{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T03:00:25Z","timestamp":1776826825825,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720396800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Cosmet Laser Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Congenital optic canal stenosis causing compressive optic neuropathy is a rare disorder that presents unique diagnostic and treatment challenges. Endoscopic endonasal optic nerve decompression (EOND) has been described for optic nerve compression in adults and adolescents but has never been reported for young children without pneumatized sphenoid sinuses. The authors describe preoperative and intraoperative considerations for three patients younger than 2 years of age with congenital optic canal stenosis due to genetically confirmed osteopetrosis or chondrodysplasia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBSERVATIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Serial ophthalmological examinations, with a particular focus on object tracking ability, fundoscopic examination, and visual evoked potential trends in preverbal children, are important for detecting progressive optic neuropathy. The lack of pneumatization of the sphenoid sinus presents unique challenges and requires the surgical creation of a sphenoid sinus with the use of neuronavigation to determine the limits of bony exposure given the lack of easily identifiable anatomical landmarks such as the opticocarotid recess. There were no perioperative complications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>LESSONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>EOND for congenital optic canal stenosis is safe and technically feasible even given the lack of pneumatization of the sphenoid sinus in young patients. The key operative step is surgically creating the sphenoid sinus through careful bony removal with the aid of neuronavigation.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/thejns.org\/doi\/10.3171\/CASE23559\">https:\/\/thejns.org\/doi\/10.3171\/CASE23559<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/case23559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T02:49:40Z","timestamp":1720406980000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Endoscopic endonasal optic nerve decompression in children younger than 2 years old with congenital optic canal stenosis: illustrative cases"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Peter H","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John S","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Otolaryngology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael R","family":"Chicoine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Albert H","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David D","family":"Limbrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"bib1","series-title":"Laryngoscope","first-page":"873","article-title":"Endoscopic optic nerve decompression: the Graz experience","volume":"108","author":"Luxenberger","year":"1998","unstructured":"Luxenberger WStammberger HJebeles JAWalch C. Endoscopic optic nerve decompression: the Graz experience. Laryngoscope. 1998;108(6):873-882."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib2","series-title":"Ophthalmology","first-page":"1268","article-title":"The treatment of traumatic optic neuropathy: the International ptic erve Trauma Study","volume":"106","author":"Levin","year":"1999","unstructured":"Levin LABeck RWJoseph MPSeiff SKraker R. The treatment of traumatic optic neuropathy: the International ptic erve Trauma Study. Ophthalmology. 1999;106(7):1268-1277."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib3","series-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol","first-page":"56","article-title":"Outcome of endoscopic optic nerve decompression for traumatic optic neuropathy","volume":"130","author":"Sun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sun JCai XZou WZhang J. Outcome of endoscopic optic nerve decompression for traumatic optic neuropathy. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2021;130(1):56-59."},{"issue":"12","key":"bib4","series-title":"J Laryngol Otol","first-page":"1325","article-title":"Treatment of traumatic optic neuropathy: our experience of endoscopic optic nerve decompression","volume":"122","author":"Li","year":"2008","unstructured":"Li HZhou BShi JCheng LWen WXu G. Treatment of traumatic optic neuropathy: our experience of endoscopic optic nerve decompression. J Laryngol Otol. 2008;122(12):1325-1329."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib5","series-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg","first-page":"1350","article-title":"The therapeutic efficacy of endoscopic optic nerve decompression and its effects on the prognoses of 96 cases of traumatic optic neuropathy","volume":"72","author":"Yang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yang QTZhang GHLiu XYe JLi Y. The therapeutic efficacy of endoscopic optic nerve decompression and its effects on the prognoses of 96 cases of traumatic optic neuropathy. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;72(5):1350-1355."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib6","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E19","article-title":"Endoscopic endonasal optic nerve and orbital apex decompression for nontraumatic optic neuropathy: surgical nuances and review of the literature","volume":"37","author":"Berhouma","year":"2014","unstructured":"Berhouma MJacquesson TAbouaf LVighetto AJouanneau E. Endoscopic endonasal optic nerve and orbital apex decompression for nontraumatic optic neuropathy: surgical nuances and review of the literature. Neurosurg Focus. 2014;37(4):E19."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib7","series-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","first-page":"780","article-title":"Endoscopic optic nerve decompression for nontraumatic optic neuropathy","volume":"133","author":"Pletcher","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pletcher SDMetson R. Endoscopic optic nerve decompression for nontraumatic optic neuropathy. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007;133(8):780-783."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib8","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"325","article-title":"Visual recovery following optic nerve decompression for chronic compressive neuropathy","volume":"151","author":"Bulters","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bulters DOShenouda EEvans BTMathad NLang DA. Visual recovery following optic nerve decompression for chronic compressive neuropathy. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2009;151(4):325-334."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib9","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"917","article-title":"Entrapment neuropathy of the optic nerve due to hyperostosis associated with congenital anemia","volume":"103","author":"Baba","year":"2005","unstructured":"Baba TMinamida YMikama TKoyanagi IHoukin K. Entrapment neuropathy of the optic nerve due to hyperostosis associated with congenital anemia. J Neurosurg. 2005;103(5):917-919."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib10","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"179","article-title":"Endoscopic endonasal optic nerve decompression: treatment of fibrous dysplasia in a pediatric population","volume":"31","author":"Behbahani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Behbahani MFernando SPeng S, et al. Endoscopic endonasal optic nerve decompression: treatment of fibrous dysplasia in a pediatric population. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2023;31(2):179-185."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib11","series-title":"Pediatr Rev","first-page":"25","article-title":"Developmental milestones","volume":"37","author":"Scharf","year":"2016","unstructured":"Scharf RJScharf GJStroustrup A. Developmental milestones. Pediatr Rev. 2016;37(1):25-37."},{"issue":"19","key":"bib12","series-title":"Sensors","first-page":"5542","article-title":"Assessment of human visual acuity using visual evoked potential: a review","volume":"20","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zheng XXu GZhang K, et al. Assessment of human visual acuity using visual evoked potential: a review. Sensors. 2020;20(19):5542"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib13","series-title":"J AAPOS","first-page":"275","article-title":"Evaluation of methods for assessing visual function of infants","volume":"3","author":"Prager","year":"1999","unstructured":"Prager TCZou YLJensen CLFraley JKAnderson REHeird WC. Evaluation of methods for assessing visual function of infants. J AAPOS. 1999;3(5):275-282."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib14","series-title":"Am J Rhinol","first-page":"181","article-title":"Pneumatization of the sphenoid sinus in children evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"14","author":"Jang","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jang YJKim SC. Pneumatization of the sphenoid sinus in children evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Rhinol. 2000;14(3):181-185."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib15","series-title":"Surg Radiol Anat","first-page":"193","article-title":"The sphenoid sinus during childhood: establishment of normal developmental standards by MRI","volume":"16","author":"Szolar","year":"1994","unstructured":"Szolar DPreidler KRanner G, et al. The sphenoid sinus during childhood: establishment of normal developmental standards by MRI. Surg Radiol Anat. 1994;16(2):193-198."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib16","series-title":"Curr Treat Options Allergy","first-page":"274","article-title":"Endoscopic skull base surgery in the pediatric population","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu TChandy ZFerence ELee JT. Endoscopic skull base surgery in the pediatric population. Curr Treat Options Allergy. 2021;8(3):274-284."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib1","series-title":"Laryngoscope","first-page":"873","article-title":"Endoscopic optic nerve decompression: the Graz experience","volume":"108","author":"Luxenberger","year":"1998","unstructured":"Luxenberger WStammberger HJebeles JAWalch C. Endoscopic optic nerve decompression: the Graz experience. Laryngoscope. 1998;108(6):873-882."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib2","series-title":"Ophthalmology","first-page":"1268","article-title":"The treatment of traumatic optic neuropathy: the International ptic erve Trauma Study","volume":"106","author":"Levin","year":"1999","unstructured":"Levin LABeck RWJoseph MPSeiff SKraker R. The treatment of traumatic optic neuropathy: the International ptic erve Trauma Study. Ophthalmology. 1999;106(7):1268-1277."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib3","series-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol","first-page":"56","article-title":"Outcome of endoscopic optic nerve decompression for traumatic optic neuropathy","volume":"130","author":"Sun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sun JCai XZou WZhang J. Outcome of endoscopic optic nerve decompression for traumatic optic neuropathy. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2021;130(1):56-59."},{"issue":"12","key":"bib4","series-title":"J Laryngol Otol","first-page":"1325","article-title":"Treatment of traumatic optic neuropathy: our experience of endoscopic optic nerve decompression","volume":"122","author":"Li","year":"2008","unstructured":"Li HZhou BShi JCheng LWen WXu G. Treatment of traumatic optic neuropathy: our experience of endoscopic optic nerve decompression. J Laryngol Otol. 2008;122(12):1325-1329."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib5","series-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg","first-page":"1350","article-title":"The therapeutic efficacy of endoscopic optic nerve decompression and its effects on the prognoses of 96 cases of traumatic optic neuropathy","volume":"72","author":"Yang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yang QTZhang GHLiu XYe JLi Y. The therapeutic efficacy of endoscopic optic nerve decompression and its effects on the prognoses of 96 cases of traumatic optic neuropathy. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;72(5):1350-1355."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib6","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E19","article-title":"Endoscopic endonasal optic nerve and orbital apex decompression for nontraumatic optic neuropathy: surgical nuances and review of the literature","volume":"37","author":"Berhouma","year":"2014","unstructured":"Berhouma MJacquesson TAbouaf LVighetto AJouanneau E. Endoscopic endonasal optic nerve and orbital apex decompression for nontraumatic optic neuropathy: surgical nuances and review of the literature. Neurosurg Focus. 2014;37(4):E19."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib7","series-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","first-page":"780","article-title":"Endoscopic optic nerve decompression for nontraumatic optic neuropathy","volume":"133","author":"Pletcher","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pletcher SDMetson R. Endoscopic optic nerve decompression for nontraumatic optic neuropathy. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007;133(8):780-783."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib8","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"325","article-title":"Visual recovery following optic nerve decompression for chronic compressive neuropathy","volume":"151","author":"Bulters","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bulters DOShenouda EEvans BTMathad NLang DA. Visual recovery following optic nerve decompression for chronic compressive neuropathy. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2009;151(4):325-334."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib9","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"917","article-title":"Entrapment neuropathy of the optic nerve due to hyperostosis associated with congenital anemia","volume":"103","author":"Baba","year":"2005","unstructured":"Baba TMinamida YMikama TKoyanagi IHoukin K. Entrapment neuropathy of the optic nerve due to hyperostosis associated with congenital anemia. J Neurosurg. 2005;103(5):917-919."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib10","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"179","article-title":"Endoscopic endonasal optic nerve decompression: treatment of fibrous dysplasia in a pediatric population","volume":"31","author":"Behbahani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Behbahani MFernando SPeng S, et al. Endoscopic endonasal optic nerve decompression: treatment of fibrous dysplasia in a pediatric population. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2023;31(2):179-185."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib11","series-title":"Pediatr Rev","first-page":"25","article-title":"Developmental milestones","volume":"37","author":"Scharf","year":"2016","unstructured":"Scharf RJScharf GJStroustrup A. Developmental milestones. Pediatr Rev. 2016;37(1):25-37."},{"issue":"19","key":"bib12","series-title":"Sensors","first-page":"5542","article-title":"Assessment of human visual acuity using visual evoked potential: a review","volume":"20","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zheng XXu GZhang K, et al. Assessment of human visual acuity using visual evoked potential: a review. Sensors. 2020;20(19):5542"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib13","series-title":"J AAPOS","first-page":"275","article-title":"Evaluation of methods for assessing visual function of infants","volume":"3","author":"Prager","year":"1999","unstructured":"Prager TCZou YLJensen CLFraley JKAnderson REHeird WC. Evaluation of methods for assessing visual function of infants. J AAPOS. 1999;3(5):275-282."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib14","series-title":"Am J Rhinol","first-page":"181","article-title":"Pneumatization of the sphenoid sinus in children evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"14","author":"Jang","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jang YJKim SC. Pneumatization of the sphenoid sinus in children evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Rhinol. 2000;14(3):181-185."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib15","series-title":"Surg Radiol Anat","first-page":"193","article-title":"The sphenoid sinus during childhood: establishment of normal developmental standards by MRI","volume":"16","author":"Szolar","year":"1994","unstructured":"Szolar DPreidler KRanner G, et al. The sphenoid sinus during childhood: establishment of normal developmental standards by MRI. Surg Radiol Anat. 1994;16(2):193-198."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib16","series-title":"Curr Treat Options Allergy","first-page":"274","article-title":"Endoscopic skull base surgery in the pediatric population","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu TChandy ZFerence ELee JT. Endoscopic skull base surgery in the pediatric population. Curr Treat Options Allergy. 2021;8(3):274-284."}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery: Case Lessons"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-case-lessons\/8\/2\/article-CASE23559.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-case-lessons\/8\/2\/article-CASE23559.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-case-lessons\/8\/2\/article-CASE23559.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T11:57:02Z","timestamp":1769687822000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-case-lessons\/8\/2\/article-CASE23559.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/case23559","relation":{},"ISSN":["2694-1902"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2694-1902","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]}}}