{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T03:55:16Z","timestamp":1780718116703,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]],"date-time":"2024-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714953600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Unilateral cranial nerve (CN) VI, or abducens nerve, palsy is rare in children and has not been reported in association with Chiari malformation type 1 (CM1) in the absence of other classic CM1 symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBSERVATIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A 3-year-old male presented with acute incomitant esotropia consistent with a unilateral, left CN VI palsy and no additional neurological symptoms. Imaging demonstrated CM1 without hydrocephalus or papilledema, as well as an anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) vessel loop in the immediate vicinity of the left abducens nerve. Given the high risk of a skull base approach for direct microvascular decompression of the abducens nerve and the absence of other classic Chiari symptoms, the patient was initially observed. However, as his palsy progressed, he underwent posterior fossa decompression with duraplasty (PFDD), with the aim of restoring global cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and decreasing possible AICA compression of the left abducens nerve. Postoperatively, his symptoms completely resolved.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>LESSONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this first reported case of CM1 presenting as a unilateral abducens palsy in a young child, possibly caused by neurovascular compression, the patient\u2019s symptoms resolved after indirect surgical decompression via PFDD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/case23539","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]],"date-time":"2024-05-06T02:45:37Z","timestamp":1714963537000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A child with unilateral abducens nerve palsy and neurovascular compression in Chiari malformation type 1 resolved with posterior fossa decompression: illustrative case"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Olivia A","family":"Kozel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Belinda","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cody A","family":"Doberstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Amaral-Nieves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew N","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gita V","family":"Harappanahally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatric Neurology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A","family":"Langue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Ophthalmology, Hasbro Children\u2019s Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantina A","family":"Svokos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"b1","series-title":"J Ophthalmic Vis Res","first-page":"160","article-title":"The six syndromes of the sixth cranial nerve","volume":"8","author":"Azarmina M","year":"2013","unstructured":"Azarmina M, Azarmina H. The six syndromes of the sixth cranial nerve. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2013;8(2):160\u2013171."},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol","first-page":"285","article-title":"Paresis of cranial nerves III, IV, and VI: clinical manifestation and differential diagnosis","volume":"237","author":"Carlow TJ","year":"1989","unstructured":"Carlow TJ. Paresis of cranial nerves III, IV, and VI: clinical manifestation and differential diagnosis. Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol. 1989;237:285\u2013301."},{"issue":"1","key":"b3","series-title":"Pediatr Neurol","first-page":"49","article-title":"Sixth nerve palsies in children","volume":"20","author":"Lee MS","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lee MS, Galetta SL, Volpe NJ, Liu GT. Sixth nerve palsies in children. Pediatr Neurol. 1999;20(1):49\u201352."},{"issue":"9","key":"b4","series-title":"Arch Ophthalmol","first-page":"1328","article-title":"Isolated sixth-nerve palsies in younger adults","volume":"102","author":"Moster ML","year":"1984","unstructured":"Moster ML, Savino PJ, Sergott RC, Bosley TM, Schatz NJ. Isolated sixth-nerve palsies in younger adults. Arch Ophthalmol. 1984;102(9):1328\u20131330."},{"issue":"2","key":"b5","series-title":"Eye (Lond)","first-page":"246","article-title":"Cranial nerve palsies in childhood","volume":"29","author":"Lyons CJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lyons CJ, Godoy F, ALQahtani E. Cranial nerve palsies in childhood. Eye (Lond). 2015;29(2):246\u2013251."},{"issue":"5","key":"b6","series-title":"Ann Pediatr (Paris)","first-page":"303","article-title":"Benign paralysis of the 6th cranial nerve in children","volume":"37","author":"Vall\u00e9e L","year":"1990","unstructured":"Vall\u00e9e L, Guilbert F, Lemaitre JF, Nuyts JP. Benign paralysis of the 6th cranial nerve in children\n. Article in French. Ann Pediatr (Paris). 1990;37(5):303\u2013305."},{"issue":"1","key":"b7","series-title":"Neuroophthalmology","first-page":"23","article-title":"Sixth nerve palsy in paediatric intracranial hypertension","volume":"40","author":"Reid JE","year":"2016","unstructured":"Reid JE, Reem RE, Aylward SC, Rogers DL. Sixth nerve palsy in paediatric intracranial hypertension. Neuroophthalmology. 2016;40(1):23\u201327."},{"issue":"10","key":"b8","series-title":"Arch Ophthalmol","first-page":"1391","article-title":"Remitting sixth nerve palsy in skull base tumors","volume":"111","author":"Volpe NJ","year":"1993","unstructured":"Volpe NJ, Lessell S. Remitting sixth nerve palsy in skull base tumors. Arch Ophthalmol. 1993;111(10):1391\u20131395."},{"issue":"4","key":"b9","series-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol","first-page":"765","article-title":"Severe cranial neuropathies caused by falls from heights in children","volume":"254","author":"Zahavi A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zahavi A, Luckman J, Yassur I, Michowiz S, Goldenberg-Cohen N. Severe cranial neuropathies caused by falls from heights in children. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2016;254(4):765\u2013772."},{"issue":"5","key":"b10","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"516","article-title":"Multiple brain hemorrhages and hematomas associated with ectopic fascioliasis in brain and eye","volume":"69","author":"Zhou L","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zhou L, Luo L, You C,  Multiple brain hemorrhages and hematomas associated with ectopic fascioliasis in brain and eye. Surg Neurol. 2008;69(5):516\u2013521."},{"issue":"5","key":"b11","series-title":"Pediatr Nephrol","first-page":"753","article-title":"Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis and bilateral sixth-nerve palsy in a child with nephrotic syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Zaragoza-Casares P","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zaragoza-Casares P, G\u00f3mez-Fern\u00e1ndez T, Zato-G\u00f3mez de Lia\u00f1o MA, Zaragoza-Garc\u00eda P. Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis and bilateral sixth-nerve palsy in a child with nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol. 2007;22(5):753\u2013755."},{"issue":"2","key":"b12","series-title":"Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi","first-page":"127","article-title":"Clinical features of 31 cases with bilateral Duane\u2019s retraction syndrome","volume":"34","author":"Zhang F","year":"1998","unstructured":"Zhang F. Clinical features of 31 cases with bilateral Duane\u2019s retraction syndrome. Article in Chinese. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi. 1998;34(2):127\u2013129."},{"issue":"4","key":"b13","series-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus","first-page":"245","article-title":"Ocular presentation of pediatric Miller-Fisher syndrome","volume":"45","author":"Wertheim MS","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wertheim MS, Benzimra JD, Jadresic LP, Ferris JD. Ocular presentation of pediatric Miller-Fisher syndrome. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2008;45(4):245\u2013246."},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","first-page":"19","article-title":"Cranial nerve palsy secondary to cerebrospinal fluid diversion","volume":"143","author":"Li G","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li G, Zhu X, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Han Z, Hou K. Cranial nerve palsy secondary to cerebrospinal fluid diversion. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2016;143:19\u201326."},{"issue":"3","key":"b15","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E2","article-title":"Reappraisal of intradural findings in Chiari malformation type I","volume":"54","author":"Shao B","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shao B, Wojcik D, Ma KL,  Reappraisal of intradural findings in Chiari malformation type I. Neurosurg Focus. 2023;54(3):E2."},{"issue":"6","key":"b16","series-title":"Pediatr Neurol","first-page":"449","article-title":"Chiari type I malformation in a pediatric population","volume":"40","author":"Aitken LA","year":"2009","unstructured":"Aitken LA, Lindan CE, Sidney S,  Chiari type I malformation in a pediatric population. Pediatr Neurol. 2009;40(6):449\u2013454."},{"issue":"4","key":"b17","series-title":"J Pediatr","first-page":"573","article-title":"Chiari type I malformation in children","volume":"115","author":"Dure LS","year":"1989","unstructured":"Dure LS, Percy AK, Cheek WR, Laurent JP. Chiari type I malformation in children. J Pediatr. 1989;115(4):573\u2013576."},{"issue":"6","key":"b18","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"1271","article-title":"Pediatric Chiari I malformations: do clinical and radiologic features correlate?","volume":"53","author":"Wu YW","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wu YW, Chin CT, Chan KM, Barkovich AJ, Ferriero DM. Pediatric Chiari I malformations: do clinical and radiologic features correlate? Neurology. 1999;53(6):1271\u20131276."},{"issue":"6","key":"b19","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"920","article-title":"Asymptomatic Chiari type I malformations identified on magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"92","author":"Meadows J","year":"2000","unstructured":"Meadows J, Kraut M, Guarnieri M, Haroun RI, Carson BS. Asymptomatic Chiari type I malformations identified on magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosurg. 2000;92(6):920\u2013926."},{"issue":"2011","key":"b20","series-title":"BMJ Case Rep","first-page":"bcr0820114721","article-title":"Papilloedema due to Chiari I malformation","author":"Zhang JC","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhang JC, Bakir B, Lee A, Yalamanchili SS. Papilloedema due to Chiari I malformation. BMJ Case Rep. 2011\n;2011:bcr0820114721."},{"issue":"1","key":"b21","series-title":"J Neuroophthalmol","first-page":"49","article-title":"Acquired esotropia due to Arnold-Chiari I malformation","volume":"16","author":"Lewis AR","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lewis AR, Kline LB, Sharpe JA. Acquired esotropia due to Arnold-Chiari I malformation. J Neuroophthalmol. 1996;16(1):49\u201354."},{"issue":"5","key":"b22","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"1005","article-title":"Chiari I malformation redefined: clinical and radiographic findings for 364 symptomatic patients","volume":"44","author":"Milhorat TH","year":"1999","unstructured":"Milhorat TH, Chou MW, Trinidad EM,  Chiari I malformation redefined: clinical and radiographic findings for 364 symptomatic patients. Neurosurgery. 1999;44(5):1005\u20131017."},{"issue":"4","key":"b23","series-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol","first-page":"303","article-title":"Acute VI nerve palsy in a 4 year-old girl with Chiari I malformation and pontomedullary extension of syringomyelia: case report and review of the literature","volume":"15","author":"Massey SL","year":"2011","unstructured":"Massey SL, Buland J, Hauber S,  Acute VI nerve palsy in a 4 year-old girl with Chiari I malformation and pontomedullary extension of syringomyelia: case report and review of the literature. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2011;15(4):303\u2013309."},{"issue":"1","key":"b24","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e12871","article-title":"Delayed cranial nerve palsies and Chiari type I malformation after epidural anesthesia in the setting of childbirth","volume":"13","author":"Caruso JP","year":"2021","unstructured":"Caruso JP, Aoun SG, Kabangu JK, Ogunkua O, Bagley CA. Delayed cranial nerve palsies and Chiari type I malformation after epidural anesthesia in the setting of childbirth. Cureus. 2021;13(1):e12871."},{"issue":"11","key":"b25","series-title":"No Shinkei Geka","first-page":"1037","article-title":"Chiari malformation (type I) associated with bilateral abducens nerve palsy: case report","volume":"27","author":"Miki T","year":"1999","unstructured":"Miki T, Ito H, Kawai H, Nakanishi T. Chiari malformation (type I) associated with bilateral abducens nerve palsy: case report. Article in Japanese. No Shinkei Geka. 1999;27(11):1037\u20131042."},{"issue":"3","key":"b26","series-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus","first-page":"187","article-title":"Are most sixth nerve palsies really paralytic?","volume":"48","author":"Altintas AG","year":"2011","unstructured":"Altintas AG, Arifoglu HB, Dal D, Simsek S. Are most sixth nerve palsies really paralytic? J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2011;48(3):187\u2013191."},{"issue":"6","key":"b27","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"1017","article-title":"The neurovascular relationships and the blood supply of the abducent nerve: surgical anatomy of its cisternal segment","volume":"34","author":"Marinkovi\u0107 SV","year":"1994","unstructured":"Marinkovi\u0107 SV, Gibo H, Stimec B. The neurovascular relationships and the blood supply of the abducent nerve: surgical anatomy of its cisternal segment. Neurosurgery. 1994;34(6):1017\u20131026."},{"issue":"2","key":"b28","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"276","article-title":"Detailed magnetic resonance imaging anatomy of the cisternal segment of the abducent nerve: Dorello\u2019s canal and neurovascular relationships and landmarks","volume":"91","author":"Yousry I","year":"1999","unstructured":"Yousry I, Camelio S, Wiesmann M,  Detailed magnetic resonance imaging anatomy of the cisternal segment of the abducent nerve: Dorello\u2019s canal and neurovascular relationships and landmarks. J Neurosurg. 1999;91(2):276\u2013283."},{"issue":"3","key":"b29","series-title":"Am J Ophthalmol","first-page":"416","article-title":"Vascular compressive abducens nerve palsy disclosed by magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"122","author":"Ohtsuka K","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ohtsuka K, Sone A, Igarashi Y, Akiba H, Sakata M. Vascular compressive abducens nerve palsy disclosed by magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Ophthalmol. 1996;122(3):416\u2013419."},{"issue":"2","key":"b30","series-title":"J Neuroophthalmol","first-page":"134","article-title":"Sixth cranial nerve palsy caused by compression from a dolichoectatic vertebral artery","volume":"25","author":"Zhu Y","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zhu Y, Thulborn K, Curnyn K, Goodwin J. Sixth cranial nerve palsy caused by compression from a dolichoectatic vertebral artery. J Neuroophthalmol. 2005;25(2):134\u2013135."},{"issue":"4","key":"b31","series-title":"Anat Rec (Hoboken)","first-page":"568","article-title":"The anatomical relationships of the ocular motor nerves with an emphasis on surgical anatomy of the orbit","volume":"302","author":"Apaydin N","year":"2019","unstructured":"Apaydin N, Kendir S, Karahan ST. The anatomical relationships of the ocular motor nerves with an emphasis on surgical anatomy of the orbit. Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2019;302(4):568\u2013574."},{"issue":"9","key":"b32","series-title":"Neurol Res","first-page":"965","article-title":"Hemifacial spasm caused by cross type vascular compression","volume":"33","author":"Zheng X","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zheng X, Feng B, Zhang W, Ying T, Li S. Hemifacial spasm caused by cross type vascular compression. Neurol Res. 2011;33(9):965\u2013969."},{"key":"b33","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e10","article-title":"Surgical treatment of secondary hemifacial spasm: long-term follow-up","volume":"125","author":"Zhang X","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang X, Wang XH, Zhao H,  Surgical treatment of secondary hemifacial spasm: long-term follow-up. World Neurosurg. 2019;125:e10\u2013e15."},{"issue":"3","key":"b34","series-title":"Zhonghua Er Bi Yan Hou Ke Za Zhi","first-page":"164","article-title":"Vascular relationships of the trigeminal root with trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"27","author":"Yen J","year":"1992","unstructured":"Yen J. Vascular relationships of the trigeminal root with trigeminal neuralgia. Article in Chinese. Zhonghua Er Bi Yan Hou Ke Za Zhi. 1992;27(3):164\u2013165, 191."},{"issue":"2","key":"b35","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"427","article-title":"Is the root entry\/exit zone important in microvascular compression syndromes?","volume":"51","author":"De Ridder D","year":"2002","unstructured":"De Ridder D, M\u00f8ller A, Verlooy J, Cornelissen M, De Ridder L. Is the root entry\/exit zone important in microvascular compression syndromes? Neurosurgery. 2002;51(2):427\u2013434."},{"issue":"2","key":"b36","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"159","article-title":"Early improvement of bilateral abducens nerve palsies following surgery of an anterior communicating artery aneurysm","volume":"145","author":"Ziyal IM","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ziyal IM, Ozcan OE, Deniz E, Bozkurt G, Ismailo\u011flu O. Early improvement of bilateral abducens nerve palsies following surgery of an anterior communicating artery aneurysm. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2003;145(2):159\u2013161."},{"issue":"10","key":"b37","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"1801","article-title":"Abducent nerve palsy treated by microvascular decompression: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"157","author":"Yamazaki T","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yamazaki T, Yamamoto T, Hatayama T,  Abducent nerve palsy treated by microvascular decompression: a case report and review of the literature. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2015;157(10):1801\u20131805."},{"key":"b38","series-title":"Surg Neurol Int","first-page":"242","article-title":"Microvascular decompression for abducens nerve palsy due to neurovascular compression from both the vertebral artery and anterior inferior cerebellar artery: A case report","volume":"11","author":"Miyamoto S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Miyamoto S, Matsuda M, Ishikawa E, Matsumura A. Microvascular decompression for abducens nerve palsy due to neurovascular compression from both the vertebral artery and anterior inferior cerebellar artery: A case report. Surg Neurol Int. 2020;11:242."},{"key":"b39","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"53","article-title":"Abducens nerve palsy due to neurovascular compression","volume":"178","author":"Goto Y","year":"2023","unstructured":"Goto Y, Inoue T. Abducens nerve palsy due to neurovascular compression. World Neurosurg. 2023;178:53\u201359."},{"issue":"8","key":"b40","series-title":"Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi","first-page":"457","article-title":"Botulinum toxin A in treatment of the sixth cranial nerve palsy","volume":"38","author":"Wu X","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wu X. Botulinum toxin A in treatment of the sixth cranial nerve palsy. Article in Chinese. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi. 2002;38(8):457\u2013461."},{"key":"b41","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"7","article-title":"A systematic review of Chiari I malformation: techniques and outcomes","volume":"88","author":"Zhao JL","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhao JL, Li MH, Wang CL, Meng W. A systematic review of Chiari I malformation: techniques and outcomes. World Neurosurg. 2016;88:7\u201314."},{"issue":"2","key":"b1","series-title":"J Ophthalmic Vis Res","first-page":"160","article-title":"The six syndromes of the sixth cranial nerve","volume":"8","author":"Azarmina M","year":"2013","unstructured":"Azarmina M, Azarmina H. The six syndromes of the sixth cranial nerve. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2013;8(2):160\u2013171."},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol","first-page":"285","article-title":"Paresis of cranial nerves III, IV, and VI: clinical manifestation and differential diagnosis","volume":"237","author":"Carlow TJ","year":"1989","unstructured":"Carlow TJ. Paresis of cranial nerves III, IV, and VI: clinical manifestation and differential diagnosis. Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol. 1989;237:285\u2013301."},{"issue":"1","key":"b3","series-title":"Pediatr Neurol","first-page":"49","article-title":"Sixth nerve palsies in children","volume":"20","author":"Lee MS","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lee MS, Galetta SL, Volpe NJ, Liu GT. Sixth nerve palsies in children. Pediatr Neurol. 1999;20(1):49\u201352."},{"issue":"9","key":"b4","series-title":"Arch Ophthalmol","first-page":"1328","article-title":"Isolated sixth-nerve palsies in younger adults","volume":"102","author":"Moster ML","year":"1984","unstructured":"Moster ML, Savino PJ, Sergott RC, Bosley TM, Schatz NJ. Isolated sixth-nerve palsies in younger adults. Arch Ophthalmol. 1984;102(9):1328\u20131330."},{"issue":"2","key":"b5","series-title":"Eye (Lond)","first-page":"246","article-title":"Cranial nerve palsies in childhood","volume":"29","author":"Lyons CJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lyons CJ, Godoy F, ALQahtani E. Cranial nerve palsies in childhood. Eye (Lond). 2015;29(2):246\u2013251."},{"issue":"5","key":"b6","series-title":"Ann Pediatr (Paris)","first-page":"303","article-title":"Benign paralysis of the 6th cranial nerve in children","volume":"37","author":"Vall\u00e9e L","year":"1990","unstructured":"Vall\u00e9e L, Guilbert F, Lemaitre JF, Nuyts JP. Benign paralysis of the 6th cranial nerve in children\n. Article in French. Ann Pediatr (Paris). 1990;37(5):303\u2013305."},{"issue":"1","key":"b7","series-title":"Neuroophthalmology","first-page":"23","article-title":"Sixth nerve palsy in paediatric intracranial hypertension","volume":"40","author":"Reid JE","year":"2016","unstructured":"Reid JE, Reem RE, Aylward SC, Rogers DL. Sixth nerve palsy in paediatric intracranial hypertension. Neuroophthalmology. 2016;40(1):23\u201327."},{"issue":"10","key":"b8","series-title":"Arch Ophthalmol","first-page":"1391","article-title":"Remitting sixth nerve palsy in skull base tumors","volume":"111","author":"Volpe NJ","year":"1993","unstructured":"Volpe NJ, Lessell S. Remitting sixth nerve palsy in skull base tumors. Arch Ophthalmol. 1993;111(10):1391\u20131395."},{"issue":"4","key":"b9","series-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol","first-page":"765","article-title":"Severe cranial neuropathies caused by falls from heights in children","volume":"254","author":"Zahavi A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zahavi A, Luckman J, Yassur I, Michowiz S, Goldenberg-Cohen N. Severe cranial neuropathies caused by falls from heights in children. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2016;254(4):765\u2013772."},{"issue":"5","key":"b10","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"516","article-title":"Multiple brain hemorrhages and hematomas associated with ectopic fascioliasis in brain and eye","volume":"69","author":"Zhou L","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zhou L, Luo L, You C,  Multiple brain hemorrhages and hematomas associated with ectopic fascioliasis in brain and eye. Surg Neurol. 2008;69(5):516\u2013521."},{"issue":"5","key":"b11","series-title":"Pediatr Nephrol","first-page":"753","article-title":"Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis and bilateral sixth-nerve palsy in a child with nephrotic syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Zaragoza-Casares P","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zaragoza-Casares P, G\u00f3mez-Fern\u00e1ndez T, Zato-G\u00f3mez de Lia\u00f1o MA, Zaragoza-Garc\u00eda P. Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis and bilateral sixth-nerve palsy in a child with nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol. 2007;22(5):753\u2013755."},{"issue":"2","key":"b12","series-title":"Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi","first-page":"127","article-title":"Clinical features of 31 cases with bilateral Duane\u2019s retraction syndrome","volume":"34","author":"Zhang F","year":"1998","unstructured":"Zhang F. Clinical features of 31 cases with bilateral Duane\u2019s retraction syndrome. Article in Chinese. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi. 1998;34(2):127\u2013129."},{"issue":"4","key":"b13","series-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus","first-page":"245","article-title":"Ocular presentation of pediatric Miller-Fisher syndrome","volume":"45","author":"Wertheim MS","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wertheim MS, Benzimra JD, Jadresic LP, Ferris JD. Ocular presentation of pediatric Miller-Fisher syndrome. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2008;45(4):245\u2013246."},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","first-page":"19","article-title":"Cranial nerve palsy secondary to cerebrospinal fluid diversion","volume":"143","author":"Li G","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li G, Zhu X, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Han Z, Hou K. Cranial nerve palsy secondary to cerebrospinal fluid diversion. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2016;143:19\u201326."},{"issue":"3","key":"b15","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E2","article-title":"Reappraisal of intradural findings in Chiari malformation type I","volume":"54","author":"Shao B","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shao B, Wojcik D, Ma KL,  Reappraisal of intradural findings in Chiari malformation type I. Neurosurg Focus. 2023;54(3):E2."},{"issue":"6","key":"b16","series-title":"Pediatr Neurol","first-page":"449","article-title":"Chiari type I malformation in a pediatric population","volume":"40","author":"Aitken LA","year":"2009","unstructured":"Aitken LA, Lindan CE, Sidney S,  Chiari type I malformation in a pediatric population. Pediatr Neurol. 2009;40(6):449\u2013454."},{"issue":"4","key":"b17","series-title":"J Pediatr","first-page":"573","article-title":"Chiari type I malformation in children","volume":"115","author":"Dure LS","year":"1989","unstructured":"Dure LS, Percy AK, Cheek WR, Laurent JP. Chiari type I malformation in children. J Pediatr. 1989;115(4):573\u2013576."},{"issue":"6","key":"b18","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"1271","article-title":"Pediatric Chiari I malformations: do clinical and radiologic features correlate?","volume":"53","author":"Wu YW","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wu YW, Chin CT, Chan KM, Barkovich AJ, Ferriero DM. Pediatric Chiari I malformations: do clinical and radiologic features correlate? Neurology. 1999;53(6):1271\u20131276."},{"issue":"6","key":"b19","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"920","article-title":"Asymptomatic Chiari type I malformations identified on magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"92","author":"Meadows J","year":"2000","unstructured":"Meadows J, Kraut M, Guarnieri M, Haroun RI, Carson BS. Asymptomatic Chiari type I malformations identified on magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosurg. 2000;92(6):920\u2013926."},{"issue":"2011","key":"b20","series-title":"BMJ Case Rep","first-page":"bcr0820114721","article-title":"Papilloedema due to Chiari I malformation","author":"Zhang JC","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhang JC, Bakir B, Lee A, Yalamanchili SS. Papilloedema due to Chiari I malformation. BMJ Case Rep. 2011\n;2011:bcr0820114721."},{"issue":"1","key":"b21","series-title":"J Neuroophthalmol","first-page":"49","article-title":"Acquired esotropia due to Arnold-Chiari I malformation","volume":"16","author":"Lewis AR","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lewis AR, Kline LB, Sharpe JA. Acquired esotropia due to Arnold-Chiari I malformation. J Neuroophthalmol. 1996;16(1):49\u201354."},{"issue":"5","key":"b22","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"1005","article-title":"Chiari I malformation redefined: clinical and radiographic findings for 364 symptomatic patients","volume":"44","author":"Milhorat TH","year":"1999","unstructured":"Milhorat TH, Chou MW, Trinidad EM,  Chiari I malformation redefined: clinical and radiographic findings for 364 symptomatic patients. Neurosurgery. 1999;44(5):1005\u20131017."},{"issue":"4","key":"b23","series-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol","first-page":"303","article-title":"Acute VI nerve palsy in a 4 year-old girl with Chiari I malformation and pontomedullary extension of syringomyelia: case report and review of the literature","volume":"15","author":"Massey SL","year":"2011","unstructured":"Massey SL, Buland J, Hauber S,  Acute VI nerve palsy in a 4 year-old girl with Chiari I malformation and pontomedullary extension of syringomyelia: case report and review of the literature. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2011;15(4):303\u2013309."},{"issue":"1","key":"b24","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e12871","article-title":"Delayed cranial nerve palsies and Chiari type I malformation after epidural anesthesia in the setting of childbirth","volume":"13","author":"Caruso JP","year":"2021","unstructured":"Caruso JP, Aoun SG, Kabangu JK, Ogunkua O, Bagley CA. Delayed cranial nerve palsies and Chiari type I malformation after epidural anesthesia in the setting of childbirth. Cureus. 2021;13(1):e12871."},{"issue":"11","key":"b25","series-title":"No Shinkei Geka","first-page":"1037","article-title":"Chiari malformation (type I) associated with bilateral abducens nerve palsy: case report","volume":"27","author":"Miki T","year":"1999","unstructured":"Miki T, Ito H, Kawai H, Nakanishi T. Chiari malformation (type I) associated with bilateral abducens nerve palsy: case report. Article in Japanese. No Shinkei Geka. 1999;27(11):1037\u20131042."},{"issue":"3","key":"b26","series-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus","first-page":"187","article-title":"Are most sixth nerve palsies really paralytic?","volume":"48","author":"Altintas AG","year":"2011","unstructured":"Altintas AG, Arifoglu HB, Dal D, Simsek S. Are most sixth nerve palsies really paralytic? J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2011;48(3):187\u2013191."},{"issue":"6","key":"b27","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"1017","article-title":"The neurovascular relationships and the blood supply of the abducent nerve: surgical anatomy of its cisternal segment","volume":"34","author":"Marinkovi\u0107 SV","year":"1994","unstructured":"Marinkovi\u0107 SV, Gibo H, Stimec B. The neurovascular relationships and the blood supply of the abducent nerve: surgical anatomy of its cisternal segment. Neurosurgery. 1994;34(6):1017\u20131026."},{"issue":"2","key":"b28","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"276","article-title":"Detailed magnetic resonance imaging anatomy of the cisternal segment of the abducent nerve: Dorello\u2019s canal and neurovascular relationships and landmarks","volume":"91","author":"Yousry I","year":"1999","unstructured":"Yousry I, Camelio S, Wiesmann M,  Detailed magnetic resonance imaging anatomy of the cisternal segment of the abducent nerve: Dorello\u2019s canal and neurovascular relationships and landmarks. J Neurosurg. 1999;91(2):276\u2013283."},{"issue":"3","key":"b29","series-title":"Am J Ophthalmol","first-page":"416","article-title":"Vascular compressive abducens nerve palsy disclosed by magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"122","author":"Ohtsuka K","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ohtsuka K, Sone A, Igarashi Y, Akiba H, Sakata M. Vascular compressive abducens nerve palsy disclosed by magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Ophthalmol. 1996;122(3):416\u2013419."},{"issue":"2","key":"b30","series-title":"J Neuroophthalmol","first-page":"134","article-title":"Sixth cranial nerve palsy caused by compression from a dolichoectatic vertebral artery","volume":"25","author":"Zhu Y","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zhu Y, Thulborn K, Curnyn K, Goodwin J. Sixth cranial nerve palsy caused by compression from a dolichoectatic vertebral artery. J Neuroophthalmol. 2005;25(2):134\u2013135."},{"issue":"4","key":"b31","series-title":"Anat Rec (Hoboken)","first-page":"568","article-title":"The anatomical relationships of the ocular motor nerves with an emphasis on surgical anatomy of the orbit","volume":"302","author":"Apaydin N","year":"2019","unstructured":"Apaydin N, Kendir S, Karahan ST. The anatomical relationships of the ocular motor nerves with an emphasis on surgical anatomy of the orbit. Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2019;302(4):568\u2013574."},{"issue":"9","key":"b32","series-title":"Neurol Res","first-page":"965","article-title":"Hemifacial spasm caused by cross type vascular compression","volume":"33","author":"Zheng X","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zheng X, Feng B, Zhang W, Ying T, Li S. Hemifacial spasm caused by cross type vascular compression. Neurol Res. 2011;33(9):965\u2013969."},{"key":"b33","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e10","article-title":"Surgical treatment of secondary hemifacial spasm: long-term follow-up","volume":"125","author":"Zhang X","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang X, Wang XH, Zhao H,  Surgical treatment of secondary hemifacial spasm: long-term follow-up. World Neurosurg. 2019;125:e10\u2013e15."},{"issue":"3","key":"b34","series-title":"Zhonghua Er Bi Yan Hou Ke Za Zhi","first-page":"164","article-title":"Vascular relationships of the trigeminal root with trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"27","author":"Yen J","year":"1992","unstructured":"Yen J. Vascular relationships of the trigeminal root with trigeminal neuralgia. Article in Chinese. Zhonghua Er Bi Yan Hou Ke Za Zhi. 1992;27(3):164\u2013165, 191."},{"issue":"2","key":"b35","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"427","article-title":"Is the root entry\/exit zone important in microvascular compression syndromes?","volume":"51","author":"De Ridder D","year":"2002","unstructured":"De Ridder D, M\u00f8ller A, Verlooy J, Cornelissen M, De Ridder L. Is the root entry\/exit zone important in microvascular compression syndromes? Neurosurgery. 2002;51(2):427\u2013434."},{"issue":"2","key":"b36","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"159","article-title":"Early improvement of bilateral abducens nerve palsies following surgery of an anterior communicating artery aneurysm","volume":"145","author":"Ziyal IM","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ziyal IM, Ozcan OE, Deniz E, Bozkurt G, Ismailo\u011flu O. Early improvement of bilateral abducens nerve palsies following surgery of an anterior communicating artery aneurysm. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2003;145(2):159\u2013161."},{"issue":"10","key":"b37","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"1801","article-title":"Abducent nerve palsy treated by microvascular decompression: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"157","author":"Yamazaki T","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yamazaki T, Yamamoto T, Hatayama T,  Abducent nerve palsy treated by microvascular decompression: a case report and review of the literature. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2015;157(10):1801\u20131805."},{"key":"b38","series-title":"Surg Neurol Int","first-page":"242","article-title":"Microvascular decompression for abducens nerve palsy due to neurovascular compression from both the vertebral artery and anterior inferior cerebellar artery: A case report","volume":"11","author":"Miyamoto S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Miyamoto S, Matsuda M, Ishikawa E, Matsumura A. Microvascular decompression for abducens nerve palsy due to neurovascular compression from both the vertebral artery and anterior inferior cerebellar artery: A case report. Surg Neurol Int. 2020;11:242."},{"key":"b39","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"53","article-title":"Abducens nerve palsy due to neurovascular compression","volume":"178","author":"Goto Y","year":"2023","unstructured":"Goto Y, Inoue T. Abducens nerve palsy due to neurovascular compression. World Neurosurg. 2023;178:53\u201359."},{"issue":"8","key":"b40","series-title":"Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi","first-page":"457","article-title":"Botulinum toxin A in treatment of the sixth cranial nerve palsy","volume":"38","author":"Wu X","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wu X. Botulinum toxin A in treatment of the sixth cranial nerve palsy. Article in Chinese. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi. 2002;38(8):457\u2013461."},{"key":"b41","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"7","article-title":"A systematic review of Chiari I malformation: techniques and outcomes","volume":"88","author":"Zhao JL","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhao JL, Li MH, Wang CL, Meng W. A systematic review of Chiari I malformation: techniques and outcomes. World Neurosurg. 2016;88:7\u201314."}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery: Case Lessons"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-case-lessons\/7\/19\/article-CASE23539.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-case-lessons\/7\/19\/article-CASE23539.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-case-lessons\/7\/19\/article-CASE23539.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T14:24:29Z","timestamp":1770301469000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-case-lessons\/7\/19\/article-CASE23539.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/case23539","relation":{},"ISSN":["2694-1902"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2694-1902","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]]}}}