{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T23:36:35Z","timestamp":1769729795851,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724630400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Cosmet Laser Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intracranial pial arteriovenous fistulas (PAVFs) are uncommon neurovascular anomalies that primarily affect the pediatric population. PAVFs are often linked to hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, yet the specific genetic mutations remain unidentified. While endovascular embolization is the preferred treatment for PAVFs, complications like hydrocephalus and sinus thrombosis pose challenges in management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBSERVATIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The authors present a rare case of PAVF in a 6-month-old male neonate with a hereditary\n                      <jats:italic>GDF2<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutation, where the fistula was supplied by the posterior inferior cerebellar artery and drained directly into the sigmoid sinus. The PAVF was effectively treated with endovascular embolization using coils and Onyx. Furthermore, the authors describe the successful use of rivaroxaban in managing subsequent sinus thrombosis after the embolization of PAVFs. Additionally, the authors review treatment strategies and complications following fistula disconnection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>LESSONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Endovascular embolization is the primary treatment choice for the majority of pediatric PAVFs, while a hereditary\n                      <jats:italic>GDF2<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutation is considered a potential contributing factor to the formation of these malformations in children. Rivaroxaban has shown promise as an effective therapeutic option for pediatric sinus thrombosis, supported by its established safety profile.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/thejns.org\/doi\/10.3171\/CASE24182\">https:\/\/thejns.org\/doi\/10.3171\/CASE24182<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/case24182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T02:48:28Z","timestamp":1724640508000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Endovascular management of pediatric pial arteriovenous fistulas with hereditary GDF2 mutation: illustrative case"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Hui","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Children\u2019s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Children\u2019s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lusheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Children\u2019s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China"},{"name":"National Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China"},{"name":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development, Learning, and Memory Disorders, Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Children\u2019s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China"},{"name":"National Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China"},{"name":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development, Learning, and Memory Disorders, Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Children\u2019s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China"},{"name":"National Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China"},{"name":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development, Learning, and Memory Disorders, Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Children\u2019s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China"},{"name":"National Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China"},{"name":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development, Learning, and Memory Disorders, Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"bib1","series-title":"Stroke Vasc Neurol","first-page":"292","article-title":"Angioarchitecture and prognosis of pediatric intracranial pial arteriovenous fistula","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li JJi ZYu J, et al. Angioarchitecture and prognosis of pediatric intracranial pial arteriovenous fistula. Stroke Vasc Neurol. 2023;8(4):292-300."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib2","series-title":"Interv Neuroradiol","first-page":"557","article-title":"Intracranial non-Galenic pial arteriovenous fistula: a review of the literature","volume":"22","author":"Yu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yu JShi LLv XWu ZYang H. Intracranial non-Galenic pial arteriovenous fistula: a review of the literature. Interv Neuroradiol. 2016;22(5):557-568."},{"key":"bib3","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"1050.e13","article-title":"Prenatal diagnosis and multimodal neonatal treatment of a rare pial arteriovenous fistula: case report and review of the literature","volume":"104","author":"Pedicelli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pedicelli AIacobucci MFrassanito P, et al. Prenatal diagnosis and multimodal neonatal treatment of a rare pial arteriovenous fistula: case report and review of the literature. 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Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2020;25:29-39."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib6","series-title":"Stroke Vasc Neurol","first-page":"260","article-title":"Role of endovascular embolisation for curative treatment of intracranial non-Galenic pial arteriovenous fistula","volume":"6","author":"Jin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jin HMeng XQuan JLu YLi Y. Role of endovascular embolisation for curative treatment of intracranial non-Galenic pial arteriovenous fistula. Stroke Vasc Neurol. 2021;6(2):260-266."},{"issue":"12","key":"bib7","series-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)","first-page":"550","article-title":"Intracranial pial arteriovenous fistula","volume":"47","author":"Yamashita","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yamashita KOhe NYoshimura SIwama T. Intracranial pial arteriovenous fistula. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2007;47(12):550-554."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib8","series-title":"J Cerebrovasc Endovasc Neurosurg","first-page":"85","article-title":"Curative transvenous embolization for congenital multi-hole pial arteriovenous fistula","volume":"26","author":"Fry","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fry LBrake ALei C, et al. Curative transvenous embolization for congenital multi-hole pial arteriovenous fistula. J Cerebrovasc Endovasc Neurosurg. 2024;26(1):85-96."},{"key":"bib9","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"322","article-title":"A pial arteriovenous fistula in infancy as the presenting manifestation of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia","volume":"122","author":"Okazaki","year":"2019","unstructured":"Okazaki TSakamoto SIshii D, et al. A pial arteriovenous fistula in infancy as the presenting manifestation of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. 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J Int Med Res. 2023;51(3):3000605231159545."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib12","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"793","article-title":"Expect the unexpected: a case of spontaneous thrombosis of a pial arteriovenous fistula in a preterm newborn with review of the literature","volume":"39","author":"Sabrina","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sabrina CLaura MSabrina S, et al. Expect the unexpected: a case of spontaneous thrombosis of a pial arteriovenous fistula in a preterm newborn with review of the literature. Childs Nerv Syst. 2023;39(3):793-799."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib13","series-title":"Pediatr Int","first-page":"247","article-title":"Endovascular treatment of pediatric intracranial arteriovenous shunt","volume":"59","author":"Niimi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Niimi Y. Endovascular treatment of pediatric intracranial arteriovenous shunt. Pediatr Int. 2017;59(3):247-257."},{"issue":"12","key":"bib14","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"785","article-title":"Total endovascular occlusion of a giant direct arteriovenous fistula in the posterior fossa in a case of Rendu-Osler-Weber disease","volume":"12","author":"Coubes","year":"1996","unstructured":"Coubes PHumbertclaude VRodesch GLasjaunias PEchenne BFrerebeau P. Total endovascular occlusion of a giant direct arteriovenous fistula in the posterior fossa in a case of Rendu-Osler-Weber disease. Childs Nerv Syst. 1996;12(12):785-788."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib15","series-title":"Interv Neuroradiol","first-page":"97","article-title":"A case of two pial arteriovenous fistulas with giant venous pouches treated by endovascular coil embolization: therapy with and without anticoagulation","volume":"22","author":"Ji","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ji WLiu ALv X, et al. A case of two pial arteriovenous fistulas with giant venous pouches treated by endovascular coil embolization: therapy with and without anticoagulation. Interv Neuroradiol. 2016;22(1):97-100."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib16","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e359","article-title":"Rapid and progressive venous thrombosis after occlusion of high-flow arteriovenous fistula","volume":"80","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gonzalez LFChalouhi NJabbour PTeufack SAlbuquerque FCSpetzler RF. Rapid and progressive venous thrombosis after occlusion of high-flow arteriovenous fistula. World Neurosurg. 2013;80(6):e359-e365."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib17","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"385","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of endovascular treatment for intracranial pial arteriovenous fistulas","volume":"73","author":"Lv","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lv XJiang CLi YYang XWu Z. Clinical outcomes of endovascular treatment for intracranial pial arteriovenous fistulas. World Neurosurg. 2010;73(4):385-390."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib18","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"1021","article-title":"Surgical flow disconnection of cerebral pial dual-channel arteriovenous fistula with a large varix: the role of anti-platelet agent or anti-coagulation therapy","volume":"29","author":"Yang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yang JKwon OKOh CW, et al. Surgical flow disconnection of cerebral pial dual-channel arteriovenous fistula with a large varix: the role of anti-platelet agent or anti-coagulation therapy. Childs Nerv Syst. 2013;29(6):1021-1025."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib19","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"851","article-title":"Endovascular treatment of brain arteriovenous fistulas","volume":"30","author":"Lv","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lv XLi YJiang CWu Z. Endovascular treatment of brain arteriovenous fistulas. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2009;30(4):851-856."},{"key":"bib20","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e761","article-title":"Transarterial balloon-assisted glue embolization of pial arteriovenous fistulas","volume":"115","author":"Ye","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ye MZhang P. Transarterial balloon-assisted glue embolization of pial arteriovenous fistulas. World Neurosurg. 2018;115:e761-e767."},{"issue":"24","key":"bib21","series-title":"Blood Adv","first-page":"6250","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of rivaroxaban in pediatric cerebral venous thrombosis (EINSTEIN-Jr CVT)","volume":"4","author":"Connor","year":"2020","unstructured":"Connor PS\u00e1nchez van Kammen MLensing AWA, et al. Safety and efficacy of rivaroxaban in pediatric cerebral venous thrombosis (EINSTEIN-Jr CVT). Blood Adv. 2020;4(24):6250-6258."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib1","series-title":"Stroke Vasc Neurol","first-page":"292","article-title":"Angioarchitecture and prognosis of pediatric intracranial pial arteriovenous fistula","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li JJi ZYu J, et al. Angioarchitecture and prognosis of pediatric intracranial pial arteriovenous fistula. Stroke Vasc Neurol. 2023;8(4):292-300."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib2","series-title":"Interv Neuroradiol","first-page":"557","article-title":"Intracranial non-Galenic pial arteriovenous fistula: a review of the literature","volume":"22","author":"Yu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yu JShi LLv XWu ZYang H. Intracranial non-Galenic pial arteriovenous fistula: a review of the literature. Interv Neuroradiol. 2016;22(5):557-568."},{"key":"bib3","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"1050.e13","article-title":"Prenatal diagnosis and multimodal neonatal treatment of a rare pial arteriovenous fistula: case report and review of the literature","volume":"104","author":"Pedicelli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pedicelli AIacobucci MFrassanito P, et al. Prenatal diagnosis and multimodal neonatal treatment of a rare pial arteriovenous fistula: case report and review of the literature. World Neurosurg. 2017;104:1050.e13-1050.e18."},{"issue":"23","key":"bib4","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"e2324","article-title":"Brain abscess and stroke in children and adults with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: analysis of a large national claims database","volume":"100","author":"White","year":"2023","unstructured":"White AJMarmor IPeacock KMNickel KBZavadil JOlsen MA. Brain abscess and stroke in children and adults with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: analysis of a large national claims database. Neurology. 2023;100(23):e2324-e2330."},{"key":"bib5","series-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol","first-page":"29","article-title":"Pediatric intracranial arteriovenous shunts: advances in diagnosis and treatment","volume":"25","author":"Lv","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lv XJiang CWang J. Pediatric intracranial arteriovenous shunts: advances in diagnosis and treatment. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2020;25:29-39."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib6","series-title":"Stroke Vasc Neurol","first-page":"260","article-title":"Role of endovascular embolisation for curative treatment of intracranial non-Galenic pial arteriovenous fistula","volume":"6","author":"Jin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jin HMeng XQuan JLu YLi Y. Role of endovascular embolisation for curative treatment of intracranial non-Galenic pial arteriovenous fistula. Stroke Vasc Neurol. 2021;6(2):260-266."},{"issue":"12","key":"bib7","series-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)","first-page":"550","article-title":"Intracranial pial arteriovenous fistula","volume":"47","author":"Yamashita","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yamashita KOhe NYoshimura SIwama T. Intracranial pial arteriovenous fistula. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2007;47(12):550-554."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib8","series-title":"J Cerebrovasc Endovasc Neurosurg","first-page":"85","article-title":"Curative transvenous embolization for congenital multi-hole pial arteriovenous fistula","volume":"26","author":"Fry","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fry LBrake ALei C, et al. Curative transvenous embolization for congenital multi-hole pial arteriovenous fistula. J Cerebrovasc Endovasc Neurosurg. 2024;26(1):85-96."},{"key":"bib9","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"322","article-title":"A pial arteriovenous fistula in infancy as the presenting manifestation of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia","volume":"122","author":"Okazaki","year":"2019","unstructured":"Okazaki TSakamoto SIshii D, et al. A pial arteriovenous fistula in infancy as the presenting manifestation of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. World Neurosurg. 2019;122:322-325."},{"issue":"9","key":"bib10","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"1710","article-title":"Pediatric intracranial nongalenic pial arteriovenous fistulas: clinical features, angioarchitecture, and outcomes","volume":"33","author":"Hetts","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hetts SWKeenan KFullerton HJ, et al. Pediatric intracranial nongalenic pial arteriovenous fistulas: clinical features, angioarchitecture, and outcomes. 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Childs Nerv Syst. 2023;39(3):793-799."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib13","series-title":"Pediatr Int","first-page":"247","article-title":"Endovascular treatment of pediatric intracranial arteriovenous shunt","volume":"59","author":"Niimi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Niimi Y. Endovascular treatment of pediatric intracranial arteriovenous shunt. Pediatr Int. 2017;59(3):247-257."},{"issue":"12","key":"bib14","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"785","article-title":"Total endovascular occlusion of a giant direct arteriovenous fistula in the posterior fossa in a case of Rendu-Osler-Weber disease","volume":"12","author":"Coubes","year":"1996","unstructured":"Coubes PHumbertclaude VRodesch GLasjaunias PEchenne BFrerebeau P. Total endovascular occlusion of a giant direct arteriovenous fistula in the posterior fossa in a case of Rendu-Osler-Weber disease. Childs Nerv Syst. 1996;12(12):785-788."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib15","series-title":"Interv Neuroradiol","first-page":"97","article-title":"A case of two pial arteriovenous fistulas with giant venous pouches treated by endovascular coil embolization: therapy with and without anticoagulation","volume":"22","author":"Ji","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ji WLiu ALv X, et al. A case of two pial arteriovenous fistulas with giant venous pouches treated by endovascular coil embolization: therapy with and without anticoagulation. Interv Neuroradiol. 2016;22(1):97-100."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib16","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e359","article-title":"Rapid and progressive venous thrombosis after occlusion of high-flow arteriovenous fistula","volume":"80","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gonzalez LFChalouhi NJabbour PTeufack SAlbuquerque FCSpetzler RF. Rapid and progressive venous thrombosis after occlusion of high-flow arteriovenous fistula. 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