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The cooling probe is cylindrical in shape with a thermoelectric cooling plate (10 \u00d7 10 mm) at the bottom. A proportional integration and differentiation-controlled system adjusts the temperature accurately (Japan patent no. P5688666). The authors used it in two patients with glioblastoma. Broca\u2019s area was identified by electrical stimulation, and then the cooling probe set at 5\u00b0C was attempted on it.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBSERVATIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Electrocorticogram was suppressed, and the temperature dropped to 8\u00b0C in 50 sec. A positive aphasic reaction was reproduced on Broca\u2019s area at a latency of 7 sec. A negative reaction appeared on the adjacent cortices despite the temperature decrease. The sensitivity and specificity were 60% and 100%, respectively. No seizures or other adverse events related to the cooling were recognized, and no histological damage to the cooled cortex was observed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>LESSONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The cooling probe suppressed topographical brain function selectively and reversibly. Awake functional mapping based on thermal neuromodulation technology could substitute or compensate for the conventional electrical mapping.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/case21131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]],"date-time":"2021-07-12T03:03:10Z","timestamp":1626058990000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A focal brain-cooling device as an alternative to electrical stimulation for language mapping during awake craniotomy: patient series"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Sadahiro","family":"Nomura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takao","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Thermal Neurobiology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirochika","family":"Imoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirokazu","family":"Sadahiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazutaka","family":"Sugimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuichi","family":"Maruta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideyuki","family":"Ishihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michiyasu","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Thermal Neurobiology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"b1","series-title":"Neurosurg Clin N Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S1042-3680(18)30824-6","article-title":"Neurophysiological monitoring during astrocytoma surgery","volume":"1","author":"Berger MS","year":"1990","unstructured":"Berger MS, Ojemann GA, Lettich E. 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