{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T04:52:26Z","timestamp":1770353546499,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]],"date-time":"2023-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701648000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intracranial arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is a rare disease, defined as anastomoses between cerebral or meningeal arteries and dural venous sinuses or cortical veins. With the development of new agents and devices, endovascular embolization has been considered safe and effective in a majority of cases. However, cases that require direct surgery do exist. Herein, the authors present 3 cases of intracranial AVFs that presented with hemorrhage and were treated with direct surgery, achieving complete obliteration and favorable outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBSERVATIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intracranial AVFs that present with hemorrhage require immediate and complete obliteration. When AVFs involve the dural sinus, transvenous embolization is usually the first choice of treatment. AVFs with single cortical venous drainage are best treated with interruption of the draining vein close to the fistula. Transarterial embolization can be a curative treatment if there are no branches supplying cranial nerves or an association with pial feeders. In cases in which endovascular treatment is technically challenging or has resulted in incomplete occlusion, surgical treatment is indicated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>LESSONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite the recent rise in endovascular treatment, it is important to recognize situations in which such treatment is not suitable for intracranial AVFs. Direct surgery is effective in such cases to offer the best possible outcome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/case23589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]],"date-time":"2023-12-04T18:54:10Z","timestamp":1701716050000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Surgically treated intracranial arteriovenous fistulas with hemorrhage, resulting in complete obliteration: illustrative cases"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Ako","family":"Matsuhashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Showa General Hospital, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kei","family":"Yanai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Showa General Hospital, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Koizumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gakushi","family":"Yoshikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Showa General Hospital, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Acta Neurochir Suppl","first-page":"123","article-title":"Complications of endovascular treatment of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas","volume":"132","author":"Kuwayama N","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kuwayama N, Akioka N. Complications of endovascular treatment of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2021;132:123\u2013127."},{"issue":"4","key":"b2","series-title":"Stroke","first-page":"1455","article-title":"Trends in incidence of intracranial and spinal arteriovenous shunts: hospital-based surveillance in Okayama, Japan","volume":"52","author":"Murai S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Murai S, Hiramatsu M, Suzuki E, et\u00a0al.. Trends in incidence of intracranial and spinal arteriovenous shunts: hospital-based surveillance in Okayama, Japan. Stroke. 2021;52(4):1455\u20131459."},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"S32","article-title":"Advances in surgical approaches to dural fistulas","volume":"74","author":"Youssef PP","year":"2014","unstructured":"Youssef PP, Schuette AJ, Cawley CM, Barrow DL. Advances in surgical approaches to dural fistulas. Neurosurgery. 2014;74(suppl 1):S32\u2013S41."},{"issue":"6","key":"b4","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"615","article-title":"Multimodal treatment strategies for complex pediatric cerebral arteriovenous fistulas: contemporary case series at Barrow Neurological Institute","volume":"15","author":"Zaidi HA","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zaidi HA, Kalani MYS, Spetzler RF, McDougall CG, Albuquerque FC. Multimodal treatment strategies for complex pediatric cerebral arteriovenous fistulas: contemporary case series at Barrow Neurological Institute. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2015;15(6):615\u2013624."},{"issue":"2","key":"b5","series-title":"J Neurointerv Surg","first-page":"e6","article-title":"Hybrid surgery for dural arteriovenous fistula in the neurosurgical hybrid operating suite","volume":"7","author":"Shen SC","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shen SC, Tsuei YS, Chen WH, Shen CC. Hybrid surgery for dural arteriovenous fistula in the neurosurgical hybrid operating suite. J Neurointerv Surg. 2015;7(2):e6."},{"issue":"1","key":"b6","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1","article-title":"Results of 1940 embolizations for dural arteriovenous fistulas: Japanese Registry of Neuroendovascular Therapy (JR-NET3)","volume":"133","author":"Hiramatsu M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hiramatsu M, Sugiu K, Hishikawa T, et\u00a0al.. Results of 1940 embolizations for dural arteriovenous fistulas: Japanese Registry of Neuroendovascular Therapy (JR-NET3). J Neurosurg. 2019;133(1):1\u20138."},{"issue":"4","key":"b7","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"365","article-title":"Multimodality treatment of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas in the Onyx era: a single center experience","volume":"73","author":"Natarajan SK","year":"2010","unstructured":"Natarajan SK, Ghodke B, Kim LJ, Hallam DK, Britz GW, Sekhar LN. Multimodality treatment of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas in the Onyx era: a single center experience. 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Single-session hematoma removal and transcranial coil embolization for a cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistula: a technical case report. World Neurosurg. 2017;104:1046.e7\u20131046.e12."},{"issue":"11","key":"b21","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","first-page":"1701","article-title":"Natural history and treatment of craniocervical junction dural arteriovenous fistulas","volume":"22","author":"Wang JY","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang JY, Molenda J, Bydon A, et\u00a0al.. Natural history and treatment of craniocervical junction dural arteriovenous fistulas. J Clin Neurosci. 2015;22(11):1701\u20131707."},{"issue":"6","key":"b22","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1776","article-title":"Ischemic complications in the neurosurgical and endovascular treatments of craniocervical junction arteriovenous fistulas: a multicenter study","volume":"137","author":"Takai K","year":"2022","unstructured":"Takai K, Endo T, Seki T, Inoue T, Koyanagi I, Mitsuhara T. Ischemic complications in the neurosurgical and endovascular treatments of craniocervical junction arteriovenous fistulas: a multicenter study. J Neurosurg. 2022;137(6):1776\u20131785."},{"key":"b23","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e685","article-title":"Surgical management for craniocervical junction arteriovenous fistula targeting the intradural feeder","volume":"144","author":"Goto Y","year":"2020","unstructured":"Goto Y, Hino A, Shigeomi Y, Oka H. Surgical management for craniocervical junction arteriovenous fistula targeting the intradural feeder. World Neurosurg. 2020;144:e685\u2013e692."},{"issue":"4","key":"b24","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"253","article-title":"Surgical treatment of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas","volume":"57","author":"Ushikoshi S","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ushikoshi S, Houkin K, Kuroda S, et\u00a0al.. Surgical treatment of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas. 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