{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T18:29:14Z","timestamp":1787164154296,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]],"date-time":"2024-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724025600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Cosmet Laser Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Epidural spinal cord stimulation (eSCS) is canonically used for the treatment of intractable, chronic pain. Recent efforts have successfully utilized eSCS to improve neurological deficits in patients with spinal cord injury. However, there is a paucity of literature on the use of eSCS for demyelinating conditions, with no prior case reports examining eSCS among patients with transverse myelitis (TM).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBSERVATIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two patients with TM underwent eSCS and experienced improvements in motor function and bladder symptoms. The first patient exhibited enhanced motor strength in both lower extremities and no longer experienced leg spasms, increasing exercise capacity and decreasing their fall risk. The patient had reduced incontinence pad usage due to a regained ability to sense bladder fullness. The second patient also experienced improved motor scores, leading to enhanced motor functionality and independence. Furthermore, the patient observed reductions in urinary tract infections post-eSCS. Neither patient reported substantial improvement in bowel function following stimulation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>LESSONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Improvements in motor functionality and bladder functioning are well-documented as factors that improve quality of life among paraplegic patients. Given the findings of the present case report, larger cohort studies examining the use of eSCS for demyelinating conditions, including TM, are warranted.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/thejns.org\/doi\/10.3171\/CASE24152\">https:\/\/thejns.org\/doi\/10.3171\/CASE24152<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/case24152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]],"date-time":"2024-08-19T02:47:00Z","timestamp":1724035620000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Improving neurological deficits secondary to transverse myelitis using epidural spinal cord stimulation: illustrative cases"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Rishabh","family":"Gupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reid","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota"},{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Gil Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Balser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota"},{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afsar","family":"Sandozi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel W","family":"Cramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"and","family":"Uzma Samadani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Services, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota"},{"name":"Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"bib1","series-title":"Anesth Analg","first-page":"489","article-title":"Electrical inhibition of pain by stimulation of the dorsal columns: preliminary clinical report","volume":"46","author":"Shealy","year":"1967","unstructured":"Shealy CNMortimer JTReswick JB. Electrical inhibition of pain by stimulation of the dorsal columns: preliminary clinical report. Anesth Analg. 1967;46(4):489-491."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib2","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"110","article-title":"Epidural spinal cord stimulation for treatment of chronic pain\u2014some predictors of success. A 15-year experience","volume":"50","author":"Kumar","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kumar KToth CNath RKLaing P. Epidural spinal cord stimulation for treatment of chronic pain\u2014some predictors of success. A 15-year experience. Surg Neurol. 1998;50(2):110-121."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib3","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"402","article-title":"Treatment of chronic pain by epidural spinal cord stimulation: a 10-year experience","volume":"75","author":"Kumar","year":"1991","unstructured":"Kumar KNath RWyant GM. Treatment of chronic pain by epidural spinal cord stimulation: a 10-year experience. J Neurosurg. 1991;75(3):402-407."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib4","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"98","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation versus repeated lumbosacral spine surgery for chronic pain: a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"56","author":"North","year":"2005","unstructured":"North RBKidd DHFarrokhi FPiantadosi SA. Spinal cord stimulation versus repeated lumbosacral spine surgery for chronic pain: a randomized, controlled trial. Neurosurgery. 2005;56(1):98-107."},{"issue":"9781","key":"bib5","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1938","article-title":"Effect of epidural stimulation of the lumbosacral spinal cord on voluntary movement, standing, and assisted stepping after motor complete paraplegia: a case study","volume":"377","author":"Harkema","year":"2011","unstructured":"Harkema SGerasimenko YHodes J, et al. Effect of epidural stimulation of the lumbosacral spinal cord on voluntary movement, standing, and assisted stepping after motor complete paraplegia: a case study. Lancet. 2011;377(9781):1938-1947."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib6","series-title":"J Neurophysiol","first-page":"1843","article-title":"Epidural spinal cord stimulation as an intervention for motor recovery after motor complete spinal cord injury","volume":"126","author":"Hachmann","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hachmann JTYousak AWallner JJGad PNEdgerton VRGorgey AS. Epidural spinal cord stimulation as an intervention for motor recovery after motor complete spinal cord injury. J Neurophysiol. 2021;126(6):1843-1859."},{"issue":"15-16","key":"bib7","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","first-page":"1015","article-title":"Advances in epidural spinal cord stimulation to restore function after spinal cord injury: history and systematic review","volume":"39","author":"Mansour","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mansour NMPe\u00f1a Pino IFreeman D, et al. Advances in epidural spinal cord stimulation to restore function after spinal cord injury: history and systematic review. J Neurotrauma. 2022;39(15-16):1015-1029."},{"key":"bib8","series-title":"Front Syst Neurosci","first-page":"35","article-title":"Long-term spinal cord stimulation after chronic complete spinal cord injury enables volitional movement in the absence of stimulation","volume":"14","author":"Pe\u00f1a Pino","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pe\u00f1a Pino IHoover CVenkatesh S, et al. Long-term spinal cord stimulation after chronic complete spinal cord injury enables volitional movement in the absence of stimulation. Front Syst Neurosci. 2020;14:35."},{"issue":"15","key":"bib9","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","first-page":"2325","article-title":"Epidural spinal cord stimulation facilitates immediate restoration of dormant motor and autonomic supraspinal pathways after chronic neurologically complete spinal cord injury","volume":"36","author":"Darrow","year":"2019","unstructured":"Darrow DBalser DNetoff TI, et al. Epidural spinal cord stimulation facilitates immediate restoration of dormant motor and autonomic supraspinal pathways after chronic neurologically complete spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma. 2019;36(15):2325-2336."},{"key":"bib10","article-title":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","unstructured":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Transverse myelitis. Accessed August 8, 2023."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib11","series-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep","first-page":"236","article-title":"Demyelinating disorders: update on transverse myelitis","volume":"6","author":"Krishnan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Krishnan CKaplin AIPardo CAKerr DAKeswani SC. Demyelinating disorders: update on transverse myelitis. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2006;6(3):236-243."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib12","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"966","article-title":"Acute transverse myelitis: incidence and etiologic considerations","volume":"31","author":"Berman","year":"1981","unstructured":"Berman MFeldman SAlter MZilber NKahana E. Acute transverse myelitis: incidence and etiologic considerations. Neurology. 1981;31(8):966-971."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib13","series-title":"BMJ Open","first-page":"e059126","article-title":"Effect of epidural spinal cord stimulation after chronic spinal cord injury on volitional movement and cardiovascular function: study protocol for the phase II open label controlled E-STAND trial","volume":"12","author":"Darrow","year":"2022","unstructured":"Darrow DPBalser DYFreeman D, et al. Effect of epidural spinal cord stimulation after chronic spinal cord injury on volitional movement and cardiovascular function: study protocol for the phase II open label controlled E-STAND trial. BMJ Open. 2022;12(7):e059126."},{"issue":"9-10","key":"bib14","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","first-page":"1163","article-title":"Neuromodulation through spinal cord stimulation restores ability to voluntarily cycle after motor complete paraplegia","volume":"41","author":"Hoover","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hoover CSchuerger WBalser D, et al. Neuromodulation through spinal cord stimulation restores ability to voluntarily cycle after motor complete paraplegia. J Neurotrauma. 2024;41(9-10):1163-1171."},{"key":"bib15","series-title":"Front Physiol","first-page":"270","article-title":"The beneficial role of exercise training for myocardial infarction treatment in elderly","volume":"11","author":"Xing","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xing YYang SDWang MMFeng YSDong FZhang F. The beneficial role of exercise training for myocardial infarction treatment in elderly. Front Physiol. 2020;11:270."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib16","series-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep","first-page":"28","article-title":"The impact of physical activity before and after stroke on stroke risk and recovery: a narrative review","volume":"19","author":"Kramer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kramer SFHung SHBrodtmann A. The impact of physical activity before and after stroke on stroke risk and recovery: a narrative review. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2019;19(6):28."},{"issue":"12","key":"bib17","series-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"916","article-title":"Bladder management and quality of life after spinal cord injury","volume":"80","author":"Hicken","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hicken BLPutzke JDRichards JS. Bladder management and quality of life after spinal cord injury. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2001;80(12):916-922."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib18","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"319","article-title":"The relationship between bladder management and health-related quality of life in patients with spinal cord injury in the UK","volume":"48","author":"Liu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liu CWAttar KHGall AShah JCraggs M. The relationship between bladder management and health-related quality of life in patients with spinal cord injury in the UK. Spinal Cord. 2010;48(4):319-324."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib19","series-title":"Med Prog Technol","first-page":"1","article-title":"Treatment of demyelinating and degenerative diseases by electro stimulation of the spinal cord","volume":"6","author":"Dooley","year":"1978","unstructured":"Dooley DMSharkey JKeller WKasprak M. Treatment of demyelinating and degenerative diseases by electro stimulation of the spinal cord. Med Prog Technol. 1978;6(1):1-14."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib20","series-title":"BMJ Case Rep","first-page":"e242522","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulator for neuropathic pain in a patient with severe disability due to transverse myelitis","volume":"14","author":"Martinez Villegas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Martinez Villegas HXHallo ACruz-Loor SJacome-Calderon K. Spinal cord stimulator for neuropathic pain in a patient with severe disability due to transverse myelitis. BMJ Case Rep. 2021;14(5):e242522."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib21","series-title":"Korean J Anesthesiol","first-page":"358","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation for neuropathic pain following idiopathic transverse myelitis: a case report","volume":"56","author":"Lee","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lee CCho JHYang HJ, et al. Spinal cord stimulation for neuropathic pain following idiopathic transverse myelitis: a case report. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2009;56(3):358-361."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib22","series-title":"Biomedicines","first-page":"589","article-title":"Transcutaneous cervical spinal cord stimulation combined with robotic exoskeleton rehabilitation for the upper limbs in subjects with cervical SCI: clinical trial","volume":"11","author":"Garc\u00eda-Al\u00e9n","year":"2023","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Al\u00e9n LKumru HCastillo-Escario Y, et al. Transcutaneous cervical spinal cord stimulation combined with robotic exoskeleton rehabilitation for the upper limbs in subjects with cervical SCI: clinical trial. Biomedicines. 2023;11(2):589."},{"key":"bib23","series-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng","first-page":"310","article-title":"Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation restores hand and arm function after spinal cord injury","volume":"29","author":"Inanici","year":"2021","unstructured":"Inanici FBrighton LNSamejima SHofstetter CPMoritz CT. Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation restores hand and arm function after spinal cord injury. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2021;29:310-319."},{"issue":"11","key":"bib24","series-title":"Nat Med","first-page":"1677","article-title":"Neuromodulation of lumbosacral spinal networks enables independent stepping after complete paraplegia","volume":"24","author":"Gill","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gill MLGrahn PJCalvert JS, et al. Neuromodulation of lumbosacral spinal networks enables independent stepping after complete paraplegia. Nat Med. 2018;24(11):1677-1682."},{"issue":"13","key":"bib25","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1244","article-title":"Recovery of over-ground walking after chronic motor complete spinal cord injury","volume":"379","author":"Angeli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Angeli CABoakye MMorton RA, et al. Recovery of over-ground walking after chronic motor complete spinal cord injury. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(13):1244-1250."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib26","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"8688","article-title":"Lumbosacral spinal cord epidural stimulation improves voiding function after human spinal cord injury","volume":"8","author":"Herrity","year":"2018","unstructured":"Herrity ANWilliams CSAngeli CAHarkema SJHubscher CH. Lumbosacral spinal cord epidural stimulation improves voiding function after human spinal cord injury. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):8688."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib27","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"800","article-title":"Impact of long-term epidural electrical stimulation enabled task-specific training on secondary conditions of chronic paraplegia in two humans","volume":"44","author":"Beck","year":"2021","unstructured":"Beck LVeith DLinde M, et al. Impact of long-term epidural electrical stimulation enabled task-specific training on secondary conditions of chronic paraplegia in two humans. J Spinal Cord Med. 2021;44(5):800-805."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib28","series-title":"Expert Rev Med Devices","first-page":"161","article-title":"Sacral neuromodulation for the treatment of overactive bladder: systematic review and future prospects","volume":"19","author":"Tilborghs","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tilborghs SDe Wachter S. Sacral neuromodulation for the treatment of overactive bladder: systematic review and future prospects. Expert Rev Med Devices. 2022;19(2):161-187."},{"key":"bib29","series-title":"Auton Neurosci","first-page":"102905","article-title":"Toward rebalancing blood pressure instability after spinal cord injury with spinal cord electrical stimulation: a mini review and critique of the evolving literature","volume":"237","author":"Burns","year":"2022","unstructured":"Burns MSolinsky R. Toward rebalancing blood pressure instability after spinal cord injury with spinal cord electrical stimulation: a mini review and critique of the evolving literature. Auton Neurosci. 2022;237:102905."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib1","series-title":"Anesth Analg","first-page":"489","article-title":"Electrical inhibition of pain by stimulation of the dorsal columns: preliminary clinical report","volume":"46","author":"Shealy","year":"1967","unstructured":"Shealy CNMortimer JTReswick JB. Electrical inhibition of pain by stimulation of the dorsal columns: preliminary clinical report. Anesth Analg. 1967;46(4):489-491."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib2","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"110","article-title":"Epidural spinal cord stimulation for treatment of chronic pain\u2014some predictors of success. A 15-year experience","volume":"50","author":"Kumar","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kumar KToth CNath RKLaing P. Epidural spinal cord stimulation for treatment of chronic pain\u2014some predictors of success. A 15-year experience. Surg Neurol. 1998;50(2):110-121."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib3","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"402","article-title":"Treatment of chronic pain by epidural spinal cord stimulation: a 10-year experience","volume":"75","author":"Kumar","year":"1991","unstructured":"Kumar KNath RWyant GM. Treatment of chronic pain by epidural spinal cord stimulation: a 10-year experience. J Neurosurg. 1991;75(3):402-407."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib4","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"98","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation versus repeated lumbosacral spine surgery for chronic pain: a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"56","author":"North","year":"2005","unstructured":"North RBKidd DHFarrokhi FPiantadosi SA. Spinal cord stimulation versus repeated lumbosacral spine surgery for chronic pain: a randomized, controlled trial. Neurosurgery. 2005;56(1):98-107."},{"issue":"9781","key":"bib5","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1938","article-title":"Effect of epidural stimulation of the lumbosacral spinal cord on voluntary movement, standing, and assisted stepping after motor complete paraplegia: a case study","volume":"377","author":"Harkema","year":"2011","unstructured":"Harkema SGerasimenko YHodes J, et al. Effect of epidural stimulation of the lumbosacral spinal cord on voluntary movement, standing, and assisted stepping after motor complete paraplegia: a case study. Lancet. 2011;377(9781):1938-1947."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib6","series-title":"J Neurophysiol","first-page":"1843","article-title":"Epidural spinal cord stimulation as an intervention for motor recovery after motor complete spinal cord injury","volume":"126","author":"Hachmann","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hachmann JTYousak AWallner JJGad PNEdgerton VRGorgey AS. Epidural spinal cord stimulation as an intervention for motor recovery after motor complete spinal cord injury. J Neurophysiol. 2021;126(6):1843-1859."},{"issue":"15-16","key":"bib7","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","first-page":"1015","article-title":"Advances in epidural spinal cord stimulation to restore function after spinal cord injury: history and systematic review","volume":"39","author":"Mansour","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mansour NMPe\u00f1a Pino IFreeman D, et al. Advances in epidural spinal cord stimulation to restore function after spinal cord injury: history and systematic review. J Neurotrauma. 2022;39(15-16):1015-1029."},{"key":"bib8","series-title":"Front Syst Neurosci","first-page":"35","article-title":"Long-term spinal cord stimulation after chronic complete spinal cord injury enables volitional movement in the absence of stimulation","volume":"14","author":"Pe\u00f1a Pino","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pe\u00f1a Pino IHoover CVenkatesh S, et al. Long-term spinal cord stimulation after chronic complete spinal cord injury enables volitional movement in the absence of stimulation. Front Syst Neurosci. 2020;14:35."},{"issue":"15","key":"bib9","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","first-page":"2325","article-title":"Epidural spinal cord stimulation facilitates immediate restoration of dormant motor and autonomic supraspinal pathways after chronic neurologically complete spinal cord injury","volume":"36","author":"Darrow","year":"2019","unstructured":"Darrow DBalser DNetoff TI, et al. Epidural spinal cord stimulation facilitates immediate restoration of dormant motor and autonomic supraspinal pathways after chronic neurologically complete spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma. 2019;36(15):2325-2336."},{"key":"bib10","article-title":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","unstructured":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Transverse myelitis. Accessed August 8, 2023."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib11","series-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep","first-page":"236","article-title":"Demyelinating disorders: update on transverse myelitis","volume":"6","author":"Krishnan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Krishnan CKaplin AIPardo CAKerr DAKeswani SC. Demyelinating disorders: update on transverse myelitis. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2006;6(3):236-243."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib12","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"966","article-title":"Acute transverse myelitis: incidence and etiologic considerations","volume":"31","author":"Berman","year":"1981","unstructured":"Berman MFeldman SAlter MZilber NKahana E. Acute transverse myelitis: incidence and etiologic considerations. Neurology. 1981;31(8):966-971."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib13","series-title":"BMJ Open","first-page":"e059126","article-title":"Effect of epidural spinal cord stimulation after chronic spinal cord injury on volitional movement and cardiovascular function: study protocol for the phase II open label controlled E-STAND trial","volume":"12","author":"Darrow","year":"2022","unstructured":"Darrow DPBalser DYFreeman D, et al. Effect of epidural spinal cord stimulation after chronic spinal cord injury on volitional movement and cardiovascular function: study protocol for the phase II open label controlled E-STAND trial. BMJ Open. 2022;12(7):e059126."},{"issue":"9-10","key":"bib14","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","first-page":"1163","article-title":"Neuromodulation through spinal cord stimulation restores ability to voluntarily cycle after motor complete paraplegia","volume":"41","author":"Hoover","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hoover CSchuerger WBalser D, et al. Neuromodulation through spinal cord stimulation restores ability to voluntarily cycle after motor complete paraplegia. J Neurotrauma. 2024;41(9-10):1163-1171."},{"key":"bib15","series-title":"Front Physiol","first-page":"270","article-title":"The beneficial role of exercise training for myocardial infarction treatment in elderly","volume":"11","author":"Xing","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xing YYang SDWang MMFeng YSDong FZhang F. The beneficial role of exercise training for myocardial infarction treatment in elderly. Front Physiol. 2020;11:270."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib16","series-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep","first-page":"28","article-title":"The impact of physical activity before and after stroke on stroke risk and recovery: a narrative review","volume":"19","author":"Kramer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kramer SFHung SHBrodtmann A. The impact of physical activity before and after stroke on stroke risk and recovery: a narrative review. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2019;19(6):28."},{"issue":"12","key":"bib17","series-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"916","article-title":"Bladder management and quality of life after spinal cord injury","volume":"80","author":"Hicken","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hicken BLPutzke JDRichards JS. Bladder management and quality of life after spinal cord injury. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2001;80(12):916-922."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib18","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"319","article-title":"The relationship between bladder management and health-related quality of life in patients with spinal cord injury in the UK","volume":"48","author":"Liu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liu CWAttar KHGall AShah JCraggs M. The relationship between bladder management and health-related quality of life in patients with spinal cord injury in the UK. Spinal Cord. 2010;48(4):319-324."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib19","series-title":"Med Prog Technol","first-page":"1","article-title":"Treatment of demyelinating and degenerative diseases by electro stimulation of the spinal cord","volume":"6","author":"Dooley","year":"1978","unstructured":"Dooley DMSharkey JKeller WKasprak M. Treatment of demyelinating and degenerative diseases by electro stimulation of the spinal cord. Med Prog Technol. 1978;6(1):1-14."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib20","series-title":"BMJ Case Rep","first-page":"e242522","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulator for neuropathic pain in a patient with severe disability due to transverse myelitis","volume":"14","author":"Martinez Villegas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Martinez Villegas HXHallo ACruz-Loor SJacome-Calderon K. Spinal cord stimulator for neuropathic pain in a patient with severe disability due to transverse myelitis. BMJ Case Rep. 2021;14(5):e242522."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib21","series-title":"Korean J Anesthesiol","first-page":"358","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation for neuropathic pain following idiopathic transverse myelitis: a case report","volume":"56","author":"Lee","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lee CCho JHYang HJ, et al. Spinal cord stimulation for neuropathic pain following idiopathic transverse myelitis: a case report. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2009;56(3):358-361."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib22","series-title":"Biomedicines","first-page":"589","article-title":"Transcutaneous cervical spinal cord stimulation combined with robotic exoskeleton rehabilitation for the upper limbs in subjects with cervical SCI: clinical trial","volume":"11","author":"Garc\u00eda-Al\u00e9n","year":"2023","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Al\u00e9n LKumru HCastillo-Escario Y, et al. Transcutaneous cervical spinal cord stimulation combined with robotic exoskeleton rehabilitation for the upper limbs in subjects with cervical SCI: clinical trial. Biomedicines. 2023;11(2):589."},{"key":"bib23","series-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng","first-page":"310","article-title":"Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation restores hand and arm function after spinal cord injury","volume":"29","author":"Inanici","year":"2021","unstructured":"Inanici FBrighton LNSamejima SHofstetter CPMoritz CT. Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation restores hand and arm function after spinal cord injury. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2021;29:310-319."},{"issue":"11","key":"bib24","series-title":"Nat Med","first-page":"1677","article-title":"Neuromodulation of lumbosacral spinal networks enables independent stepping after complete paraplegia","volume":"24","author":"Gill","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gill MLGrahn PJCalvert JS, et al. Neuromodulation of lumbosacral spinal networks enables independent stepping after complete paraplegia. Nat Med. 2018;24(11):1677-1682."},{"issue":"13","key":"bib25","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1244","article-title":"Recovery of over-ground walking after chronic motor complete spinal cord injury","volume":"379","author":"Angeli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Angeli CABoakye MMorton RA, et al. Recovery of over-ground walking after chronic motor complete spinal cord injury. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(13):1244-1250."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib26","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"8688","article-title":"Lumbosacral spinal cord epidural stimulation improves voiding function after human spinal cord injury","volume":"8","author":"Herrity","year":"2018","unstructured":"Herrity ANWilliams CSAngeli CAHarkema SJHubscher CH. Lumbosacral spinal cord epidural stimulation improves voiding function after human spinal cord injury. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):8688."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib27","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"800","article-title":"Impact of long-term epidural electrical stimulation enabled task-specific training on secondary conditions of chronic paraplegia in two humans","volume":"44","author":"Beck","year":"2021","unstructured":"Beck LVeith DLinde M, et al. Impact of long-term epidural electrical stimulation enabled task-specific training on secondary conditions of chronic paraplegia in two humans. J Spinal Cord Med. 2021;44(5):800-805."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib28","series-title":"Expert Rev Med Devices","first-page":"161","article-title":"Sacral neuromodulation for the treatment of overactive bladder: systematic review and future prospects","volume":"19","author":"Tilborghs","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tilborghs SDe Wachter S. Sacral neuromodulation for the treatment of overactive bladder: systematic review and future prospects. Expert Rev Med Devices. 2022;19(2):161-187."},{"key":"bib29","series-title":"Auton Neurosci","first-page":"102905","article-title":"Toward rebalancing blood pressure instability after spinal cord injury with spinal cord electrical stimulation: a mini review and critique of the evolving literature","volume":"237","author":"Burns","year":"2022","unstructured":"Burns MSolinsky R. Toward rebalancing blood pressure instability after spinal cord injury with spinal cord electrical stimulation: a mini review and critique of the evolving literature. 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