{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T01:26:55Z","timestamp":1782350815969,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678060800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Minimally invasive surgical techniques are changing the landscape in adult spinal deformity (ASD) surgery, enabling surgical correction to be achievable in increasingly medically complex patients. Spinal robotics are one technology that have helped facilitate this. Here the authors present an illustrative case of the utility of robotics planning workflow for minimally invasive correction of ASD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBSERVATIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A 60-year-old female presented with persistent and debilitating low back and leg pain limiting her function and quality of life. Standing scoliosis radiographs demonstrated adult degenerative scoliosis (ADS), with a lumbar scoliosis of 53\u00b0, a pelvic incidence\u2013lumbar lordosis mismatch of 44\u00b0, and pelvic tilt of 39\u00b0. Robotics planning software was utilized for preoperative planning of the multiple rod and 4-point pelvic fixation in the posterior construct.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>LESSONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To the authors\u2019 knowledge, this is the first report detailing the use of spinal robotics for complex 11-level minimally invasive correction of ADS. Although additional experiences adapting spinal robotics to complex spinal deformities are necessary, the present case represents a proof-of-concept demonstrating the feasibility of applying this technology to minimally invasive correction of ASD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/case22520","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T08:10:45Z","timestamp":1678090245000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Robotics planning in minimally invasive surgery for adult degenerative scoliosis: illustrative case"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Zach","family":"Pennington","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nolan J.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saif","family":"Quadri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kansas City University College of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyedamirhossein","family":"Pishva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kansas City University College of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cathleen C.","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin H.","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"10193","key":"b1","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"160","article-title":"Adult spinal deformity","volume":"394","author":"Diebo BG","year":"2019","unstructured":"Diebo BG, Shah NV, Boachie-Adjei O,  Adult spinal deformity. Lancet. 2019;394(10193):160\u2013172.31305254"},{"issue":"4","key":"b2","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"374","article-title":"Comparison of two minimally invasive surgery strategies to treat adult spinal deformity","volume":"22","author":"Park P","year":"2015","unstructured":"Park P, Wang MY, Lafage V,  Comparison of two minimally invasive surgery strategies to treat adult spinal deformity. J Neurosurg Spine. 2015;22(4):374\u2013380.25635632"},{"issue":"4","key":"b3","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"595","article-title":"Two- and three-year outcomes of minimally invasive and hybrid correction of adult spinal deformity","volume":"36","author":"Chan AK","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chan AK, Eastlack RK, Fessler RG,  Two- and three-year outcomes of minimally invasive and hybrid correction of adult spinal deformity. J Neurosurg Spine. 2021;36(4):595\u2013608.34740175"},{"issue":"2","key":"b4","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"203","article-title":"Patient outcomes after circumferential minimally invasive surgery compared with those of open correction for adult spinal deformity: initial analysis of prospectively collected data","volume":"36","author":"Chou D","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chou D, Lafage V, Chan AY,  Patient outcomes after circumferential minimally invasive surgery compared with those of open correction for adult spinal deformity: initial analysis of prospectively collected data. J Neurosurg Spine. 2021;36(2):203\u2013214."},{"issue":"5","key":"b5","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"733","article-title":"A staged protocol for circumferential minimally invasive surgical correction of adult spinal deformity","volume":"81","author":"Anand N","year":"2017","unstructured":"Anand N, Kong C, Fessler RG. A staged protocol for circumferential minimally invasive surgical correction of adult spinal deformity. Neurosurgery. 2017;81(5):733\u2013739.29088462"},{"issue":"1","key":"b6","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E10","article-title":"Evaluating robotic pedicle screw placement against conventional modalities: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"Naik A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Naik A, Smith AD, Shaffer A,  Evaluating robotic pedicle screw placement against conventional modalities: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Neurosurg Focus. 2022;52(1):E10.34973681"},{"issue":"1","key":"b7","series-title":"Eur Spine J","first-page":"95","article-title":"Minimally invasive multiple-rod constructs with robotics planning in adult spinal deformity surgery: a case series","volume":"31","author":"Pham MH","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pham MH, Shah VJ, Diaz-Aguilar LD, Osorio JA, Lehman RA. Minimally invasive multiple-rod constructs with robotics planning in adult spinal deformity surgery: a case series. Eur Spine J. 2022;31(1):95\u2013103.34599407"},{"issue":"2","key":"b8","series-title":"Neurosurg Clin N Am","first-page":"163","article-title":"Use of Surgimap Spine in sagittal plane analysis, osteotomy planning, and correction calculation","volume":"24","author":"Akbar M","year":"2013","unstructured":"Akbar M, Terran J, Ames CP, Lafage V, Schwab F. Use of Surgimap Spine in sagittal plane analysis, osteotomy planning, and correction calculation. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2013;24(2):163\u2013172.23561555"},{"issue":"22","key":"b9","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"E1297","article-title":"Predictive accuracy of Surgimap surgical planning for sagittal imbalance: a cohort study","volume":"42","author":"Langella F","year":"2017","unstructured":"Langella F, Villafa\u00f1e JH, Damilano M,  Predictive accuracy of Surgimap surgical planning for sagittal imbalance: a cohort study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2017;42(22):E1297\u2013E1304.28542103"},{"issue":"12","key":"b10","series-title":"Eur Spine J","first-page":"3676","article-title":"The predictive accuracy of surgical planning using pre-op planning software and a robotic guidance system","volume":"30","author":"Kisinde S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kisinde S, Hu X, Hesselbacher S, Lieberman IH. The predictive accuracy of surgical planning using pre-op planning software and a robotic guidance system. Eur Spine J. 2021;30(12):3676\u20133687."},{"issue":"3","key":"b11","series-title":"Spine Surg Relat Res","first-page":"256","article-title":"Utility of patient-specific rod instrumentation in deformity correction: single institution experience","volume":"4","author":"Sadrameli SS","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sadrameli SS, Boghani Z, Steele Iii WJ, Holman PJ. Utility of patient-specific rod instrumentation in deformity correction: single institution experience. Spine Surg Relat Res. 2020;4(3):256\u2013260.32864493"},{"issue":"2","key":"b12","series-title":"Orthopedics","first-page":"79","article-title":"Early experience and initial outcomes with patient-specific spine rods for adult spinal deformity","volume":"39","author":"Barton C","year":"2016","unstructured":"Barton C, Noshchenko A, Patel V, Kleck C, Burger E. Early experience and initial outcomes with patient-specific spine rods for adult spinal deformity. Orthopedics. 2016;39(2):79\u201386.27023415"},{"issue":"15","key":"b13","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"1680","article-title":"The effects of rod contouring on spinal construct fatigue strength","volume":"31","author":"Lindsey C","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lindsey C, Deviren V, Xu Z, Yeh RF, Puttlitz CM. The effects of rod contouring on spinal construct fatigue strength. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2006;31(15):1680\u20131687.16816763"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Int Orthop","article-title":"Robotics in spine surgery: systematic review of literature","author":"Lopez IB","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lopez IB, Benzakour A, Mavrogenis A, Benzakour T, Ahmad A, Lem\u00e9e JM. Robotics in spine surgery: systematic review of literature. Int Orthop. 2022.35849162"},{"issue":"2","key":"b15","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"221","article-title":"The MISDEF2 algorithm: an updated algorithm for patient selection in minimally invasive deformity surgery","volume":"32","author":"Mummaneni PV","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mummaneni PV, Park P, Shaffrey CI,  The MISDEF2 algorithm: an updated algorithm for patient selection in minimally invasive deformity surgery. J Neurosurg Spine. 2019;32(2):221\u2013228.31653809"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Int J Spine Surg","first-page":"S56","article-title":"Role of robotics in adult spinal deformity","volume":"15","author":"Cronin PK","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cronin PK, Poelstra K, Protopsaltis TS. Role of robotics in adult spinal deformity. Int J Spine Surg. 2021;15(Suppl 2):S56\u2013S64.34675030"},{"issue":"5","key":"b17","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"e6","article-title":"The minimally invasive spinal deformity surgery algorithm: a reproducible rational framework for decision making in minimally invasive spinal deformity surgery","volume":"36","author":"Mummaneni PV","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mummaneni PV, Shaffrey CI, Lenke LG,  The minimally invasive spinal deformity surgery algorithm: a reproducible rational framework for decision making in minimally invasive spinal deformity surgery. Neurosurg Focus. 2014;36(5):e6.24785488"},{"issue":"3","key":"b18","series-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res","first-page":"884","article-title":"Is there asymmetry between the concave and convex pedicles in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis? A CT investigation","volume":"475","author":"Davis CM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Davis CM, Grant CA, Pearcy MJ,  Is there asymmetry between the concave and convex pedicles in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis? A CT investigation. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2017;475(3):884\u2013893."},{"issue":"1","key":"b19","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"62","article-title":"Defining spino-pelvic alignment thresholds: should operative goals in adult spinal deformity surgery account for age?","volume":"41","author":"Lafage R","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lafage R, Schwab F, Challier V,  Defining spino-pelvic alignment thresholds: should operative goals in adult spinal deformity surgery account for age? Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2016;41(1):62\u201368.26689395"},{"issue":"10193","key":"b1","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"160","article-title":"Adult spinal deformity","volume":"394","author":"Diebo BG","year":"2019","unstructured":"Diebo BG, Shah NV, Boachie-Adjei O,  Adult spinal deformity. Lancet. 2019;394(10193):160\u2013172.31305254"},{"issue":"4","key":"b2","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"374","article-title":"Comparison of two minimally invasive surgery strategies to treat adult spinal deformity","volume":"22","author":"Park P","year":"2015","unstructured":"Park P, Wang MY, Lafage V,  Comparison of two minimally invasive surgery strategies to treat adult spinal deformity. 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J Neurosurg Spine. 2021;36(4):595\u2013608.34740175"},{"issue":"2","key":"b4","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"203","article-title":"Patient outcomes after circumferential minimally invasive surgery compared with those of open correction for adult spinal deformity: initial analysis of prospectively collected data","volume":"36","author":"Chou D","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chou D, Lafage V, Chan AY,  Patient outcomes after circumferential minimally invasive surgery compared with those of open correction for adult spinal deformity: initial analysis of prospectively collected data. J Neurosurg Spine. 2021;36(2):203\u2013214."},{"issue":"5","key":"b5","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"733","article-title":"A staged protocol for circumferential minimally invasive surgical correction of adult spinal deformity","volume":"81","author":"Anand N","year":"2017","unstructured":"Anand N, Kong C, Fessler RG. A staged protocol for circumferential minimally invasive surgical correction of adult spinal deformity. Neurosurgery. 2017;81(5):733\u2013739.29088462"},{"issue":"1","key":"b6","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E10","article-title":"Evaluating robotic pedicle screw placement against conventional modalities: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"Naik A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Naik A, Smith AD, Shaffer A,  Evaluating robotic pedicle screw placement against conventional modalities: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Neurosurg Focus. 2022;52(1):E10.34973681"},{"issue":"1","key":"b7","series-title":"Eur Spine J","first-page":"95","article-title":"Minimally invasive multiple-rod constructs with robotics planning in adult spinal deformity surgery: a case series","volume":"31","author":"Pham MH","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pham MH, Shah VJ, Diaz-Aguilar LD, Osorio JA, Lehman RA. Minimally invasive multiple-rod constructs with robotics planning in adult spinal deformity surgery: a case series. Eur Spine J. 2022;31(1):95\u2013103.34599407"},{"issue":"2","key":"b8","series-title":"Neurosurg Clin N Am","first-page":"163","article-title":"Use of Surgimap Spine in sagittal plane analysis, osteotomy planning, and correction calculation","volume":"24","author":"Akbar M","year":"2013","unstructured":"Akbar M, Terran J, Ames CP, Lafage V, Schwab F. Use of Surgimap Spine in sagittal plane analysis, osteotomy planning, and correction calculation. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2013;24(2):163\u2013172.23561555"},{"issue":"22","key":"b9","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"E1297","article-title":"Predictive accuracy of Surgimap surgical planning for sagittal imbalance: a cohort study","volume":"42","author":"Langella F","year":"2017","unstructured":"Langella F, Villafa\u00f1e JH, Damilano M,  Predictive accuracy of Surgimap surgical planning for sagittal imbalance: a cohort study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2017;42(22):E1297\u2013E1304.28542103"},{"issue":"12","key":"b10","series-title":"Eur Spine J","first-page":"3676","article-title":"The predictive accuracy of surgical planning using pre-op planning software and a robotic guidance system","volume":"30","author":"Kisinde S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kisinde S, Hu X, Hesselbacher S, Lieberman IH. The predictive accuracy of surgical planning using pre-op planning software and a robotic guidance system. Eur Spine J. 2021;30(12):3676\u20133687."},{"issue":"3","key":"b11","series-title":"Spine Surg Relat Res","first-page":"256","article-title":"Utility of patient-specific rod instrumentation in deformity correction: single institution experience","volume":"4","author":"Sadrameli SS","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sadrameli SS, Boghani Z, Steele Iii WJ, Holman PJ. Utility of patient-specific rod instrumentation in deformity correction: single institution experience. Spine Surg Relat Res. 2020;4(3):256\u2013260.32864493"},{"issue":"2","key":"b12","series-title":"Orthopedics","first-page":"79","article-title":"Early experience and initial outcomes with patient-specific spine rods for adult spinal deformity","volume":"39","author":"Barton C","year":"2016","unstructured":"Barton C, Noshchenko A, Patel V, Kleck C, Burger E. Early experience and initial outcomes with patient-specific spine rods for adult spinal deformity. Orthopedics. 2016;39(2):79\u201386.27023415"},{"issue":"15","key":"b13","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"1680","article-title":"The effects of rod contouring on spinal construct fatigue strength","volume":"31","author":"Lindsey C","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lindsey C, Deviren V, Xu Z, Yeh RF, Puttlitz CM. The effects of rod contouring on spinal construct fatigue strength. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2006;31(15):1680\u20131687.16816763"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Int Orthop","article-title":"Robotics in spine surgery: systematic review of literature","author":"Lopez IB","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lopez IB, Benzakour A, Mavrogenis A, Benzakour T, Ahmad A, Lem\u00e9e JM. Robotics in spine surgery: systematic review of literature. Int Orthop. 2022.35849162"},{"issue":"2","key":"b15","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"221","article-title":"The MISDEF2 algorithm: an updated algorithm for patient selection in minimally invasive deformity surgery","volume":"32","author":"Mummaneni PV","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mummaneni PV, Park P, Shaffrey CI,  The MISDEF2 algorithm: an updated algorithm for patient selection in minimally invasive deformity surgery. J Neurosurg Spine. 2019;32(2):221\u2013228.31653809"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Int J Spine Surg","first-page":"S56","article-title":"Role of robotics in adult spinal deformity","volume":"15","author":"Cronin PK","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cronin PK, Poelstra K, Protopsaltis TS. Role of robotics in adult spinal deformity. Int J Spine Surg. 2021;15(Suppl 2):S56\u2013S64.34675030"},{"issue":"5","key":"b17","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"e6","article-title":"The minimally invasive spinal deformity surgery algorithm: a reproducible rational framework for decision making in minimally invasive spinal deformity surgery","volume":"36","author":"Mummaneni PV","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mummaneni PV, Shaffrey CI, Lenke LG,  The minimally invasive spinal deformity surgery algorithm: a reproducible rational framework for decision making in minimally invasive spinal deformity surgery. Neurosurg Focus. 2014;36(5):e6.24785488"},{"issue":"3","key":"b18","series-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res","first-page":"884","article-title":"Is there asymmetry between the concave and convex pedicles in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis? A CT investigation","volume":"475","author":"Davis CM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Davis CM, Grant CA, Pearcy MJ,  Is there asymmetry between the concave and convex pedicles in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis? A CT investigation. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2017;475(3):884\u2013893."},{"issue":"1","key":"b19","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"62","article-title":"Defining spino-pelvic alignment thresholds: should operative goals in adult spinal deformity surgery account for age?","volume":"41","author":"Lafage R","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lafage R, Schwab F, Challier V,  Defining spino-pelvic alignment thresholds: should operative goals in adult spinal deformity surgery account for age? 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