intern Med","first-page":"483","article-title":"Results of 1,000 consecutive basal ganglia operations for parkinsonism","volume":"52","author":"Cooper IS","year":"1960","unstructured":"Cooper IS. Results of 1,000 consecutive basal ganglia operations for parkinsonism. Ann Intern Med. 1960;52:483\u2013499. doi:10.7326\/0003-4819-52-3-483"},{"issue":"3091","key":"b4","series-title":"Science","first-page":"417","article-title":"Intracerebral injection of procaine into the globus pallidus in hyperkinetic disorders","volume":"119","author":"Cooper IS","year":"1954","unstructured":"Cooper IS. Intracerebral injection of procaine into the globus pallidus in hyperkinetic disorders. Science. 1954;119(3091):417\u2013418. doi:10.1126\/science.119.3091.417"},{"issue":"3","key":"b5","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"244","article-title":"Chemopallidectomy and chemothalamectomy","volume":"15","author":"Cooper IS","year":"1958","unstructured":"Cooper IS, Bravo G. Chemopallidectomy and chemothalamectomy. J Neurosurg. 1958;15(3):244\u2013250. doi:10.3171\/jns.1958.15.3.0244"},{"issue":"2","key":"b6","series-title":"Psychiatr Q","first-page":"317","article-title":"Ligation of the anterior choroidal artery for involuntary movements; parkinsonism","volume":"27","author":"Cooper IS","year":"1953","unstructured":"Cooper IS. Ligation of the anterior choroidal artery for involuntary movements; parkinsonism. Psychiatr Q. 1953;27(2):317\u2013319. doi:10.1007\/BF01562492"},{"issue":"4","key":"b7","series-title":"Med Rec","first-page":"109","article-title":"Liquid air: its application in medicine and surgery","volume":"56","author":"White AC","year":"1899","unstructured":"White AC. Liquid air: its application in medicine and surgery. Med Rec. 1899;56(4):109\u2013112."},{"issue":"3","key":"b8","series-title":"N Y State J Med","first-page":"465","article-title":"New York, cradle of cryosurgery","volume":"67","author":"Torre D","year":"1967","unstructured":"Torre D. New York, cradle of cryosurgery. N Y State J Med. 1967;67(3):465\u2013467."},{"issue":"2754","key":"b9","series-title":"Science","first-page":"349","article-title":"Stereotaxic apparatus for operations on the human brain","volume":"106","author":"Spiegel EA","year":"1947","unstructured":"Spiegel EA, Wycis HT, Marks M, Lee AJ. Stereotaxic apparatus for operations on the human brain. Science. 1947;106(2754):349\u2013350. doi:10.1126\/science.106.2754.349"},{"issue":"4","key":"b10","series-title":"Acta Chir Scand","first-page":"316","article-title":"The stereotaxic method and radiosurgery of the brain","volume":"102","author":"Leksell L","year":"1951","unstructured":"Leksell L. The stereotaxic method and radiosurgery of the brain. 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