{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:42:17Z","timestamp":1788914537371,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]],"date-time":"2022-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647820800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Radiosurgical treatment of brain metastases is usually performed without brain tissue confirmation. While it is extremely rare for glioblastoma to develop concurrently in patients with brain metastases, they can look radiographically similar, and recognition is important because it alters management and prognosis. The synchronous presence of brain metastases and glioblastoma has not been published to date in the literature, making this a rare illustrative case.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBSERVATIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A 70-year-old female had lung biopsy-proven metastatic lung adenocarcinoma and multiple brain metastases. Her treatment course included initial carboplatin, pemetrexed, and bevacizumab followed by maintenance nivolumab, and she underwent stereotactic radiosurgery to the multiple brain metastases. During interval radiological surveillance, one lesion in the right temporal lobe was noted to slowly progress associated with development of significant perilesional edema causing midline shift despite repeated stereotactic radiosurgical treatments. Biopsy of this lesion revealed glioblastoma, IDH wildtype.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>LESSONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Glioblastomas and brain metastases have similar radiological features, so the possibility of incorrect diagnosis needs to be considered for all lesions with interval growth poststereotactic radiosurgery. Biopsy and\/or resection\/laser ablation should be considered prior to reirradiation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/case21714","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]],"date-time":"2022-03-21T03:07:41Z","timestamp":1647832061000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Synchronous glioblastoma and brain metastases: illustrative case"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Nastaran","family":"Shahsavari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maleeha","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vashisht","family":"Sekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Meola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven L.","family":"Hancock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven D.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica L.","family":"Chiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"b1","series-title":"CA Cancer J Clin","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21590","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2020","volume":"70","author":"Siegel RLMK","year":"2020","unstructured":"Siegel RLMK, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2020. CA Cancer J Clin. 2020;70(1):7\u201330.10.3322\/caac.2159026848407"},{"issue":"11","key":"b2","series-title":"J Oncol Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1200\/JOP.19.00357","article-title":"Management of brain metastases in non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"15","author":"Ernani V","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ernani V, Stinchcombe TE. Management of brain metastases in non-small-cell lung cancer. J Oncol Pract. 2019;15(11):563\u2013570.10.1200\/JOP.19.0035726250565"},{"issue":"4","key":"b3","series-title":"JAMA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.9839","article-title":"Effect of radiosurgery alone vs radiosurgery with whole brain radiation therapy on cognitive function in patients with 1 to 3 brain metastases: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"316","author":"Brown PD","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brown PD, Jaeckle K, Ballman KV,  Effect of radiosurgery alone vs radiosurgery with whole brain radiation therapy on cognitive function in patients with 1 to 3 brain metastases: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2016;316(4):401\u2013409.10.1001\/jama.2016.983926848407"},{"issue":"3","key":"b4","series-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2021.10.008","article-title":"Reirradiation with stereotactic radiosurgery after local or marginal recurrence of brain metastases from previous radiosurgery","volume":"111","author":"Kowalchuk RO","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kowalchuk RO, Niranjan A, Lee C-c,  Reirradiation with stereotactic radiosurgery after local or marginal recurrence of brain metastases from previous radiosurgery. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2022;111(3):726\u2013734.10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2021.10.00826250565"},{"issue":"3","key":"b5","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.11.JNS171273","article-title":"Laser ablation after stereotactic radiosurgery: a multicenter prospective study in patients with metastatic brain tumors and radiation necrosis","volume":"130","author":"Ahluwalia M","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ahluwalia M, Barnett GH, Deng D,  Laser ablation after stereotactic radiosurgery: a multicenter prospective study in patients with metastatic brain tumors and radiation necrosis. J Neurosurg. 2018;130(3):804\u2013811.10.3171\/2017.11.JNS171273"},{"issue":"4","key":"b6","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyz141","article-title":"Laser Ablation of Abnormal Neurological Tissue Using Robotic Neuroblate System (LAANTERN): procedural safety and hospitalization","volume":"86","author":"Rennert RC","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rennert RC, Khan U, Bartek J,  Laser Ablation of Abnormal Neurological Tissue Using Robotic Neuroblate System (LAANTERN): procedural safety and hospitalization. Neurosurgery. 2020;86(4):538\u2013547.10.1093\/neuros\/nyz141"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Neuro Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"iv1","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noaa200","article-title":"CBTRUS Statistical Report: primary brain and other central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2013-2017","volume":"22","author":"Ostrom QT","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ostrom QT, Patil N, Cioffi G, Waite K, Kruchko C, Barnholtz-Sloan JS. CBTRUS Statistical Report: primary brain and other central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2013-2017. Neuro Oncol. 2020;22(12 Suppl 2):iv1\u2013iv96.10.1093\/neuonc\/noaa200"},{"issue":"10","key":"b8","series-title":"N Engl J Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043330","article-title":"Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma","volume":"352","author":"Stupp R","year":"2005","unstructured":"Stupp R, Mason WP, van den Bent MJ,  Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(10):987\u2013996.10.1056\/NEJMoa043330"},{"issue":"3","key":"b9","series-title":"J Clin Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.70.7562","article-title":"Radiation Therapy for Glioblastoma: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline Endorsement of the American Society for Radiation Oncology Guideline","volume":"35","author":"Sulman EP","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sulman EP, Ismaila N, Armstrong TS,  Radiation Therapy for Glioblastoma: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline Endorsement of the American Society for Radiation Oncology Guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35(3):361\u2013369.10.1200\/JCO.2016.70.7562"},{"issue":"12","key":"b10","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e413","article-title":"Stereotactic radiosurgery for glioblastoma","volume":"7","author":"Redmond KJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Redmond KJ, Mehta M. Stereotactic radiosurgery for glioblastoma. Cureus. 2015;7(12):e413."},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Radiat Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-717X-4-11","article-title":"Stereotactic radiosurgery for glioblastoma: retrospective analysis","volume":"4","author":"Biswas T","year":"2009","unstructured":"Biswas T, Okunieff P, Schell MC,  Stereotactic radiosurgery for glioblastoma: retrospective analysis. Radiat Oncol. 2009;4:11.10.1186\/1748-717X-4-11"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Prog Neurol Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1159\/000466998","article-title":"Stereotactic radiosurgery in the multimodality management of residual or recurrent glioblastoma multiforme","volume":"31","author":"Niranjan A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Niranjan A, Monaco EA III, Kano H, Flickinger JC, Lunsford LD. Stereotactic radiosurgery in the multimodality management of residual or recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. Prog Neurol Surg. 2018;31:48\u201361.10.1159\/000466998"},{"issue":"8","key":"b13","series-title":"Neuro Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noaa019","article-title":"A phase I\/II trial of 5-fraction stereotactic radiosurgery with 5-mm margins with concurrent temozolomide in newly diagnosed glioblastoma: primary outcomes","volume":"22","author":"Azoulay M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Azoulay M, Chang SD, Gibbs IC,  A phase I\/II trial of 5-fraction stereotactic radiosurgery with 5-mm margins with concurrent temozolomide in newly diagnosed glioblastoma: primary outcomes. Neuro Oncol. 2020;22(8):1182\u20131189.10.1093\/neuonc\/noaa019"},{"issue":"9","key":"b14","series-title":"Neuro Oncol","first-page":"1188","article-title":"Consensus recommendations for a standardized brain tumor imaging protocol in clinical trials","volume":"17","author":"Ellingson BM","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ellingson BM, Bendszus M, Boxerman J,  Consensus recommendations for a standardized brain tumor imaging protocol in clinical trials. Neuro Oncol. 2015;17(9):1188\u20131198."},{"issue":"2","key":"b15","series-title":"Asian J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.4103\/ajns.AJNS_18_19","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of early-stage glioblastoma","volume":"14","author":"Hishii M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hishii M, Matsumoto T, Arai H. Diagnosis and treatment of early-stage glioblastoma. Asian J Neurosurg. 2019;14(2):589\u2013592.10.4103\/ajns.AJNS_18_19"},{"issue":"4","key":"b16","series-title":"Neurosurg Clin N Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nec.2020.06.007","article-title":"Brain metastasis recurrence versus radiation necrosis: evaluation and treatment","volume":"31","author":"Lee D","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee D, Riestenberg RA, Haskell-Mendoza A, Bloch O. Brain metastasis recurrence versus radiation necrosis: evaluation and treatment. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2020;31(4):575\u2013587.10.1016\/j.nec.2020.06.007"},{"issue":"2","key":"b17","series-title":"Expert Rev Anticancer Ther","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1586\/14737140.4.2.259","article-title":"Brain metastases in lung cancer","volume":"4","author":"Gaspar LE","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gaspar LE. Brain metastases in lung cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2004;4(2):259\u2013270.10.1586\/14737140.4.2.259"},{"issue":"4","key":"b18","series-title":"Clin Lung Cancer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cllc.2018.01.007","article-title":"Non-small-cell lung cancer with brain metastasis at presentation","volume":"19","author":"Waqar SN","year":"2018","unstructured":"Waqar SN, Samson PP, Robinson CG,  Non-small-cell lung cancer with brain metastasis at presentation. Clin Lung Cancer. 2018;19(4):e373\u2013e379.10.1016\/j.cllc.2018.01.007"},{"issue":"2","key":"b19","series-title":"J Neurooncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-015-1797-y","article-title":"MRI findings and pathological features in early-stage glioblastoma","volume":"123","author":"Ideguchi M","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ideguchi M, Kajiwara K, Goto H,  MRI findings and pathological features in early-stage glioblastoma. J Neurooncol. 2015;123(2):289\u2013297.10.1007\/s11060-015-1797-y"},{"issue":"2","key":"b20","series-title":"J Neurooncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-020-03597-3","article-title":"The role of imaging for the management of newly diagnosed glioblastoma in adults: a systematic review and evidence-based clinical practice guideline update","volume":"150","author":"Lundy P","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lundy P, Domino J, Ryken T,  The role of imaging for the management of newly diagnosed glioblastoma in adults: a systematic review and evidence-based clinical practice guideline update. J Neurooncol. 2020;150(2):95\u2013120.10.1007\/s11060-020-03597-3"},{"issue":"11","key":"b21","series-title":"PLoS One","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0166662","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166662","article-title":"Differentiation of glioblastoma from brain metastasis: qualitative and quantitative analysis using arterial spin labeling MR imaging","volume":"11","author":"Sunwoo L","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sunwoo L, Yun TJ, You SH,  Differentiation of glioblastoma from brain metastasis: qualitative and quantitative analysis using arterial spin labeling MR imaging. PLoS One. 2016;11(11):e0166662.10.1371\/journal.pone.0166662"},{"issue":"2","key":"b22","series-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.26643","article-title":"Differentiation between glioblastoma, brain metastasis and subtypes using radiomics analysis","volume":"50","author":"Artzi M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Artzi M, Bressler I, Ben Bashat D. Differentiation between glioblastoma, brain metastasis and subtypes using radiomics analysis. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2019;50(2):519\u2013528.10.1002\/jmri.26643"},{"issue":"5","key":"b23","series-title":"Eur Radiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3015","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-019-06460-w","article-title":"Differentiation of supratentorial single brain metastasis and glioblastoma by using peri-enhancing oedema region-derived radiomic features and multiple classifiers","volume":"30","author":"Dong F","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dong F, Li Q, Jiang B,  Differentiation of supratentorial single brain metastasis and glioblastoma by using peri-enhancing oedema region-derived radiomic features and multiple classifiers. Eur Radiol. 2020;30(5):3015\u20133022.10.1007\/s00330-019-06460-w"},{"issue":"4","key":"b24","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A6466","article-title":"Discrimination between glioblastoma and solitary brain metastasis: comparison of inflow-based vascular-space-occupancy and dynamic susceptibility contrast MR imaging","volume":"41","author":"Li X","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li X, Wang D, Liao S,  Discrimination between glioblastoma and solitary brain metastasis: comparison of inflow-based vascular-space-occupancy and dynamic susceptibility contrast MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2020;41(4):583\u2013590.10.3174\/ajnr.A6466"},{"issue":"4","key":"b25","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2001.94.4.0545","article-title":"Comprehensive assessment of hemorrhage risks and outcomes after stereotactic brain biopsy","volume":"94","author":"Field M","year":"2001","unstructured":"Field M, Witham TF, Flickinger JC, Kondziolka D, Lunsford LD. Comprehensive assessment of hemorrhage risks and outcomes after stereotactic brain biopsy. J Neurosurg. 2001;94(4):545\u2013551.10.3171\/jns.2001.94.4.0545"},{"issue":"1","key":"b26","series-title":"Cancer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19980101)82:1<8::AID-CNCR3>3.0.CO;2-W","article-title":"Sarcoma arising in irradiated bone: report of eleven cases. 1948","volume":"82","author":"Cahan WGWH","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cahan WGWH, Woodard HQ, Higinbotham NL, Stewart FW, Coley BL. Sarcoma arising in irradiated bone: report of eleven cases. 1948. Cancer. 1998;82(1):8\u201334.10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19980101)82:1<8::AID-CNCR3>3.0.CO;2-W"},{"issue":"3","key":"b27","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-016-0786-8","article-title":"Radiation-induced gliomas: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Yamanaka R","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yamanaka R, Hayano A, Kanayama T. Radiation-induced gliomas: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis. Neurosurg Rev. 2018;41(3):719\u2013731.10.1007\/s10143-016-0786-8"},{"issue":"4","key":"b28","series-title":"Brain Tumor Pathol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s10014-017-0292-x","article-title":"Radiation-induced gliomas: a report of four cases and analysis of molecular biomarkers","volume":"34","author":"Nakao T","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nakao T, Sasagawa Y, Nobusawa S,  Radiation-induced gliomas: a report of four cases and analysis of molecular biomarkers. Brain Tumor Pathol. 2017;34(4):149\u2013154.10.1007\/s10014-017-0292-x"},{"issue":"1","key":"b29","series-title":"Nat Commun","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5530","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25708-y","article-title":"Radiation-induced gliomas represent H3-\/IDH-wild type pediatric gliomas with recurrent PDGFRA amplification and loss of CDKN2A\/B","volume":"12","author":"Deng MY","year":"2021","unstructured":"Deng MY, Sturm D, Pfaff E,  Radiation-induced gliomas represent H3-\/IDH-wild type pediatric gliomas with recurrent PDGFRA amplification and loss of CDKN2A\/B. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):5530.10.1038\/s41467-021-25708-y"},{"issue":"11","key":"b30","series-title":"Neuro Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noz129","article-title":"Molecular profiling of long-term IDH-wildtype glioblastoma survivors","volume":"21","author":"Burgenske DM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Burgenske DM, Yang J, Decker PA,  Molecular profiling of long-term IDH-wildtype glioblastoma survivors. Neuro Oncol. 2019;21(11):1458\u20131469.10.1093\/neuonc\/noz129"},{"issue":"53","key":"b31","series-title":"Oncotarget","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91779","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.21586","article-title":"Recurrent glioma clinical trial CheckMate-143 the game is not over yet","volume":"8","author":"Filley AC","year":"2013","unstructured":"Filley AC, Henriquez M, Dey M. Recurrent glioma clinical trial CheckMate-143 the game is not over yet. Oncotarget. 2013;8(53):91779\u201391794.10.18632\/oncotarget.21586"},{"issue":"17","key":"b32","series-title":"N Engl J Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1507643","article-title":"Nivolumab versus docetaxel in advanced nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"373","author":"Borghaei H","year":"2015","unstructured":"Borghaei H, Paz-Ares L, Horn L,  Nivolumab versus docetaxel in advanced nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(17):1627\u20131639.10.1056\/NEJMoa1507643"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"World Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.03.193","article-title":"Gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery in combination with bevacizumab for recurrent glioblastoma","volume":"127","author":"Morris SL","year":"2019","unstructured":"Morris SL, Zhu P, Rao M,  Gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery in combination with bevacizumab for recurrent glioblastoma. World Neurosurg. 2019;127:e523\u2013e533.10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.03.193"},{"issue":"8","key":"b34","series-title":"J Korean Med Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2016.31.8.1208","article-title":"Immunohistochemical analysis of ATRX, IDH1 and p53 in glioblastoma and their correlations with patient survival","volume":"31","author":"Chaurasia A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chaurasia A, Park SH, Seo JW, Park CK. Immunohistochemical analysis of ATRX, IDH1 and p53 in glioblastoma and their correlations with patient survival. J Korean Med Sci. 2016;31(8):1208\u20131214.10.3346\/jkms.2016.31.8.1208"},{"issue":"2","key":"b35","series-title":"Pol J Pathol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.5114\/pjp.2020.97020","article-title":"The importance of IDH1, ATRX and WT-1 mutations in glioblastoma","volume":"71","author":"G\u00fclten G","year":"2020","unstructured":"G\u00fclten G, Yal\u00e7\u0131n N, Baltalarl\u0131 B, Do\u011fu G, Acar F, Do\u011fruel Y. The importance of IDH1, ATRX and WT-1 mutations in glioblastoma. Pol J Pathol. 2020;71(2):127\u2013137.10.5114\/pjp.2020.97020"},{"issue":"1","key":"b1","series-title":"CA Cancer J Clin","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21590","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2020","volume":"70","author":"Siegel RLMK","year":"2020","unstructured":"Siegel RLMK, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2020. CA Cancer J Clin. 2020;70(1):7\u201330.10.3322\/caac.21590"},{"issue":"11","key":"b2","series-title":"J Oncol Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1200\/JOP.19.00357","article-title":"Management of brain metastases in non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"15","author":"Ernani V","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ernani V, Stinchcombe TE. Management of brain metastases in non-small-cell lung cancer. J Oncol Pract. 2019;15(11):563\u2013570.10.1200\/JOP.19.00357"},{"issue":"4","key":"b3","series-title":"JAMA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.9839","article-title":"Effect of radiosurgery alone vs radiosurgery with whole brain radiation therapy on cognitive function in patients with 1 to 3 brain metastases: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"316","author":"Brown PD","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brown PD, Jaeckle K, Ballman KV,  Effect of radiosurgery alone vs radiosurgery with whole brain radiation therapy on cognitive function in patients with 1 to 3 brain metastases: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2016;316(4):401\u2013409.10.1001\/jama.2016.9839"},{"issue":"3","key":"b4","series-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2021.10.008","article-title":"Reirradiation with stereotactic radiosurgery after local or marginal recurrence of brain metastases from previous radiosurgery","volume":"111","author":"Kowalchuk RO","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kowalchuk RO, Niranjan A, Lee C-c,  Reirradiation with stereotactic radiosurgery after local or marginal recurrence of brain metastases from previous radiosurgery. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2022;111(3):726\u2013734.10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2021.10.008"},{"issue":"3","key":"b5","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.11.JNS171273","article-title":"Laser ablation after stereotactic radiosurgery: a multicenter prospective study in patients with metastatic brain tumors and radiation necrosis","volume":"130","author":"Ahluwalia M","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ahluwalia M, Barnett GH, Deng D,  Laser ablation after stereotactic radiosurgery: a multicenter prospective study in patients with metastatic brain tumors and radiation necrosis. J Neurosurg. 2018;130(3):804\u2013811.10.3171\/2017.11.JNS171273"},{"issue":"4","key":"b6","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyz141","article-title":"Laser Ablation of Abnormal Neurological Tissue Using Robotic Neuroblate System (LAANTERN): procedural safety and hospitalization","volume":"86","author":"Rennert RC","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rennert RC, Khan U, Bartek J,  Laser Ablation of Abnormal Neurological Tissue Using Robotic Neuroblate System (LAANTERN): procedural safety and hospitalization. Neurosurgery. 2020;86(4):538\u2013547.10.1093\/neuros\/nyz141"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Neuro Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"iv1","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noaa200","article-title":"CBTRUS Statistical Report: primary brain and other central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2013-2017","volume":"22","author":"Ostrom QT","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ostrom QT, Patil N, Cioffi G, Waite K, Kruchko C, Barnholtz-Sloan JS. CBTRUS Statistical Report: primary brain and other central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2013-2017. Neuro Oncol. 2020;22(12 Suppl 2):iv1\u2013iv96.10.1093\/neuonc\/noaa200"},{"issue":"10","key":"b8","series-title":"N Engl J Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043330","article-title":"Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma","volume":"352","author":"Stupp R","year":"2005","unstructured":"Stupp R, Mason WP, van den Bent MJ,  Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(10):987\u2013996.10.1056\/NEJMoa043330"},{"issue":"3","key":"b9","series-title":"J Clin Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.70.7562","article-title":"Radiation Therapy for Glioblastoma: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline Endorsement of the American Society for Radiation Oncology Guideline","volume":"35","author":"Sulman EP","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sulman EP, Ismaila N, Armstrong TS,  Radiation Therapy for Glioblastoma: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline Endorsement of the American Society for Radiation Oncology Guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35(3):361\u2013369.10.1200\/JCO.2016.70.7562"},{"issue":"12","key":"b10","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e413","article-title":"Stereotactic radiosurgery for glioblastoma","volume":"7","author":"Redmond KJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Redmond KJ, Mehta M. Stereotactic radiosurgery for glioblastoma. Cureus. 2015;7(12):e413."},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Radiat Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-717X-4-11","article-title":"Stereotactic radiosurgery for glioblastoma: retrospective analysis","volume":"4","author":"Biswas T","year":"2009","unstructured":"Biswas T, Okunieff P, Schell MC,  Stereotactic radiosurgery for glioblastoma: retrospective analysis. Radiat Oncol. 2009;4:11.10.1186\/1748-717X-4-11"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Prog Neurol Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1159\/000466998","article-title":"Stereotactic radiosurgery in the multimodality management of residual or recurrent glioblastoma multiforme","volume":"31","author":"Niranjan A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Niranjan A, Monaco EA III, Kano H, Flickinger JC, Lunsford LD. Stereotactic radiosurgery in the multimodality management of residual or recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. Prog Neurol Surg. 2018;31:48\u201361.10.1159\/000466998"},{"issue":"8","key":"b13","series-title":"Neuro Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noaa019","article-title":"A phase I\/II trial of 5-fraction stereotactic radiosurgery with 5-mm margins with concurrent temozolomide in newly diagnosed glioblastoma: primary outcomes","volume":"22","author":"Azoulay M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Azoulay M, Chang SD, Gibbs IC,  A phase I\/II trial of 5-fraction stereotactic radiosurgery with 5-mm margins with concurrent temozolomide in newly diagnosed glioblastoma: primary outcomes. Neuro Oncol. 2020;22(8):1182\u20131189.10.1093\/neuonc\/noaa019"},{"issue":"9","key":"b14","series-title":"Neuro Oncol","first-page":"1188","article-title":"Consensus recommendations for a standardized brain tumor imaging protocol in clinical trials","volume":"17","author":"Ellingson BM","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ellingson BM, Bendszus M, Boxerman J,  Consensus recommendations for a standardized brain tumor imaging protocol in clinical trials. Neuro Oncol. 2015;17(9):1188\u20131198."},{"issue":"2","key":"b15","series-title":"Asian J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.4103\/ajns.AJNS_18_19","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of early-stage glioblastoma","volume":"14","author":"Hishii M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hishii M, Matsumoto T, Arai H. Diagnosis and treatment of early-stage glioblastoma. Asian J Neurosurg. 2019;14(2):589\u2013592.10.4103\/ajns.AJNS_18_19"},{"issue":"4","key":"b16","series-title":"Neurosurg Clin N Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nec.2020.06.007","article-title":"Brain metastasis recurrence versus radiation necrosis: evaluation and treatment","volume":"31","author":"Lee D","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee D, Riestenberg RA, Haskell-Mendoza A, Bloch O. Brain metastasis recurrence versus radiation necrosis: evaluation and treatment. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2020;31(4):575\u2013587.10.1016\/j.nec.2020.06.007"},{"issue":"2","key":"b17","series-title":"Expert Rev Anticancer Ther","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1586\/14737140.4.2.259","article-title":"Brain metastases in lung cancer","volume":"4","author":"Gaspar LE","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gaspar LE. Brain metastases in lung cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2004;4(2):259\u2013270.10.1586\/14737140.4.2.259"},{"issue":"4","key":"b18","series-title":"Clin Lung Cancer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cllc.2018.01.007","article-title":"Non-small-cell lung cancer with brain metastasis at presentation","volume":"19","author":"Waqar SN","year":"2018","unstructured":"Waqar SN, Samson PP, Robinson CG,  Non-small-cell lung cancer with brain metastasis at presentation. Clin Lung Cancer. 2018;19(4):e373\u2013e379.10.1016\/j.cllc.2018.01.007"},{"issue":"2","key":"b19","series-title":"J Neurooncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-015-1797-y","article-title":"MRI findings and pathological features in early-stage glioblastoma","volume":"123","author":"Ideguchi M","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ideguchi M, Kajiwara K, Goto H,  MRI findings and pathological features in early-stage glioblastoma. J Neurooncol. 2015;123(2):289\u2013297.10.1007\/s11060-015-1797-y"},{"issue":"2","key":"b20","series-title":"J Neurooncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-020-03597-3","article-title":"The role of imaging for the management of newly diagnosed glioblastoma in adults: a systematic review and evidence-based clinical practice guideline update","volume":"150","author":"Lundy P","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lundy P, Domino J, Ryken T,  The role of imaging for the management of newly diagnosed glioblastoma in adults: a systematic review and evidence-based clinical practice guideline update. J Neurooncol. 2020;150(2):95\u2013120.10.1007\/s11060-020-03597-3"},{"issue":"11","key":"b21","series-title":"PLoS One","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0166662","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166662","article-title":"Differentiation of glioblastoma from brain metastasis: qualitative and quantitative analysis using arterial spin labeling MR imaging","volume":"11","author":"Sunwoo L","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sunwoo L, Yun TJ, You SH,  Differentiation of glioblastoma from brain metastasis: qualitative and quantitative analysis using arterial spin labeling MR imaging. PLoS One. 2016;11(11):e0166662.10.1371\/journal.pone.0166662"},{"issue":"2","key":"b22","series-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.26643","article-title":"Differentiation between glioblastoma, brain metastasis and subtypes using radiomics analysis","volume":"50","author":"Artzi M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Artzi M, Bressler I, Ben Bashat D. Differentiation between glioblastoma, brain metastasis and subtypes using radiomics analysis. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2019;50(2):519\u2013528.10.1002\/jmri.26643"},{"issue":"5","key":"b23","series-title":"Eur Radiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3015","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-019-06460-w","article-title":"Differentiation of supratentorial single brain metastasis and glioblastoma by using peri-enhancing oedema region-derived radiomic features and multiple classifiers","volume":"30","author":"Dong F","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dong F, Li Q, Jiang B,  Differentiation of supratentorial single brain metastasis and glioblastoma by using peri-enhancing oedema region-derived radiomic features and multiple classifiers. Eur Radiol. 2020;30(5):3015\u20133022.10.1007\/s00330-019-06460-w"},{"issue":"4","key":"b24","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A6466","article-title":"Discrimination between glioblastoma and solitary brain metastasis: comparison of inflow-based vascular-space-occupancy and dynamic susceptibility contrast MR imaging","volume":"41","author":"Li X","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li X, Wang D, Liao S,  Discrimination between glioblastoma and solitary brain metastasis: comparison of inflow-based vascular-space-occupancy and dynamic susceptibility contrast MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2020;41(4):583\u2013590.10.3174\/ajnr.A6466"},{"issue":"4","key":"b25","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2001.94.4.0545","article-title":"Comprehensive assessment of hemorrhage risks and outcomes after stereotactic brain biopsy","volume":"94","author":"Field M","year":"2001","unstructured":"Field M, Witham TF, Flickinger JC, Kondziolka D, Lunsford LD. Comprehensive assessment of hemorrhage risks and outcomes after stereotactic brain biopsy. J Neurosurg. 2001;94(4):545\u2013551.10.3171\/jns.2001.94.4.0545"},{"issue":"1","key":"b26","series-title":"Cancer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19980101)82:1<8::AID-CNCR3>3.0.CO;2-W","article-title":"Sarcoma arising in irradiated bone: report of eleven cases. 1948","volume":"82","author":"Cahan WGWH","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cahan WGWH, Woodard HQ, Higinbotham NL, Stewart FW, Coley BL. Sarcoma arising in irradiated bone: report of eleven cases. 1948. Cancer. 1998;82(1):8\u201334.10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19980101)82:1<8::AID-CNCR3>3.0.CO;2-W"},{"issue":"3","key":"b27","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-016-0786-8","article-title":"Radiation-induced gliomas: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Yamanaka R","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yamanaka R, Hayano A, Kanayama T. Radiation-induced gliomas: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis. Neurosurg Rev. 2018;41(3):719\u2013731.10.1007\/s10143-016-0786-8"},{"issue":"4","key":"b28","series-title":"Brain Tumor Pathol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s10014-017-0292-x","article-title":"Radiation-induced gliomas: a report of four cases and analysis of molecular biomarkers","volume":"34","author":"Nakao T","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nakao T, Sasagawa Y, Nobusawa S,  Radiation-induced gliomas: a report of four cases and analysis of molecular biomarkers. Brain Tumor Pathol. 2017;34(4):149\u2013154.10.1007\/s10014-017-0292-x"},{"issue":"1","key":"b29","series-title":"Nat Commun","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5530","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25708-y","article-title":"Radiation-induced gliomas represent H3-\/IDH-wild type pediatric gliomas with recurrent PDGFRA amplification and loss of CDKN2A\/B","volume":"12","author":"Deng MY","year":"2021","unstructured":"Deng MY, Sturm D, Pfaff E,  Radiation-induced gliomas represent H3-\/IDH-wild type pediatric gliomas with recurrent PDGFRA amplification and loss of CDKN2A\/B. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):5530.10.1038\/s41467-021-25708-y"},{"issue":"11","key":"b30","series-title":"Neuro Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noz129","article-title":"Molecular profiling of long-term IDH-wildtype glioblastoma survivors","volume":"21","author":"Burgenske DM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Burgenske DM, Yang J, Decker PA,  Molecular profiling of long-term IDH-wildtype glioblastoma survivors. Neuro Oncol. 2019;21(11):1458\u20131469.10.1093\/neuonc\/noz129"},{"issue":"53","key":"b31","series-title":"Oncotarget","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91779","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.21586","article-title":"Recurrent glioma clinical trial CheckMate-143 the game is not over yet","volume":"8","author":"Filley AC","year":"2013","unstructured":"Filley AC, Henriquez M, Dey M. Recurrent glioma clinical trial CheckMate-143 the game is not over yet. Oncotarget. 2013;8(53):91779\u201391794.10.18632\/oncotarget.21586"},{"issue":"17","key":"b32","series-title":"N Engl J Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1507643","article-title":"Nivolumab versus docetaxel in advanced nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"373","author":"Borghaei H","year":"2015","unstructured":"Borghaei H, Paz-Ares L, Horn L,  Nivolumab versus docetaxel in advanced nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(17):1627\u20131639.10.1056\/NEJMoa1507643"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"World Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.03.193","article-title":"Gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery in combination with bevacizumab for recurrent glioblastoma","volume":"127","author":"Morris SL","year":"2019","unstructured":"Morris SL, Zhu P, Rao M,  Gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery in combination with bevacizumab for recurrent glioblastoma. World Neurosurg. 2019;127:e523\u2013e533.10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.03.193"},{"issue":"8","key":"b34","series-title":"J Korean Med Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2016.31.8.1208","article-title":"Immunohistochemical analysis of ATRX, IDH1 and p53 in glioblastoma and their correlations with patient survival","volume":"31","author":"Chaurasia A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chaurasia A, Park SH, Seo JW, Park CK. Immunohistochemical analysis of ATRX, IDH1 and p53 in glioblastoma and their correlations with patient survival. J Korean Med Sci. 2016;31(8):1208\u20131214.10.3346\/jkms.2016.31.8.1208"},{"issue":"2","key":"b35","series-title":"Pol J Pathol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.5114\/pjp.2020.97020","article-title":"The importance of IDH1, ATRX and WT-1 mutations in glioblastoma","volume":"71","author":"G\u00fclten G","year":"2020","unstructured":"G\u00fclten G, Yal\u00e7\u0131n N, Baltalarl\u0131 B, Do\u011fu G, Acar F, Do\u011fruel Y. The importance of IDH1, ATRX and WT-1 mutations in glioblastoma. Pol J Pathol. 2020;71(2):127\u2013137.10.5114\/pjp.2020.97020"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery: Case Lessons"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-case-lessons\/3\/12\/article-CASE21714.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-case-lessons\/3\/12\/article-CASE21714.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-case-lessons\/3\/12\/article-CASE21714.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T14:42:39Z","timestamp":1770302559000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-case-lessons\/3\/12\/article-CASE21714.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/case21714","relation":{},"ISSN":["2694-1902"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2694-1902","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]]}}}