{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T20:31:01Z","timestamp":1775680261414,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]],"date-time":"2022-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656892800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The mechanism of vasospasm post\u2013subarachnoid hemorrhage (post-SAH) is a poorly understood yet devastating complication that can result in delayed ischemic neurological damage. High concentrations of free hemoglobin present in hemolytic conditions reduce nitric oxide (NO) availability which may disrupt vascular dynamics and contribute to the extent of vasospasm.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBSERVATIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The authors describe the clinical course of a sickle cell disease (SCD) patient with spontaneous SAH who suffered an abnormally long duration of vasospasm. The authors then present a focused review of the pathology of intravascular hemolysis and discuss the potential key role of intravascular hemolysis in the pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm as illustrated in this case lesson.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>LESSONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Abnormally prolonged and severe vasospasm in SCD with SAH may provide clues regarding the mechanisms of vasospasm. Intravascular hemolysis limits NO availability and may contribute to the development of vasospasm following SAH.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/case2290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]],"date-time":"2022-07-04T06:11:15Z","timestamp":1656915075000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Lessons for the pathogenesis of vasospasm from a patient with sickle cell disease, moyamoya disease, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and 1 month of persistent vasospasm: illustrative case"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"William D.","family":"Haselden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick J.","family":"Drew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neural Engineering, Departments of Engineering Science and Mechanics and Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania; and"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State Health, Hershey, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ephraim W.","family":"Church","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State Health, Hershey, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Blood Cells Mol Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcmd.2018.07.002","article-title":"Serum haptoglobin and hemopexin levels are depleted in pediatric sickle cell disease patients","volume":"72","author":"Santiago RP","year":"2018","unstructured":"Santiago RP, Guarda CC, Figueiredo CVB,  Serum haptoglobin and hemopexin levels are depleted in pediatric sickle cell disease patients. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2018;72:34\u201336.10.1016\/j.bcmd.2018.07.0029612383"},{"issue":"8","key":"b2","series-title":"Blood","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-11-451229","article-title":"Hemolysis and free hemoglobin revisited: exploring hemoglobin and hemin scavengers as a novel class of therapeutic proteins","volume":"121","author":"Schaer DJ","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schaer DJ, Buehler PW, Alayash AI, Belcher JD, Vercellotti GM. Hemolysis and free hemoglobin revisited: exploring hemoglobin and hemin scavengers as a novel class of therapeutic proteins. Blood. 2013;121(8):1276\u20131284.10.1182\/blood-2012-11-451229"},{"issue":"5","key":"b3","series-title":"Am J Physiol","first-page":"H1705","article-title":"Effective diffusion distance of nitric oxide in the microcirculation","volume":"274","author":"Vaughn MW","year":"1998","unstructured":"Vaughn MW, Kuo L, Liao JC. Effective diffusion distance of nitric oxide in the microcirculation. Am J Physiol. 1998;274(5):H1705\u2013H1714.1662273"},{"issue":"12","key":"b4","series-title":"J Clin Invest","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3409","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI25040","article-title":"Hemolysis-associated endothelial dysfunction mediated by accelerated NO inactivation by decompartmentalized oxyhemoglobin","volume":"115","author":"Minneci PC","year":"2005","unstructured":"Minneci PC, Deans KJ, Zhi H,  Hemolysis-associated endothelial dysfunction mediated by accelerated NO inactivation by decompartmentalized oxyhemoglobin. J Clin Invest. 2005;115(12):3409\u20133417.10.1172\/JCI250409612383"},{"issue":"7","key":"b5","series-title":"Nat Biotechnol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt0798-672","article-title":"Rate of reaction with nitric oxide determines the hypertensive effect of cell-free hemoglobin","volume":"16","author":"Doherty DH","year":"1998","unstructured":"Doherty DH, Doyle MP, Curry SR,  Rate of reaction with nitric oxide determines the hypertensive effect of cell-free hemoglobin. Nat Biotechnol. 1998;16(7):672\u2013676.10.1038\/nbt0798-672"},{"issue":"6","key":"b6","series-title":"Free Radic Biol Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2003.11.030","article-title":"No scavenging and the hypertensive effect of hemoglobin-based blood substitutes","volume":"36","author":"Olson JS","year":"2004","unstructured":"Olson JS, Foley EW, Rogge C, Tsai AL, Doyle MP, Lemon DD. No scavenging and the hypertensive effect of hemoglobin-based blood substitutes. Free Radic Biol Med. 2004;36(6):685\u2013697.10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2003.11.0301662273"},{"issue":"6","key":"b7","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.3171\/JNS.2008.109.12.1052","article-title":"Frequency and clinical impact of asymptomatic cerebral infarction due to vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"109","author":"Schmidt JM","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schmidt JM, Wartenberg KE, Fernandez A,  Frequency and clinical impact of asymptomatic cerebral infarction due to vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 2008;109(6):1052\u20131059.10.3171\/JNS.2008.109.12.1052"},{"issue":"9","key":"b8","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1161\/hs0901.095677","article-title":"Effect of cisternal and ventricular blood on risk of delayed cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage: the Fisher scale revisited","volume":"32","author":"Claassen J","year":"2001","unstructured":"Claassen J, Bernardini GL, Kreiter K,  Effect of cisternal and ventricular blood on risk of delayed cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage: the Fisher scale revisited. Stroke. 2001;32(9):2012\u20132020.10.1161\/hs0901.095677"},{"issue":"6","key":"b9","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"1237","article-title":"Role of transcranial Doppler monitoring in the diagnosis of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"44","author":"Vora YY","year":"1999","unstructured":"Vora YY, Suarez-Almazor M, Steinke DE, Martin ML, Findlay JM. Role of transcranial Doppler monitoring in the diagnosis of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery. 1999;44(6):1237\u20131248."},{"issue":"2","key":"b10","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1978.48.2.0173","article-title":"Time course of vasospasm in man","volume":"48","author":"Weir B","year":"1978","unstructured":"Weir B, Grace M, Hansen J, Rothberg C. Time course of vasospasm in man. J Neurosurg. 1978;48(2):173\u2013178.10.3171\/jns.1978.48.2.0173"},{"issue":"1","key":"b11","series-title":"Egypt J Neurol Psychiat Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s41983-018-0050-y","article-title":"Vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: prediction, detection, and intervention","volume":"55","author":"Nassar HGE","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nassar HGE, Ghali AA, Bahnasy WS, Elawady MM. Vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: prediction, detection, and intervention. Egypt J Neurol Psychiat Neurosurg. 2019;55(1):3.10.1186\/s41983-018-0050-y"},{"issue":"3","key":"b12","series-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther","first-page":"1140","article-title":"Responses of rabbit aorta to nitric oxide and superoxide generated by ultraviolet irradiation of solutions containing inorganic nitrite","volume":"259","author":"Matsunaga K","year":"1991","unstructured":"Matsunaga K, Furchgott RF. Responses of rabbit aorta to nitric oxide and superoxide generated by ultraviolet irradiation of solutions containing inorganic nitrite. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1991;259(3):1140\u20131146."},{"issue":"12","key":"b13","series-title":"Cardiovasc Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/23.12.1053","article-title":"Nitric oxide synthesised from L-arginine mediates endothelium dependent dilatation in human veins in vivo","volume":"23","author":"Vallance P","year":"1989","unstructured":"Vallance P, Collier J, Moncada S. Nitric oxide synthesised from L-arginine mediates endothelium dependent dilatation in human veins in vivo. Cardiovasc Res. 1989;23(12):1053\u20131057.10.1093\/cvr\/23.12.1053"},{"issue":"9","key":"b14","series-title":"FASEB J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.3.9.2545495","article-title":"Endothelium-derived relaxing and contracting factors","volume":"3","author":"Furchgott RF","year":"1989","unstructured":"Furchgott RF, Vanhoutte PM. Endothelium-derived relaxing and contracting factors. FASEB J. 1989;3(9):2007\u20132018.10.1096\/fasebj.3.9.2545495"},{"issue":"4","key":"b15","series-title":"Biosci Rep","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020537506008","article-title":"Endothelium-derived relaxing factor: discovery, early studies, and identification as nitric oxide","volume":"19","author":"Furchgott RF","year":"1999","unstructured":"Furchgott RF. Endothelium-derived relaxing factor: discovery, early studies, and identification as nitric oxide. Biosci Rep. 1999;19(4):235\u2013251.10.1023\/A:1020537506008"},{"issue":"9","key":"b16","series-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1097\/01.WCB.0000081202.00668.FB","article-title":"Nitric oxide synthase inhibition depresses the height of the cerebral blood flow-pressure autoregulation curve during moderate hypotension","volume":"23","author":"Jones SC","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jones SC, Easley KA, Radinsky CR, Chyatte D, Furlan AJ, Perez-Trepichio AD. Nitric oxide synthase inhibition depresses the height of the cerebral blood flow-pressure autoregulation curve during moderate hypotension. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2003;23(9):1085\u20131095.10.1097\/01.WCB.0000081202.00668.FB"},{"issue":"6122","key":"b17","series-title":"Nature","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1038\/327524a0","article-title":"Nitric oxide release accounts for the biological activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor","volume":"327","author":"Palmer RMJ","year":"1987","unstructured":"Palmer RMJ, Ferrige AG, Moncada S. Nitric oxide release accounts for the biological activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Nature. 1987;327(6122):524\u2013526.10.1038\/327524a0"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"eLife","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e60533","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.60533","article-title":"nNOS- expressing interneurons control basal and behaviorally evoked arterial dilation in somatosensory cortex of mice","volume":"9","author":"Echagarruga CT","year":"2020","unstructured":"Echagarruga CT, Gheres KW, Norwood JN, Drew PJ. nNOS- expressing interneurons control basal and behaviorally evoked arterial dilation in somatosensory cortex of mice. eLife. 2020;9:e60533.10.7554\/eLife.60533"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.11.011","article-title":"What is the key mediator of the neurovascular coupling response?","volume":"96","author":"Hosford PS","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hosford PS, Gourine AV. What is the key mediator of the neurovascular coupling response? Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2019;96:174\u2013181.10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.11.011"},{"issue":"9","key":"b20","series-title":"Nat Neurosci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-021-00904-7","article-title":"Revisiting the neurovascular unit","volume":"24","author":"Schaeffer S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schaeffer S, Iadecola C. Revisiting the neurovascular unit. Nat Neurosci. 2021;24(9):1198\u20131209.10.1038\/s41593-021-00904-7"},{"issue":"13","key":"b21","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5903","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.13.5903","article-title":"Importance of nitric oxide for local increases of blood flow in rat cerebellar cortex during electrical stimulation","volume":"91","author":"Akg\u00f6ren N","year":"1994","unstructured":"Akg\u00f6ren N, Fabricius M, Lauritzen M. Importance of nitric oxide for local increases of blood flow in rat cerebellar cortex during electrical stimulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994;91(13):5903\u20135907.10.1073\/pnas.91.13.5903"},{"issue":"10","key":"b22","series-title":"Free Radic Biol Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2006.08.017","article-title":"Computation of plasma hemoglobin nitric oxide scavenging in hemolytic anemias","volume":"41","author":"Jeffers A","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jeffers A, Gladwin MT, Kim-Shapiro DB. Computation of plasma hemoglobin nitric oxide scavenging in hemolytic anemias. Free Radic Biol Med. 2006;41(10):1557\u20131565.10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2006.08.017"},{"issue":"1","key":"b23","series-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2003.08.003","article-title":"Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite cause irreversible increases in the Km for oxygen of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase: in vitro and in vivo studies","volume":"1607","author":"Cooper CE","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cooper CE, Davies NA, Psychoulis M,  Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite cause irreversible increases in the Km for oxygen of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase: in vitro and in vivo studies. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2003;1607(1):27\u201334.10.1016\/j.bbabio.2003.08.003"},{"issue":"3","key":"b24","series-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-200003000-00018","article-title":"Acute decrease in cerebral nitric oxide levels after subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"20","author":"Sehba FA","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sehba FA, Schwartz AY, Chereshnev I, Bederson JB. Acute decrease in cerebral nitric oxide levels after subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2000;20(3):604\u2013611.10.1097\/00004647-200003000-00018"},{"issue":"12","key":"b25","series-title":"Nat Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1202-799","article-title":"Cell-free hemoglobin limits nitric oxide bioavailability in sickle-cell disease","volume":"8","author":"Reiter CD","year":"2002","unstructured":"Reiter CD, Wang X, Tanus-Santos JE,  Cell-free hemoglobin limits nitric oxide bioavailability in sickle-cell disease. Nat Med. 2002;8(12):1383\u20131389.10.1038\/nm1202-799"},{"issue":"10","key":"b26","series-title":"J Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1086\/644641","article-title":"Relationship of cell-free hemoglobin to impaired endothelial nitric oxide bioavailability and perfusion in severe falciparum malaria","volume":"200","author":"Yeo TW","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yeo TW, Lampah DA, Tjitra E,  Relationship of cell-free hemoglobin to impaired endothelial nitric oxide bioavailability and perfusion in severe falciparum malaria. J Infect Dis. 2009;200(10):1522\u20131529.10.1086\/644641"},{"issue":"1","key":"b27","series-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-199607000-00018","article-title":"Inhibition of endothelium- dependent relaxation by hemoglobin in rabbit aortic strips: comparison between acellular hemoglobin derivatives and cellular hemoglobins","volume":"28","author":"Nakai K","year":"1996","unstructured":"Nakai K, Ohta T, Sakuma I,  Inhibition of endothelium- dependent relaxation by hemoglobin in rabbit aortic strips: comparison between acellular hemoglobin derivatives and cellular hemoglobins. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1996;28(1):115\u2013123.10.1097\/00005344-199607000-00018"},{"issue":"1","key":"b28","series-title":"J Neurosci Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.21823","article-title":"Pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: putative mechanisms and novel approaches","volume":"87","author":"Kolias AG","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kolias AG, Sen J, Belli A. Pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: putative mechanisms and novel approaches. J Neurosci Res. 2009;87(1):1\u201311.10.1002\/jnr.21823"},{"issue":"1","key":"b29","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198601000-00001","article-title":"Chronic cerebral vasospasm: effect of volume and timing of hemorrhage in a canine model","volume":"18","author":"Zabramski JM","year":"1986","unstructured":"Zabramski JM, Spetzler RF, Bonstelle C. Chronic cerebral vasospasm: effect of volume and timing of hemorrhage in a canine model. Neurosurgery. 1986;18(1):1\u20136.10.1227\/00006123-198601000-00001"},{"issue":"1","key":"b30","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198001000-00001","article-title":"Relation of cerebral vasospasm to subarachnoid hemorrhage visualized by computerized tomographic scanning","volume":"6","author":"Fisher CM","year":"1980","unstructured":"Fisher CM, Kistler JP, Davis JM. Relation of cerebral vasospasm to subarachnoid hemorrhage visualized by computerized tomographic scanning. Neurosurgery. 1980;6(1):1\u20139.10.1227\/00006123-198001000-00001"},{"issue":"8","key":"b31","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.32.8.1868","article-title":"Vasospasm in monkeys resolves because of loss of and encasement of subarachnoid blood clot","volume":"32","author":"Zhang ZD","year":"2001","unstructured":"Zhang ZD, Yamini B, Komuro T,  Vasospasm in monkeys resolves because of loss of and encasement of subarachnoid blood clot. Stroke. 2001;32(8):1868\u20131874.10.1161\/01.STR.32.8.1868"},{"issue":"3","key":"b32","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1093\/ons\/opx129","article-title":"Stereotactic catheter ventriculocisternostomy for clearance of subarachnoid hemorrhage in patients with coiled aneurysms","volume":"14","author":"Roelz R","year":"2018","unstructured":"Roelz R, Scheiwe C, Urbach H, Coenen VA, Reinacher P. Stereotactic catheter ventriculocisternostomy for clearance of subarachnoid hemorrhage in patients with coiled aneurysms. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2018;14(3):231\u2013235.10.1093\/ons\/opx129"},{"issue":"1","key":"b33","series-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.19.95","article-title":"Time course of vasospasm \u2013 its clinical significance","volume":"19","author":"Kim H","year":"1979","unstructured":"Kim H, Mizukami M, Kawase T, Takemae T, Araki G. Time course of vasospasm \u2013 its clinical significance. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1979;19(1):95\u2013102.10.2176\/nmc.19.95"},{"issue":"3","key":"b34","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1998.88.3.0557","article-title":"Temporal changes in perivascular concentrations of oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, and methemoglobin after subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"88","author":"Pluta RM","year":"1998","unstructured":"Pluta RM, Afshar JKB, Boock RJ, Oldfield EH. Temporal changes in perivascular concentrations of oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, and methemoglobin after subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 1998;88(3):557\u2013561.10.3171\/jns.1998.88.3.0557"},{"key":"b35","series-title":"World Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.08.141","article-title":"Cell-free oxyhemoglobin in cerebrospinal fluid after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: biomarker and potential therapeutic target","volume":"120","author":"Hugelshofer M","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hugelshofer M, Sikorski CM, Seule M,  Cell-free oxyhemoglobin in cerebrospinal fluid after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: biomarker and potential therapeutic target. World Neurosurg. 2018;120:e660\u2013e666.10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.08.141"},{"issue":"1","key":"b36","series-title":"Trends Cardiovasc Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2004.12.002","article-title":"Signaling mechanisms in cerebral vasospasm","volume":"15","author":"Nishizawa S","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nishizawa S, Laher I. Signaling mechanisms in cerebral vasospasm. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2005;15(1):24\u201334.10.1016\/j.tcm.2004.12.002"},{"issue":"8","key":"b37","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.22.8.971","article-title":"A review of hemoglobin and the pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm","volume":"22","author":"Macdonald RL","year":"1991","unstructured":"Macdonald RL, Weir BKA. A review of hemoglobin and the pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm. Stroke. 1991;22(8):971\u2013982.10.1161\/01.STR.22.8.971"},{"issue":"12","key":"b38","series-title":"J Clin Invest","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5219","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI130630","article-title":"Haptoglobin administration into the subarachnoid space prevents hemoglobin-induced cerebral vasospasm","volume":"129","author":"Hugelshofer M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hugelshofer M, Buzzi RM, Schaer CA,  Haptoglobin administration into the subarachnoid space prevents hemoglobin-induced cerebral vasospasm. J Clin Invest. 2019;129(12):5219\u20135235.10.1172\/JCI130630"},{"issue":"10","key":"b39","series-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201510-2058OC","article-title":"Haptoglobin preserves vascular nitric oxide signaling during hemolysis","volume":"193","author":"Schaer CA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schaer CA, Deuel JW, Schildknecht D,  Haptoglobin preserves vascular nitric oxide signaling during hemolysis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2016;193(10):1111\u20131122.10.1164\/rccm.201510-2058OC"},{"issue":"8","key":"b40","series-title":"Microcirculation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1080\/10739680802010070","article-title":"Nitric oxide bioavailability in the microcirculation: insights from mathematical models","volume":"15","author":"Tsoukias NM","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tsoukias NM. Nitric oxide bioavailability in the microcirculation: insights from mathematical models. Microcirculation. 2008;15(8):813\u2013834.10.1080\/10739680802010070"},{"issue":"7","key":"b41","series-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2007.1959","article-title":"Nitric oxide in the vasculature: where does it come from and where does it go? A quantitative perspective","volume":"10","author":"Chen K","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chen K, Pittman RN, Popel AS. Nitric oxide in the vasculature: where does it come from and where does it go? A quantitative perspective. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2008;10(7):1185\u20131198.10.1089\/ars.2007.1959"},{"issue":"7","key":"b42","series-title":"PLoS Comput Biol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1008069","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008069","article-title":"Spatial and temporal patterns of nitric oxide diffusion and degradation drive emergent cerebrovascular dynamics","volume":"16","author":"Haselden WD","year":"2020","unstructured":"Haselden WD, Kedarasetti RT, Drew PJ. Spatial and temporal patterns of nitric oxide diffusion and degradation drive emergent cerebrovascular dynamics. PLoS Comput Biol. 2020;16(7):e1008069.10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008069"},{"key":"b1","series-title":"Blood Cells Mol Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcmd.2018.07.002","article-title":"Serum haptoglobin and hemopexin levels are depleted in pediatric sickle cell disease patients","volume":"72","author":"Santiago RP","year":"2018","unstructured":"Santiago RP, Guarda CC, Figueiredo CVB,  Serum haptoglobin and hemopexin levels are depleted in pediatric sickle cell disease patients. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2018;72:34\u201336.10.1016\/j.bcmd.2018.07.002"},{"issue":"8","key":"b2","series-title":"Blood","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-11-451229","article-title":"Hemolysis and free hemoglobin revisited: exploring hemoglobin and hemin scavengers as a novel class of therapeutic proteins","volume":"121","author":"Schaer DJ","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schaer DJ, Buehler PW, Alayash AI, Belcher JD, Vercellotti GM. Hemolysis and free hemoglobin revisited: exploring hemoglobin and hemin scavengers as a novel class of therapeutic proteins. Blood. 2013;121(8):1276\u20131284.10.1182\/blood-2012-11-451229"},{"issue":"5","key":"b3","series-title":"Am J Physiol","first-page":"H1705","article-title":"Effective diffusion distance of nitric oxide in the microcirculation","volume":"274","author":"Vaughn MW","year":"1998","unstructured":"Vaughn MW, Kuo L, Liao JC. Effective diffusion distance of nitric oxide in the microcirculation. Am J Physiol. 1998;274(5):H1705\u2013H1714."},{"issue":"12","key":"b4","series-title":"J Clin Invest","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3409","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI25040","article-title":"Hemolysis-associated endothelial dysfunction mediated by accelerated NO inactivation by decompartmentalized oxyhemoglobin","volume":"115","author":"Minneci PC","year":"2005","unstructured":"Minneci PC, Deans KJ, Zhi H,  Hemolysis-associated endothelial dysfunction mediated by accelerated NO inactivation by decompartmentalized oxyhemoglobin. J Clin Invest. 2005;115(12):3409\u20133417.10.1172\/JCI25040"},{"issue":"7","key":"b5","series-title":"Nat Biotechnol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt0798-672","article-title":"Rate of reaction with nitric oxide determines the hypertensive effect of cell-free hemoglobin","volume":"16","author":"Doherty DH","year":"1998","unstructured":"Doherty DH, Doyle MP, Curry SR,  Rate of reaction with nitric oxide determines the hypertensive effect of cell-free hemoglobin. Nat Biotechnol. 1998;16(7):672\u2013676.10.1038\/nbt0798-672"},{"issue":"6","key":"b6","series-title":"Free Radic Biol Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2003.11.030","article-title":"No scavenging and the hypertensive effect of hemoglobin-based blood substitutes","volume":"36","author":"Olson JS","year":"2004","unstructured":"Olson JS, Foley EW, Rogge C, Tsai AL, Doyle MP, Lemon DD. No scavenging and the hypertensive effect of hemoglobin-based blood substitutes. Free Radic Biol Med. 2004;36(6):685\u2013697.10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2003.11.030"},{"issue":"6","key":"b7","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.3171\/JNS.2008.109.12.1052","article-title":"Frequency and clinical impact of asymptomatic cerebral infarction due to vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"109","author":"Schmidt JM","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schmidt JM, Wartenberg KE, Fernandez A,  Frequency and clinical impact of asymptomatic cerebral infarction due to vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 2008;109(6):1052\u20131059.10.3171\/JNS.2008.109.12.1052"},{"issue":"9","key":"b8","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1161\/hs0901.095677","article-title":"Effect of cisternal and ventricular blood on risk of delayed cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage: the Fisher scale revisited","volume":"32","author":"Claassen J","year":"2001","unstructured":"Claassen J, Bernardini GL, Kreiter K,  Effect of cisternal and ventricular blood on risk of delayed cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage: the Fisher scale revisited. Stroke. 2001;32(9):2012\u20132020.10.1161\/hs0901.095677"},{"issue":"6","key":"b9","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"1237","article-title":"Role of transcranial Doppler monitoring in the diagnosis of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"44","author":"Vora YY","year":"1999","unstructured":"Vora YY, Suarez-Almazor M, Steinke DE, Martin ML, Findlay JM. Role of transcranial Doppler monitoring in the diagnosis of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery. 1999;44(6):1237\u20131248."},{"issue":"2","key":"b10","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1978.48.2.0173","article-title":"Time course of vasospasm in man","volume":"48","author":"Weir B","year":"1978","unstructured":"Weir B, Grace M, Hansen J, Rothberg C. Time course of vasospasm in man. J Neurosurg. 1978;48(2):173\u2013178.10.3171\/jns.1978.48.2.0173"},{"issue":"1","key":"b11","series-title":"Egypt J Neurol Psychiat Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s41983-018-0050-y","article-title":"Vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: prediction, detection, and intervention","volume":"55","author":"Nassar HGE","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nassar HGE, Ghali AA, Bahnasy WS, Elawady MM. Vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: prediction, detection, and intervention. Egypt J Neurol Psychiat Neurosurg. 2019;55(1):3.10.1186\/s41983-018-0050-y"},{"issue":"3","key":"b12","series-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther","first-page":"1140","article-title":"Responses of rabbit aorta to nitric oxide and superoxide generated by ultraviolet irradiation of solutions containing inorganic nitrite","volume":"259","author":"Matsunaga K","year":"1991","unstructured":"Matsunaga K, Furchgott RF. Responses of rabbit aorta to nitric oxide and superoxide generated by ultraviolet irradiation of solutions containing inorganic nitrite. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1991;259(3):1140\u20131146."},{"issue":"12","key":"b13","series-title":"Cardiovasc Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/23.12.1053","article-title":"Nitric oxide synthesised from L-arginine mediates endothelium dependent dilatation in human veins in vivo","volume":"23","author":"Vallance P","year":"1989","unstructured":"Vallance P, Collier J, Moncada S. Nitric oxide synthesised from L-arginine mediates endothelium dependent dilatation in human veins in vivo. Cardiovasc Res. 1989;23(12):1053\u20131057.10.1093\/cvr\/23.12.1053"},{"issue":"9","key":"b14","series-title":"FASEB J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.3.9.2545495","article-title":"Endothelium-derived relaxing and contracting factors","volume":"3","author":"Furchgott RF","year":"1989","unstructured":"Furchgott RF, Vanhoutte PM. Endothelium-derived relaxing and contracting factors. FASEB J. 1989;3(9):2007\u20132018.10.1096\/fasebj.3.9.2545495"},{"issue":"4","key":"b15","series-title":"Biosci Rep","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020537506008","article-title":"Endothelium-derived relaxing factor: discovery, early studies, and identification as nitric oxide","volume":"19","author":"Furchgott RF","year":"1999","unstructured":"Furchgott RF. Endothelium-derived relaxing factor: discovery, early studies, and identification as nitric oxide. Biosci Rep. 1999;19(4):235\u2013251.10.1023\/A:1020537506008"},{"issue":"9","key":"b16","series-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1097\/01.WCB.0000081202.00668.FB","article-title":"Nitric oxide synthase inhibition depresses the height of the cerebral blood flow-pressure autoregulation curve during moderate hypotension","volume":"23","author":"Jones SC","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jones SC, Easley KA, Radinsky CR, Chyatte D, Furlan AJ, Perez-Trepichio AD. Nitric oxide synthase inhibition depresses the height of the cerebral blood flow-pressure autoregulation curve during moderate hypotension. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2003;23(9):1085\u20131095.10.1097\/01.WCB.0000081202.00668.FB"},{"issue":"6122","key":"b17","series-title":"Nature","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1038\/327524a0","article-title":"Nitric oxide release accounts for the biological activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor","volume":"327","author":"Palmer RMJ","year":"1987","unstructured":"Palmer RMJ, Ferrige AG, Moncada S. Nitric oxide release accounts for the biological activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Nature. 1987;327(6122):524\u2013526.10.1038\/327524a0"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"eLife","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e60533","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.60533","article-title":"nNOS- expressing interneurons control basal and behaviorally evoked arterial dilation in somatosensory cortex of mice","volume":"9","author":"Echagarruga CT","year":"2020","unstructured":"Echagarruga CT, Gheres KW, Norwood JN, Drew PJ. nNOS- expressing interneurons control basal and behaviorally evoked arterial dilation in somatosensory cortex of mice. eLife. 2020;9:e60533.10.7554\/eLife.60533"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.11.011","article-title":"What is the key mediator of the neurovascular coupling response?","volume":"96","author":"Hosford PS","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hosford PS, Gourine AV. What is the key mediator of the neurovascular coupling response? Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2019;96:174\u2013181.10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.11.011"},{"issue":"9","key":"b20","series-title":"Nat Neurosci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-021-00904-7","article-title":"Revisiting the neurovascular unit","volume":"24","author":"Schaeffer S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schaeffer S, Iadecola C. Revisiting the neurovascular unit. Nat Neurosci. 2021;24(9):1198\u20131209.10.1038\/s41593-021-00904-7"},{"issue":"13","key":"b21","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5903","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.13.5903","article-title":"Importance of nitric oxide for local increases of blood flow in rat cerebellar cortex during electrical stimulation","volume":"91","author":"Akg\u00f6ren N","year":"1994","unstructured":"Akg\u00f6ren N, Fabricius M, Lauritzen M. Importance of nitric oxide for local increases of blood flow in rat cerebellar cortex during electrical stimulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994;91(13):5903\u20135907.10.1073\/pnas.91.13.5903"},{"issue":"10","key":"b22","series-title":"Free Radic Biol Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2006.08.017","article-title":"Computation of plasma hemoglobin nitric oxide scavenging in hemolytic anemias","volume":"41","author":"Jeffers A","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jeffers A, Gladwin MT, Kim-Shapiro DB. Computation of plasma hemoglobin nitric oxide scavenging in hemolytic anemias. Free Radic Biol Med. 2006;41(10):1557\u20131565.10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2006.08.017"},{"issue":"1","key":"b23","series-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2003.08.003","article-title":"Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite cause irreversible increases in the Km for oxygen of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase: in vitro and in vivo studies","volume":"1607","author":"Cooper CE","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cooper CE, Davies NA, Psychoulis M,  Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite cause irreversible increases in the Km for oxygen of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase: in vitro and in vivo studies. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2003;1607(1):27\u201334.10.1016\/j.bbabio.2003.08.003"},{"issue":"3","key":"b24","series-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-200003000-00018","article-title":"Acute decrease in cerebral nitric oxide levels after subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"20","author":"Sehba FA","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sehba FA, Schwartz AY, Chereshnev I, Bederson JB. Acute decrease in cerebral nitric oxide levels after subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2000;20(3):604\u2013611.10.1097\/00004647-200003000-00018"},{"issue":"12","key":"b25","series-title":"Nat Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1202-799","article-title":"Cell-free hemoglobin limits nitric oxide bioavailability in sickle-cell disease","volume":"8","author":"Reiter CD","year":"2002","unstructured":"Reiter CD, Wang X, Tanus-Santos JE,  Cell-free hemoglobin limits nitric oxide bioavailability in sickle-cell disease. Nat Med. 2002;8(12):1383\u20131389.10.1038\/nm1202-799"},{"issue":"10","key":"b26","series-title":"J Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1086\/644641","article-title":"Relationship of cell-free hemoglobin to impaired endothelial nitric oxide bioavailability and perfusion in severe falciparum malaria","volume":"200","author":"Yeo TW","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yeo TW, Lampah DA, Tjitra E,  Relationship of cell-free hemoglobin to impaired endothelial nitric oxide bioavailability and perfusion in severe falciparum malaria. J Infect Dis. 2009;200(10):1522\u20131529.10.1086\/644641"},{"issue":"1","key":"b27","series-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-199607000-00018","article-title":"Inhibition of endothelium- dependent relaxation by hemoglobin in rabbit aortic strips: comparison between acellular hemoglobin derivatives and cellular hemoglobins","volume":"28","author":"Nakai K","year":"1996","unstructured":"Nakai K, Ohta T, Sakuma I,  Inhibition of endothelium- dependent relaxation by hemoglobin in rabbit aortic strips: comparison between acellular hemoglobin derivatives and cellular hemoglobins. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1996;28(1):115\u2013123.10.1097\/00005344-199607000-00018"},{"issue":"1","key":"b28","series-title":"J Neurosci Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.21823","article-title":"Pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: putative mechanisms and novel approaches","volume":"87","author":"Kolias AG","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kolias AG, Sen J, Belli A. Pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: putative mechanisms and novel approaches. J Neurosci Res. 2009;87(1):1\u201311.10.1002\/jnr.21823"},{"issue":"1","key":"b29","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198601000-00001","article-title":"Chronic cerebral vasospasm: effect of volume and timing of hemorrhage in a canine model","volume":"18","author":"Zabramski JM","year":"1986","unstructured":"Zabramski JM, Spetzler RF, Bonstelle C. Chronic cerebral vasospasm: effect of volume and timing of hemorrhage in a canine model. Neurosurgery. 1986;18(1):1\u20136.10.1227\/00006123-198601000-00001"},{"issue":"1","key":"b30","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198001000-00001","article-title":"Relation of cerebral vasospasm to subarachnoid hemorrhage visualized by computerized tomographic scanning","volume":"6","author":"Fisher CM","year":"1980","unstructured":"Fisher CM, Kistler JP, Davis JM. Relation of cerebral vasospasm to subarachnoid hemorrhage visualized by computerized tomographic scanning. Neurosurgery. 1980;6(1):1\u20139.10.1227\/00006123-198001000-00001"},{"issue":"8","key":"b31","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.32.8.1868","article-title":"Vasospasm in monkeys resolves because of loss of and encasement of subarachnoid blood clot","volume":"32","author":"Zhang ZD","year":"2001","unstructured":"Zhang ZD, Yamini B, Komuro T,  Vasospasm in monkeys resolves because of loss of and encasement of subarachnoid blood clot. Stroke. 2001;32(8):1868\u20131874.10.1161\/01.STR.32.8.1868"},{"issue":"3","key":"b32","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1093\/ons\/opx129","article-title":"Stereotactic catheter ventriculocisternostomy for clearance of subarachnoid hemorrhage in patients with coiled aneurysms","volume":"14","author":"Roelz R","year":"2018","unstructured":"Roelz R, Scheiwe C, Urbach H, Coenen VA, Reinacher P. Stereotactic catheter ventriculocisternostomy for clearance of subarachnoid hemorrhage in patients with coiled aneurysms. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2018;14(3):231\u2013235.10.1093\/ons\/opx129"},{"issue":"1","key":"b33","series-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.19.95","article-title":"Time course of vasospasm \u2013 its clinical significance","volume":"19","author":"Kim H","year":"1979","unstructured":"Kim H, Mizukami M, Kawase T, Takemae T, Araki G. Time course of vasospasm \u2013 its clinical significance. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1979;19(1):95\u2013102.10.2176\/nmc.19.95"},{"issue":"3","key":"b34","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1998.88.3.0557","article-title":"Temporal changes in perivascular concentrations of oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, and methemoglobin after subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"88","author":"Pluta RM","year":"1998","unstructured":"Pluta RM, Afshar JKB, Boock RJ, Oldfield EH. Temporal changes in perivascular concentrations of oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, and methemoglobin after subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 1998;88(3):557\u2013561.10.3171\/jns.1998.88.3.0557"},{"key":"b35","series-title":"World Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.08.141","article-title":"Cell-free oxyhemoglobin in cerebrospinal fluid after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: biomarker and potential therapeutic target","volume":"120","author":"Hugelshofer M","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hugelshofer M, Sikorski CM, Seule M,  Cell-free oxyhemoglobin in cerebrospinal fluid after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: biomarker and potential therapeutic target. World Neurosurg. 2018;120:e660\u2013e666.10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.08.141"},{"issue":"1","key":"b36","series-title":"Trends Cardiovasc Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2004.12.002","article-title":"Signaling mechanisms in cerebral vasospasm","volume":"15","author":"Nishizawa S","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nishizawa S, Laher I. Signaling mechanisms in cerebral vasospasm. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2005;15(1):24\u201334.10.1016\/j.tcm.2004.12.002"},{"issue":"8","key":"b37","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.22.8.971","article-title":"A review of hemoglobin and the pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm","volume":"22","author":"Macdonald RL","year":"1991","unstructured":"Macdonald RL, Weir BKA. A review of hemoglobin and the pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm. Stroke. 1991;22(8):971\u2013982.10.1161\/01.STR.22.8.971"},{"issue":"12","key":"b38","series-title":"J Clin Invest","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5219","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI130630","article-title":"Haptoglobin administration into the subarachnoid space prevents hemoglobin-induced cerebral vasospasm","volume":"129","author":"Hugelshofer M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hugelshofer M, Buzzi RM, Schaer CA,  Haptoglobin administration into the subarachnoid space prevents hemoglobin-induced cerebral vasospasm. J Clin Invest. 2019;129(12):5219\u20135235.10.1172\/JCI130630"},{"issue":"10","key":"b39","series-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201510-2058OC","article-title":"Haptoglobin preserves vascular nitric oxide signaling during hemolysis","volume":"193","author":"Schaer CA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schaer CA, Deuel JW, Schildknecht D,  Haptoglobin preserves vascular nitric oxide signaling during hemolysis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2016;193(10):1111\u20131122.10.1164\/rccm.201510-2058OC"},{"issue":"8","key":"b40","series-title":"Microcirculation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1080\/10739680802010070","article-title":"Nitric oxide bioavailability in the microcirculation: insights from mathematical models","volume":"15","author":"Tsoukias NM","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tsoukias NM. Nitric oxide bioavailability in the microcirculation: insights from mathematical models. Microcirculation. 2008;15(8):813\u2013834.10.1080\/10739680802010070"},{"issue":"7","key":"b41","series-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2007.1959","article-title":"Nitric oxide in the vasculature: where does it come from and where does it go? A quantitative perspective","volume":"10","author":"Chen K","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chen K, Pittman RN, Popel AS. Nitric oxide in the vasculature: where does it come from and where does it go? A quantitative perspective. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2008;10(7):1185\u20131198.10.1089\/ars.2007.1959"},{"issue":"7","key":"b42","series-title":"PLoS Comput Biol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1008069","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008069","article-title":"Spatial and temporal patterns of nitric oxide diffusion and degradation drive emergent cerebrovascular dynamics","volume":"16","author":"Haselden WD","year":"2020","unstructured":"Haselden WD, Kedarasetti RT, Drew PJ. Spatial and temporal patterns of nitric oxide diffusion and degradation drive emergent cerebrovascular dynamics. PLoS Comput Biol. 2020;16(7):e1008069.10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008069"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery: Case Lessons"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-case-lessons\/4\/1\/article-CASE2290.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-case-lessons\/4\/1\/article-CASE2290.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-case-lessons\/4\/1\/article-CASE2290.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T14:39:04Z","timestamp":1770302344000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-case-lessons\/4\/1\/article-CASE2290.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/case2290","relation":{},"ISSN":["2694-1902"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2694-1902","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]]}}}