{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T04:50:18Z","timestamp":1770353418276,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698624000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Percutaneous glycerol rhizotomy (PGR) is a common, effective, and relatively safe treatment for trigeminal neuralgia that is refractory to medical management. Anastomotic skull base venous anatomy should be considered when delivering percutaneous agents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBSERVATIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The authors report an anastomotic connection, not previously described in the literature, between the bilateral pterygoid venous plexuses upon air injection during PGR with computed tomography (CT) guidance for trigeminal neuralgia. Pertinent microsurgical and skull base venous anatomy is reviewed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>LESSONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Anastomoses between the pterygoid venous plexuses present a potential passage for materials used during PGR to reach unintended contralateral neurovascular structures. The use of CT guidance may identify this anastomotic connection and decrease the likelihood of an aberrant flow of materials used during the PGR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/case23173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T19:50:24Z","timestamp":1698695424000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Pterygoid venous plexus anastomosis in trigeminal percutaneous glycerol rhizotomy: illustrative case"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Kevin","family":"Cordeiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Niall","family":"Buckley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Kraemer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Conrad","family":"Pun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology, University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Resnick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"b1","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"638","article-title":"Trigeminal neuralgia treated by the injection of glycerol into the trigeminal cistern","volume":"9","author":"H\u00e5kanson S","year":"1981","unstructured":"H\u00e5kanson S. Trigeminal neuralgia treated by the injection of glycerol into the trigeminal cistern. Neurosurgery. 1981;9(6):638\u2013646."},{"issue":"1","key":"b2","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"39","article-title":"Glycerol rhizolysis for treatment of trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"69","author":"Young RF","year":"1988","unstructured":"Young RF. Glycerol rhizolysis for treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. J Neurosurg. 1988;69(1):39\u201345."},{"issue":"6","key":"b3","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"647","article-title":"Treatment of trigeminal neuralgia and other facial pains by retrogasserian injection of glycerol","volume":"9","author":"Sweet WH","year":"1981","unstructured":"Sweet WH, Poletti CE, Macon JB. Treatment of trigeminal neuralgia and other facial pains by retrogasserian injection of glycerol. Neurosurgery. 1981;9(6):647\u2013653."},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Clin Neurosurg","first-page":"319","article-title":"Choice of surgical therapeutic modalities for treatment of trigeminal neuralgia: microvascular decompression, percutaneous retrogasserian thermal, or glycerol rhizotomy","volume":"32","author":"Lunsford LD","year":"1985","unstructured":"Lunsford LD, Apfelbaum RI. Choice of surgical therapeutic modalities for treatment of trigeminal neuralgia: microvascular decompression, percutaneous retrogasserian thermal, or glycerol rhizotomy. Clin Neurosurg. 1985;32:319\u2013333."},{"issue":"2","key":"b5","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown)","first-page":"E117","article-title":"Computed tomography guidance for percutaneous glycerol rhizotomy for trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"19","author":"Schmidt BT","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schmidt BT, Pun CD, Lake WB, Resnick DK. Computed tomography guidance for percutaneous glycerol rhizotomy for trigeminal neuralgia. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2020;19(2):E117\u2013E121."},{"key":"b6","series-title":"StatPearls","article-title":"Neuroanatomy, pterygoid plexus","author":"Golub B","year":"2023","unstructured":"Golub B, Bordoni B. Neuroanatomy, pterygoid plexus. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2023."},{"issue":"4","key":"b7","series-title":"Clin Anat","first-page":"455","article-title":"Microsurgical anatomy of the infratemporal fossa","volume":"26","author":"Joo W","year":"2013","unstructured":"Joo W, Funaki T, Yoshioka F, Rhoton AL Jr. Microsurgical anatomy of the infratemporal fossa. Clin Anat. 2013;26(4):455\u2013469."},{"issue":"1","key":"b8","series-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol","first-page":"139","article-title":"Craniofacial venous plexuses: angiographic study","volume":"136","author":"Osborn AG","year":"1981","unstructured":"Osborn AG. Craniofacial venous plexuses: angiographic study. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1981;136(1):139\u2013143."},{"issue":"4","key":"b9","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown)","first-page":"341","article-title":"Refining the anatomy of percutaneous trigeminal rhizotomy: a cadaveric, radiological, and surgical study","volume":"24","author":"Xu Y","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu Y, El Ahmadieh TY, Nunez MA,  Refining the anatomy of percutaneous trigeminal rhizotomy: a cadaveric, radiological, and surgical study. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2023;24(4):341\u2013349."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"b10","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e475","article-title":"The circular sinus: an anatomic study with neurosurgical and neurointerventional applications","volume":"82","author":"Tubbs RS","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tubbs RS, Griessenauer C, Loukas M, Cohen-Gadol AA. The circular sinus: an anatomic study with neurosurgical and neurointerventional applications. World Neurosurg. 2014;82(3\u20134):e475\u2013e478."},{"issue":"2","key":"b11","series-title":"Surg Radiol Anat","first-page":"211","article-title":"Microsurgical anatomy of the inferior intercavernous sinus","volume":"43","author":"Chenin L","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chenin L, Toussaint P, Lefranc M, Havet E, Peltier J. Microsurgical anatomy of the inferior intercavernous sinus. Surg Radiol Anat. 2021;43(2):211\u2013218."},{"issue":"6","key":"b1","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"638","article-title":"Trigeminal neuralgia treated by the injection of glycerol into the trigeminal cistern","volume":"9","author":"H\u00e5kanson S","year":"1981","unstructured":"H\u00e5kanson S. Trigeminal neuralgia treated by the injection of glycerol into the trigeminal cistern. 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