{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T09:46:59Z","timestamp":1792057619493,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]],"date-time":"2022-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658707200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]]},"abstract":"\n BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n Primary spinal infections (PSIs) are a group of uncommon but serious infectious diseases that are characterized by inflammation of the endplate-disc unit. Pediatric spinal infection is rare and challenging to diagnose due to vague presenting symptoms. Most cases are conservatively managed with surgery rarely indicated. The authors performed a systematic review to study the baseline characteristics, clinical presentation, and outcomes of pediatric patients with PSIs who underwent surgical treatment.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n OBSERVATIONS<\/jats:title>\n PSI in pediatric patients might behave differently in terms of epidemiology, clinical presentation, and outcomes when compared with nonpediatric patients. Overall, PSI ultimately managed surgically in pediatric patients is associated with a high rate of localized pain, neurological compromise, and treatment failure when compared with nonsurgically managed pediatric spinal infections.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n LESSONS<\/jats:title>\n \n PSIs managed surgically in the pediatric population were found to be caused by\n Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n in 74.4% of cases and were associated with higher rates of localized pain, neurological compromise, and treatment failure than nonsurgically managed pediatric spinal infections. Thoracic involvement (71.8%) in the spinal infection was reported most commonly in our review. When omitting the cases involving\n M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n infection, it was revealed that 50% of the pediatric cases involved infection in the cervical region, suggesting increased severity and disease course of cervical spinal infections in the pediatric population. Surgical treatment is indicated only in cases of severe neurological compromise and treatment failure.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/case22204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T04:05:58Z","timestamp":1659326758000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Surgical treatment in primary spinal infections in a pediatric population: illustrative case"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Ryan S.","family":"Beyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Orthopaedics and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Austin J.","family":"Franklin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Orthopaedics and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Hatter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Orthopaedics and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nolan J.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaston","family":"Camino-Willhuber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Orthopaedics and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nestor R.","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Patolog\u00eda Espinal, Hospital de Pediatr\u00eda Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Ciudad Aut\u00f3noma de Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sohaib","family":"Hashmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Orthopaedics and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nitin","family":"Bhatia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Orthopaedics and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Po","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Orthopaedics and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"b1","series-title":"J Orthop","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jor.2016.06.005","article-title":"Spinal infections in children: a review","volume":"13","author":"Tyagi R","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tyagi R. Spinal infections in children: a review. J Orthop. 2016;13(4):254\u2013258.2740849810.1016\/j.jor.2016.06.005"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Front Pediatr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727031","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.727031","article-title":"Spondylodiscitis in children: a retrospective study and comparison with non-vertebral osteomyelitis","volume":"9","author":"Roversi M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Roversi M, Mirra G, Musolino A, Spondylodiscitis in children: a retrospective study and comparison with non-vertebral osteomyelitis. Front Pediatr. 2021;9:727031.3474605510.3389\/fped.2021.727031"},{"issue":"6","key":"b3","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e26","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ482","article-title":"2015 Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of native vertebral osteomyelitis in adults","volume":"61","author":"Berbari EF","year":"2015","unstructured":"Berbari EF, Kanj SS, Kowalski TJ, 2015 Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of native vertebral osteomyelitis in adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61(6):e26\u2013e46.2622912210.1093\/cid\/civ482"},{"issue":"6","key":"b4","series-title":"J Infect","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2008.02.005","article-title":"Infectious spondylodiscitis","volume":"56","author":"Cottle L","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cottle L, Riordan T. Infectious spondylodiscitis. J Infect. 2008;56(6):401\u2013412.1844285410.1016\/j.jinf.2008.02.005"},{"issue":"5","key":"b5","series-title":"Int Orthop","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-009-0758-5","article-title":"One-stage surgical management for children with spinal tuberculosis by anterior decompression and posterior instrumentation","volume":"33","author":"Huang QS","year":"2009","unstructured":"Huang QS, Zheng C, Hu Y, One-stage surgical management for children with spinal tuberculosis by anterior decompression and posterior instrumentation. Int Orthop. 2009;33(5):1385\u20131390.1934042710.1007\/s00264-009-0758-5"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"J Clin Epidemiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.01.021","article-title":"PRESS peer review of electronic search strategies: 2015 guideline statement","volume":"75","author":"McGowan J","year":"2016","unstructured":"McGowan J, Sampson M, Salzwedel DM, Cogo E, Foerster V, Lefebvre C. PRESS peer review of electronic search strategies: 2015 guideline statement. J Clin Epidemiol. 2016;75:40\u201346.2700557510.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.01.021"},{"key":"b7","unstructured":"Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Accessed February 17, 2022. http:\/\/prisma-statement.org\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"b8","series-title":"Asian Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.31616\/asj.2017.0217","article-title":"Early detection and analysis of children with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis of the spine","volume":"13","author":"Arockiaraj J","year":"2019","unstructured":"Arockiaraj J, Robert M, Rose W, Amritanand R, David KS, Krishnan V. Early detection and analysis of children with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis of the spine. Asian Spine J. 2019;13(1):77\u201385.3032669910.31616\/asj.2017.0217"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Infant","first-page":"16","article-title":"Generalised hypotonia following erosive vertebral osteomyelitis in an infant","volume":"7","author":"Banerjee J","year":"2011","unstructured":"Banerjee J, Bhojani S, Nerminathan V. Generalised hypotonia following erosive vertebral osteomyelitis in an infant. Infant. 2011;7:16\u201319."},{"issue":"4","key":"b10","series-title":"J Pediatr Orthop","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000000309","article-title":"Neonatal C1 TO C2 osteomyelitis leading to instability and neurological decline: novel treatment with occiput-C1-C2 fusion and occiput to thorax growing rods. A case report","volume":"35","author":"Glotzbecker MP","year":"2015","unstructured":"Glotzbecker MP, Wasser AM, Troy MJ, Proctor M, Emans JB. Neonatal C1 TO C2 osteomyelitis leading to instability and neurological decline: novel treatment with occiput-C1-C2 fusion and occiput to thorax growing rods. A case report. J Pediatr Orthop. 2015;35(4):379\u2013384.2517167610.1097\/BPO.0000000000000309"},{"issue":"12","key":"b11","series-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e466","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002893","article-title":"Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin-associated cervical spondylitis in a 3-year-old immunocompetent girl","volume":"39","author":"Imakiire R","year":"2020","unstructured":"Imakiire R, Nishikawa T, Tominaga H, Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin-associated cervical spondylitis in a 3-year-old immunocompetent girl. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2020;39(12):e466\u2013e469.10.1097\/INF.0000000000002893"},{"issue":"3.4","key":"b12","series-title":"J Med Invest","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.2152\/jmi.67.351","article-title":"Debridement for infectious spondylodiscitis in a 9-year-old girl using full-endoscopic discectomy system: a case report and literature review","volume":"67","author":"Ishihama Y","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ishihama Y, Sakai T, Manabe H, Debridement for infectious spondylodiscitis in a 9-year-old girl using full-endoscopic discectomy system: a case report and literature review. J Med Invest. 2020;67(3.4):344\u2013351.10.2152\/jmi.67.351"},{"issue":"1","key":"b13","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e21237","article-title":"Klebsiella discitis in a 15-year-old male diagnosed with plasma microbial cell-free DNA next-generation sequencing test: a case report","volume":"14","author":"Karim F","year":"2022","unstructured":"Karim F, Patel M, Barr LL, Maurta-Neumann PJ, Litra F. Klebsiella discitis in a 15-year-old male diagnosed with plasma microbial cell-free DNA next-generation sequencing test: a case report. Cureus. 2022;14(1):e21237."},{"issue":"19","key":"b14","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1228","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31829cf0a7","article-title":"Multiple abscesses with osteomyelitis and destruction of both the atlas and the axis in a 4-week-old infant","volume":"38","author":"Papp Z","year":"2013","unstructured":"Papp Z, Czigl\u00e9czki G, Banczerowski P. Multiple abscesses with osteomyelitis and destruction of both the atlas and the axis in a 4-week-old infant. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2013;38(19):E1228\u2013E1230.10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31829cf0a7"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Eur Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-016-4919-0","article-title":"Odontoid osteomyelitis with atlantoaxial subluxation in an infant","volume":"26","author":"Park H","year":"2017","unstructured":"Park H, Byeon HK, Kim HS, Hong JJ, Suk KS. Odontoid osteomyelitis with atlantoaxial subluxation in an infant. Eur Spine J. 2017;26 (suppl 1):136\u2013140.10.1007\/s00586-016-4919-0"},{"issue":"12","key":"b16","series-title":"Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.06.001","article-title":"Tuberculosis of the spine in children \u2013 does drug resistance affect surgical outcomes?","volume":"21","author":"Pinto D","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pinto D, Dhawale A, Shah I, Tuberculosis of the spine in children \u2013 does drug resistance affect surgical outcomes? Spine J. 2021;21(12):1973\u20131984.3411621610.1016\/j.spinee.2021.06.001"},{"issue":"1","key":"b17","series-title":"Ital J Pediatr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-021-01106-4","article-title":"Infectious spondylodiscitis and kyphosis correction in an infant: a case report","volume":"47","author":"Romano S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Romano S, Vittoria F, Cattaruzzi E, Barbi E, Carbone M. Infectious spondylodiscitis and kyphosis correction in an infant: a case report. Ital J Pediatr. 2021;47(1):152.10.1186\/s13052-021-01106-4"},{"issue":"10","key":"b18","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.94B10.29602","article-title":"Spondylodiscitis in infancy: a potentially fatal condition that can lead to major spinal complications","volume":"94","author":"Tsirikos AI","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tsirikos AI, Tome-Bermejo F. Spondylodiscitis in infancy: a potentially fatal condition that can lead to major spinal complications. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2012;94(10):1399\u20131402.2301556810.1302\/0301-620X.94B10.29602"},{"issue":"4","key":"b19","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-017-3598-4","article-title":"Congenital lumbar kyphosis with skin ulceration and osteomyelitis in a myelomeningocele child: a case report","volume":"34","author":"Vibert B","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vibert B, Turati M, Rabattu PY, Bigoni M, Eid A, Courvoisier A. Congenital lumbar kyphosis with skin ulceration and osteomyelitis in a myelomeningocele child: a case report. Childs Nerv Syst. 2018;34(4):771\u2013775.10.1007\/s00381-017-3598-4"},{"issue":"1","key":"b20","series-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10010030","article-title":"Characteristics, management and outcomes of spondylodiscitis in children: a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Ferri I","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ferri I, Ristori G, Lisi C, Galli L, Chiappini E. Characteristics, management and outcomes of spondylodiscitis in children: a systematic review. Antibiotics (Basel). 2020;10(1):30.10.3390\/antibiotics10010030"},{"issue":"5","key":"b21","series-title":"Yale J Biol Med","first-page":"423","article-title":"Pediatric osteomyelitis and septic arthritis: the pathology of neonatal disease","volume":"52","author":"Ogden JA","year":"1979","unstructured":"Ogden JA. Pediatric osteomyelitis and septic arthritis: the pathology of neonatal disease. Yale J Biol Med. 1979;52(5):423\u2013448.524924"},{"issue":"4","key":"b22","series-title":"Bone Joint J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.100B4.BJJ-2017-1080.R1","article-title":"Spinal infections in children: a multicentre retrospective study","volume":"100-B","author":"Dayer R","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dayer R, Alzahrani MM, Saran N, Spinal infections in children: a multicentre retrospective study. Bone Joint J. 2018;100-B(4):542\u2013548.2962957610.1302\/0301-620X.100B4.BJJ-2017-1080.R1"},{"issue":"7","key":"b23","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e16748","article-title":"The diagnosis and management of pediatric spine infections","volume":"13","author":"Saleh ES","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saleh ES, Vasileff CC, Omari AM, Khalil JG. The diagnosis and management of pediatric spine infections. Cureus. 2021;13(7):e16748.34345570"},{"issue":"6","key":"b24","series-title":"Pediatrics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.105.6.1299","article-title":"Discitis and vertebral osteomyelitis in children: an 18-year review","volume":"105","author":"Fernandez M","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fernandez M, Carrol CL, Baker CJ. Discitis and vertebral osteomyelitis in children: an 18-year review. Pediatrics. 2000;105(6):1299\u20131304.1083507210.1542\/peds.105.6.1299"},{"issue":"2","key":"b25","series-title":"Int Orthop","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-011-1388-2","article-title":"Spinal infections in children: a review","volume":"36","author":"Fucs PM","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fucs PM, Meves R, Yamada HH. Spinal infections in children: a review. Int Orthop. 2012;36(2):387\u2013395.2203361110.1007\/s00264-011-1388-2"},{"issue":"8","key":"b26","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.93B8.25588","article-title":"Spondylodiscitis in children: a retrospective series","volume":"93","author":"Chandrasenan J","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chandrasenan J, Klezl Z, Bommireddy R, Calthorpe D. Spondylodiscitis in children: a retrospective series. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2011;93(8):1122\u20131125.2176864010.1302\/0301-620X.93B8.25588"},{"issue":"12","key":"b27","series-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0b013e3181c8c60b","article-title":"Discitis and epidural abscess after dental extraction in a pediatric patient: a case report","volume":"25","author":"Henton JM","year":"2009","unstructured":"Henton JM, Dabis HS. Discitis and epidural abscess after dental extraction in a pediatric patient: a case report. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2009;25(12):862\u2013864.10.1097\/PEC.0b013e3181c8c60b"},{"issue":"10","key":"b28","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-018-3885-8","article-title":"Pediatric spinal infections-a review of non-tuberculous infections","volume":"34","author":"Mohanty CB","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mohanty CB, Fieggen G, Deopujari CE. Pediatric spinal infections-a review of non-tuberculous infections. Childs Nerv Syst. 2018;34(10):1947\u20131956.2997148310.1007\/s00381-018-3885-8"},{"issue":"2","key":"b29","series-title":"Int Orthop","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-011-1292-9","article-title":"Surgical correction of kyphotic deformity in spinal tuberculosis","volume":"36","author":"Issack PS","year":"2012","unstructured":"Issack PS, Boachie-Adjei O. Surgical correction of kyphotic deformity in spinal tuberculosis. Int Orthop. 2012;36(2):353\u2013357.2167429010.1007\/s00264-011-1292-9"},{"issue":"5","key":"b30","series-title":"Infection","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-021-01642-5","article-title":"Influence of microbiological diagnosis on the clinical course of spondylodiscitis","volume":"49","author":"Stangenberg M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stangenberg M, Mende KC, Mohme M, Influence of microbiological diagnosis on the clinical course of spondylodiscitis. Infection. 2021;49(5):1017\u20131027.3425428310.1007\/s15010-021-01642-5"},{"issue":"1","key":"b31","series-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-020-03928-5","article-title":"Total spine magnetic resonance imaging for detection of multifocal infection in pyogenic spondylodiscitis: a retrospective observational study","volume":"22","author":"Henkelmann J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Henkelmann J, Denecke T, Pieroh P, Total spine magnetic resonance imaging for detection of multifocal infection in pyogenic spondylodiscitis: a retrospective observational study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2021;22(1):78.3344617010.1186\/s12891-020-03928-5"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"iii11","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq303","article-title":"Spondylodiscitis: update on diagnosis and management","volume":"65","author":"Gouliouris T","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gouliouris T, Aliyu SH, Brown NM. Spondylodiscitis: update on diagnosis and management. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2010; 65(suppl 3):iii11\u2013iii24.2087662410.1093\/jac\/dkq303"},{"issue":"6","key":"b33","series-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-007-0316-9","article-title":"Remodeling of the spine in spondylodiscitis of children at the age of 3 years or younger","volume":"127","author":"Waizy H","year":"2007","unstructured":"Waizy H, Heckel M, Seller K, Schroten H, Wild A. Remodeling of the spine in spondylodiscitis of children at the age of 3 years or younger. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2007;127(6):403\u2013407.10.1007\/s00402-007-0316-9"},{"issue":"266","key":"b34","series-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res","first-page":"70","article-title":"Diskitis in children","author":"Crawford AH","year":"1991","unstructured":"Crawford AH, Kucharzyk DW, Ruda R, Smitherman HC Jr. Diskitis in children. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1991;(266):70\u201379.2019071"},{"issue":"1","key":"b35","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.83B1.0830106","article-title":"Discitis in young children","volume":"83","author":"Brown R","year":"2001","unstructured":"Brown R, Hussain M, McHugh K, Novelli V, Jones D. Discitis in young children. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2001;83(1):106\u2013111.1124551510.1302\/0301-620X.83B1.0830106"},{"issue":"7","key":"b36","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199804010-00022","article-title":"An unusual cause of low back pain. Osteomyelitis of the spinous process","volume":"23","author":"Buoncristiani AM","year":"1998","unstructured":"Buoncristiani AM, McCullen G, Shin AY, Bathgate B, Akbarnia BA. An unusual cause of low back pain. Osteomyelitis of the spinous process. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1998;23(7):839\u2013841.10.1097\/00007632-199804010-00022"},{"issue":"1","key":"b37","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-012-1916-4","article-title":"Infections of the spinal subdural space in children: a series of 11 contemporary cases and review of all published reports. A multinational collaborative effort","volume":"29","author":"Sandler AL","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sandler AL, Thompson D, Goodrich JT, Infections of the spinal subdural space in children: a series of 11 contemporary cases and review of all published reports. A multinational collaborative effort. Childs Nerv Syst. 2013;29(1):105\u2013117.2305335710.1007\/s00381-012-1916-4"},{"issue":"4","key":"b1","series-title":"J Orthop","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jor.2016.06.005","article-title":"Spinal infections in children: a review","volume":"13","author":"Tyagi R","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tyagi R. Spinal infections in children: a review. J Orthop. 2016;13(4):254\u2013258.2740849810.1016\/j.jor.2016.06.005"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Front Pediatr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727031","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.727031","article-title":"Spondylodiscitis in children: a retrospective study and comparison with non-vertebral osteomyelitis","volume":"9","author":"Roversi M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Roversi M, Mirra G, Musolino A, Spondylodiscitis in children: a retrospective study and comparison with non-vertebral osteomyelitis. Front Pediatr. 2021;9:727031.3474605510.3389\/fped.2021.727031"},{"issue":"6","key":"b3","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e26","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ482","article-title":"2015 Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of native vertebral osteomyelitis in adults","volume":"61","author":"Berbari EF","year":"2015","unstructured":"Berbari EF, Kanj SS, Kowalski TJ, 2015 Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of native vertebral osteomyelitis in adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61(6):e26\u2013e46.2622912210.1093\/cid\/civ482"},{"issue":"6","key":"b4","series-title":"J Infect","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2008.02.005","article-title":"Infectious spondylodiscitis","volume":"56","author":"Cottle L","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cottle L, Riordan T. Infectious spondylodiscitis. J Infect. 2008;56(6):401\u2013412.1844285410.1016\/j.jinf.2008.02.005"},{"issue":"5","key":"b5","series-title":"Int Orthop","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-009-0758-5","article-title":"One-stage surgical management for children with spinal tuberculosis by anterior decompression and posterior instrumentation","volume":"33","author":"Huang QS","year":"2009","unstructured":"Huang QS, Zheng C, Hu Y, One-stage surgical management for children with spinal tuberculosis by anterior decompression and posterior instrumentation. Int Orthop. 2009;33(5):1385\u20131390.1934042710.1007\/s00264-009-0758-5"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"J Clin Epidemiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.01.021","article-title":"PRESS peer review of electronic search strategies: 2015 guideline statement","volume":"75","author":"McGowan J","year":"2016","unstructured":"McGowan J, Sampson M, Salzwedel DM, Cogo E, Foerster V, Lefebvre C. PRESS peer review of electronic search strategies: 2015 guideline statement. J Clin Epidemiol. 2016;75:40\u201346.2700557510.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.01.021"},{"key":"b7","unstructured":"Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Accessed February 17, 2022. http:\/\/prisma-statement.org\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"b8","series-title":"Asian Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.31616\/asj.2017.0217","article-title":"Early detection and analysis of children with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis of the spine","volume":"13","author":"Arockiaraj J","year":"2019","unstructured":"Arockiaraj J, Robert M, Rose W, Amritanand R, David KS, Krishnan V. Early detection and analysis of children with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis of the spine. Asian Spine J. 2019;13(1):77\u201385.3032669910.31616\/asj.2017.0217"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Infant","first-page":"16","article-title":"Generalised hypotonia following erosive vertebral osteomyelitis in an infant","volume":"7","author":"Banerjee J","year":"2011","unstructured":"Banerjee J, Bhojani S, Nerminathan V. Generalised hypotonia following erosive vertebral osteomyelitis in an infant. Infant. 2011;7:16\u201319."},{"issue":"4","key":"b10","series-title":"J Pediatr Orthop","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000000309","article-title":"Neonatal C1 TO C2 osteomyelitis leading to instability and neurological decline: novel treatment with occiput-C1-C2 fusion and occiput to thorax growing rods. A case report","volume":"35","author":"Glotzbecker MP","year":"2015","unstructured":"Glotzbecker MP, Wasser AM, Troy MJ, Proctor M, Emans JB. Neonatal C1 TO C2 osteomyelitis leading to instability and neurological decline: novel treatment with occiput-C1-C2 fusion and occiput to thorax growing rods. A case report. J Pediatr Orthop. 2015;35(4):379\u2013384.2517167610.1097\/BPO.0000000000000309"},{"issue":"12","key":"b11","series-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e466","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002893","article-title":"Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin-associated cervical spondylitis in a 3-year-old immunocompetent girl","volume":"39","author":"Imakiire R","year":"2020","unstructured":"Imakiire R, Nishikawa T, Tominaga H, Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin-associated cervical spondylitis in a 3-year-old immunocompetent girl. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2020;39(12):e466\u2013e469.10.1097\/INF.0000000000002893"},{"issue":"3.4","key":"b12","series-title":"J Med Invest","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.2152\/jmi.67.351","article-title":"Debridement for infectious spondylodiscitis in a 9-year-old girl using full-endoscopic discectomy system: a case report and literature review","volume":"67","author":"Ishihama Y","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ishihama Y, Sakai T, Manabe H, Debridement for infectious spondylodiscitis in a 9-year-old girl using full-endoscopic discectomy system: a case report and literature review. J Med Invest. 2020;67(3.4):344\u2013351.10.2152\/jmi.67.351"},{"issue":"1","key":"b13","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e21237","article-title":"Klebsiella discitis in a 15-year-old male diagnosed with plasma microbial cell-free DNA next-generation sequencing test: a case report","volume":"14","author":"Karim F","year":"2022","unstructured":"Karim F, Patel M, Barr LL, Maurta-Neumann PJ, Litra F. Klebsiella discitis in a 15-year-old male diagnosed with plasma microbial cell-free DNA next-generation sequencing test: a case report. Cureus. 2022;14(1):e21237."},{"issue":"19","key":"b14","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1228","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31829cf0a7","article-title":"Multiple abscesses with osteomyelitis and destruction of both the atlas and the axis in a 4-week-old infant","volume":"38","author":"Papp Z","year":"2013","unstructured":"Papp Z, Czigl\u00e9czki G, Banczerowski P. Multiple abscesses with osteomyelitis and destruction of both the atlas and the axis in a 4-week-old infant. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2013;38(19):E1228\u2013E1230.10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31829cf0a7"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Eur Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-016-4919-0","article-title":"Odontoid osteomyelitis with atlantoaxial subluxation in an infant","volume":"26","author":"Park H","year":"2017","unstructured":"Park H, Byeon HK, Kim HS, Hong JJ, Suk KS. Odontoid osteomyelitis with atlantoaxial subluxation in an infant. Eur Spine J. 2017;26 (suppl 1):136\u2013140.10.1007\/s00586-016-4919-0"},{"issue":"12","key":"b16","series-title":"Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.06.001","article-title":"Tuberculosis of the spine in children \u2013 does drug resistance affect surgical outcomes?","volume":"21","author":"Pinto D","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pinto D, Dhawale A, Shah I, Tuberculosis of the spine in children \u2013 does drug resistance affect surgical outcomes? Spine J. 2021;21(12):1973\u20131984.3411621610.1016\/j.spinee.2021.06.001"},{"issue":"1","key":"b17","series-title":"Ital J Pediatr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-021-01106-4","article-title":"Infectious spondylodiscitis and kyphosis correction in an infant: a case report","volume":"47","author":"Romano S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Romano S, Vittoria F, Cattaruzzi E, Barbi E, Carbone M. Infectious spondylodiscitis and kyphosis correction in an infant: a case report. Ital J Pediatr. 2021;47(1):152.10.1186\/s13052-021-01106-4"},{"issue":"10","key":"b18","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.94B10.29602","article-title":"Spondylodiscitis in infancy: a potentially fatal condition that can lead to major spinal complications","volume":"94","author":"Tsirikos AI","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tsirikos AI, Tome-Bermejo F. Spondylodiscitis in infancy: a potentially fatal condition that can lead to major spinal complications. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2012;94(10):1399\u20131402.2301556810.1302\/0301-620X.94B10.29602"},{"issue":"4","key":"b19","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-017-3598-4","article-title":"Congenital lumbar kyphosis with skin ulceration and osteomyelitis in a myelomeningocele child: a case report","volume":"34","author":"Vibert B","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vibert B, Turati M, Rabattu PY, Bigoni M, Eid A, Courvoisier A. Congenital lumbar kyphosis with skin ulceration and osteomyelitis in a myelomeningocele child: a case report. Childs Nerv Syst. 2018;34(4):771\u2013775.10.1007\/s00381-017-3598-4"},{"issue":"1","key":"b20","series-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10010030","article-title":"Characteristics, management and outcomes of spondylodiscitis in children: a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Ferri I","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ferri I, Ristori G, Lisi C, Galli L, Chiappini E. Characteristics, management and outcomes of spondylodiscitis in children: a systematic review. Antibiotics (Basel). 2020;10(1):30.10.3390\/antibiotics10010030"},{"issue":"5","key":"b21","series-title":"Yale J Biol Med","first-page":"423","article-title":"Pediatric osteomyelitis and septic arthritis: the pathology of neonatal disease","volume":"52","author":"Ogden JA","year":"1979","unstructured":"Ogden JA. Pediatric osteomyelitis and septic arthritis: the pathology of neonatal disease. Yale J Biol Med. 1979;52(5):423\u2013448.524924"},{"issue":"4","key":"b22","series-title":"Bone Joint J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.100B4.BJJ-2017-1080.R1","article-title":"Spinal infections in children: a multicentre retrospective study","volume":"100-B","author":"Dayer R","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dayer R, Alzahrani MM, Saran N, Spinal infections in children: a multicentre retrospective study. Bone Joint J. 2018;100-B(4):542\u2013548.2962957610.1302\/0301-620X.100B4.BJJ-2017-1080.R1"},{"issue":"7","key":"b23","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e16748","article-title":"The diagnosis and management of pediatric spine infections","volume":"13","author":"Saleh ES","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saleh ES, Vasileff CC, Omari AM, Khalil JG. The diagnosis and management of pediatric spine infections. Cureus. 2021;13(7):e16748.34345570"},{"issue":"6","key":"b24","series-title":"Pediatrics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.105.6.1299","article-title":"Discitis and vertebral osteomyelitis in children: an 18-year review","volume":"105","author":"Fernandez M","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fernandez M, Carrol CL, Baker CJ. Discitis and vertebral osteomyelitis in children: an 18-year review. Pediatrics. 2000;105(6):1299\u20131304.1083507210.1542\/peds.105.6.1299"},{"issue":"2","key":"b25","series-title":"Int Orthop","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-011-1388-2","article-title":"Spinal infections in children: a review","volume":"36","author":"Fucs PM","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fucs PM, Meves R, Yamada HH. Spinal infections in children: a review. Int Orthop. 2012;36(2):387\u2013395.2203361110.1007\/s00264-011-1388-2"},{"issue":"8","key":"b26","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.93B8.25588","article-title":"Spondylodiscitis in children: a retrospective series","volume":"93","author":"Chandrasenan J","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chandrasenan J, Klezl Z, Bommireddy R, Calthorpe D. Spondylodiscitis in children: a retrospective series. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2011;93(8):1122\u20131125.2176864010.1302\/0301-620X.93B8.25588"},{"issue":"12","key":"b27","series-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0b013e3181c8c60b","article-title":"Discitis and epidural abscess after dental extraction in a pediatric patient: a case report","volume":"25","author":"Henton JM","year":"2009","unstructured":"Henton JM, Dabis HS. Discitis and epidural abscess after dental extraction in a pediatric patient: a case report. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2009;25(12):862\u2013864.10.1097\/PEC.0b013e3181c8c60b"},{"issue":"10","key":"b28","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-018-3885-8","article-title":"Pediatric spinal infections-a review of non-tuberculous infections","volume":"34","author":"Mohanty CB","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mohanty CB, Fieggen G, Deopujari CE. Pediatric spinal infections-a review of non-tuberculous infections. Childs Nerv Syst. 2018;34(10):1947\u20131956.2997148310.1007\/s00381-018-3885-8"},{"issue":"2","key":"b29","series-title":"Int Orthop","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-011-1292-9","article-title":"Surgical correction of kyphotic deformity in spinal tuberculosis","volume":"36","author":"Issack PS","year":"2012","unstructured":"Issack PS, Boachie-Adjei O. Surgical correction of kyphotic deformity in spinal tuberculosis. Int Orthop. 2012;36(2):353\u2013357.2167429010.1007\/s00264-011-1292-9"},{"issue":"5","key":"b30","series-title":"Infection","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-021-01642-5","article-title":"Influence of microbiological diagnosis on the clinical course of spondylodiscitis","volume":"49","author":"Stangenberg M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stangenberg M, Mende KC, Mohme M, Influence of microbiological diagnosis on the clinical course of spondylodiscitis. Infection. 2021;49(5):1017\u20131027.3425428310.1007\/s15010-021-01642-5"},{"issue":"1","key":"b31","series-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-020-03928-5","article-title":"Total spine magnetic resonance imaging for detection of multifocal infection in pyogenic spondylodiscitis: a retrospective observational study","volume":"22","author":"Henkelmann J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Henkelmann J, Denecke T, Pieroh P, Total spine magnetic resonance imaging for detection of multifocal infection in pyogenic spondylodiscitis: a retrospective observational study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2021;22(1):78.3344617010.1186\/s12891-020-03928-5"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"iii11","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq303","article-title":"Spondylodiscitis: update on diagnosis and management","volume":"65","author":"Gouliouris T","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gouliouris T, Aliyu SH, Brown NM. Spondylodiscitis: update on diagnosis and management. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2010; 65(suppl 3):iii11\u2013iii24.2087662410.1093\/jac\/dkq303"},{"issue":"6","key":"b33","series-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-007-0316-9","article-title":"Remodeling of the spine in spondylodiscitis of children at the age of 3 years or younger","volume":"127","author":"Waizy H","year":"2007","unstructured":"Waizy H, Heckel M, Seller K, Schroten H, Wild A. Remodeling of the spine in spondylodiscitis of children at the age of 3 years or younger. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2007;127(6):403\u2013407.10.1007\/s00402-007-0316-9"},{"issue":"266","key":"b34","series-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res","first-page":"70","article-title":"Diskitis in children","author":"Crawford AH","year":"1991","unstructured":"Crawford AH, Kucharzyk DW, Ruda R, Smitherman HC Jr. Diskitis in children. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1991;(266):70\u201379.2019071"},{"issue":"1","key":"b35","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.83B1.0830106","article-title":"Discitis in young children","volume":"83","author":"Brown R","year":"2001","unstructured":"Brown R, Hussain M, McHugh K, Novelli V, Jones D. Discitis in young children. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2001;83(1):106\u2013111.1124551510.1302\/0301-620X.83B1.0830106"},{"issue":"7","key":"b36","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199804010-00022","article-title":"An unusual cause of low back pain. Osteomyelitis of the spinous process","volume":"23","author":"Buoncristiani AM","year":"1998","unstructured":"Buoncristiani AM, McCullen G, Shin AY, Bathgate B, Akbarnia BA. An unusual cause of low back pain. Osteomyelitis of the spinous process. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1998;23(7):839\u2013841.10.1097\/00007632-199804010-00022"},{"issue":"1","key":"b37","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-012-1916-4","article-title":"Infections of the spinal subdural space in children: a series of 11 contemporary cases and review of all published reports. A multinational collaborative effort","volume":"29","author":"Sandler AL","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sandler AL, Thompson D, Goodrich JT, Infections of the spinal subdural space in children: a series of 11 contemporary cases and review of all published reports. A multinational collaborative effort. Childs Nerv Syst. 2013;29(1):105\u2013117.2305335710.1007\/s00381-012-1916-4"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery: Case Lessons"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-case-lessons\/4\/4\/article-CASE22204.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-case-lessons\/4\/4\/article-CASE22204.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-case-lessons\/4\/4\/article-CASE22204.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T14:39:25Z","timestamp":1770302365000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-case-lessons\/4\/4\/article-CASE22204.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/case22204","relation":{},"ISSN":["2694-1902"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2694-1902","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]]}}}