{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T23:29:22Z","timestamp":1769729362292,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]],"date-time":"2024-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723420800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Cosmet Laser Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]]},"abstract":"\n BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n A 49-year-old woman with a history of hypertension presented to the emergency department with right eye redness, proptosis, orbital fullness, and blurry vision. She had initially been diagnosed with an orbital pseudotumor, and the symptoms worsened over a course of steroids. Computed tomography angiography raised concern for a carotid-cavernous fistula (CCF), which was subsequently confirmed by digital subtraction angiography.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n OBSERVATIONS<\/jats:title>\n She underwent fistula coil embolization via the internal maxillary artery and inferior ophthalmic vein (IOV). At the 2-month follow-up, she reported complete resolution of diplopia, orbital fullness, and proptosis. An ophthalmology examination revealed normal visual fields bilaterally.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n LESSONS<\/jats:title>\n CCF embolization is rarely performed through the IOV, with only 5 reported cases in the literature. This case demonstrates that the procedure can be easily performed if the anatomy is favorable over the superior ophthalmic vein, with the illustration of good cosmetic outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n \n https:\/\/thejns.org\/doi\/10.3171\/CASE24183<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/case24183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]],"date-time":"2024-08-12T02:46:06Z","timestamp":1723430766000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Transvenous embolization of a carotid-cavernous fistula via the inferior ophthalmic vein: illustrative case"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7406-3491","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Buqing","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1185-3434","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anzhela D","family":"Moskalik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0853-1802","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maritza N","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8044-0764","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ben","family":"Waldau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"bib1","series-title":"Eye (Lond)","first-page":"164","article-title":"Carotid-cavernous fistula: current concepts in aetiology, investigation, and management","volume":"32","author":"Henderson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Henderson ADMiller NR. Carotid-cavernous fistula: current concepts in aetiology, investigation, and management. Eye (Lond). 2018;32(2):164-172."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib2","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"E94","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of endovascular treatment of indirect carotid cavernous fistulae: superior efficacy, safety, and durability of transvenous coiling over other techniques","volume":"85","author":"Alexander","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alexander MDHalbach VVHallam DK, et al. Long-term outcomes of endovascular treatment of indirect carotid cavernous fistulae: superior efficacy, safety, and durability of transvenous coiling over other techniques. Neurosurgery. 2019;85(1):E94-E100."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib3","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"248","article-title":"Classification and treatment of spontaneous carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas","volume":"62","author":"Barrow","year":"1985","unstructured":"Barrow DLSpector RHBraun IFLandman JATindall SCTindall GT. Classification and treatment of spontaneous carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas. J Neurosurg. 1985;62(2):248-256."},{"issue":"9","key":"bib4","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"2349","article-title":"CT angiography and MR angiography in the evaluation of carotid cavernous sinus fistula prior to embolization: a comparison of techniques","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chen CCCChang PCTShy CGChen WSHung HC. CT angiography and MR angiography in the evaluation of carotid cavernous sinus fistula prior to embolization: a comparison of techniques. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2005;26(9):2349-2356."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib5","series-title":"Can J Ophthalmol","first-page":"e247","article-title":"Cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistula managed by the inferior ophthalmic vein compression","volume":"53","author":"Park","year":"2018","unstructured":"Park YJChoung HSon YJKim N. Cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistula managed by the inferior ophthalmic vein compression. Can J Ophthalmol. 2018;53(6):e247-e249."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib6","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"253","article-title":"Treatment of cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistulae by external manual carotid compression","volume":"60","author":"Kai","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kai YHamada JMorioka MYano SKuratsu J. Treatment of cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistulae by external manual carotid compression. Neurosurgery. 2007;60(2):253-257."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib7","series-title":"Neuroradiol J","first-page":"607","article-title":"Treatment of Barrow type \u2018B\u2019 carotid cavernous fistulas with flow diverter stent (Pipeline)","volume":"30","author":"Casta\u00f1o","year":"2017","unstructured":"Casta\u00f1o CRemollo SGarc\u00eda-Sort RDom\u00ednguez CTerce\u00f1o M. Treatment of Barrow type \u2018B\u2019 carotid cavernous fistulas with flow diverter stent (Pipeline). Neuroradiol J. 2017;30(6):607-614."},{"key":"bib8","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e242","article-title":"Outcomes after endovascular treatment of direct carotid cavernous fistulas: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"170","author":"Hoffman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hoffman HAshok Kumar AWood JS, et al. Outcomes after endovascular treatment of direct carotid cavernous fistulas: systematic review and meta-analysis. World Neurosurg. 2023;170:e242-e255."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib9","series-title":"Brain Sci","first-page":"554","article-title":"Endovascular approaches to the cavernous sinus in the setting of dural arteriovenous fistula","volume":"10","author":"Dye","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dye JDuckwiler GGonzalez N, et al. Endovascular approaches to the cavernous sinus in the setting of dural arteriovenous fistula. 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Classification and treatment of spontaneous carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas. J Neurosurg. 1985;62(2):248-256."},{"issue":"9","key":"bib4","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"2349","article-title":"CT angiography and MR angiography in the evaluation of carotid cavernous sinus fistula prior to embolization: a comparison of techniques","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chen CCCChang PCTShy CGChen WSHung HC. CT angiography and MR angiography in the evaluation of carotid cavernous sinus fistula prior to embolization: a comparison of techniques. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2005;26(9):2349-2356."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib5","series-title":"Can J Ophthalmol","first-page":"e247","article-title":"Cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistula managed by the inferior ophthalmic vein compression","volume":"53","author":"Park","year":"2018","unstructured":"Park YJChoung HSon YJKim N. 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Brain Sci. 2020;10(8):554."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib10","series-title":"J Neuroradiol","first-page":"181","article-title":"Embolization of carotid-cavernous fistula via direct percutaneous puncture of the inferior ophthalmic vein","volume":"39","author":"Cecchini","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cecchini MMLevitt MRTaneja MHallam DKGhodke BV. Embolization of carotid-cavernous fistula via direct percutaneous puncture of the inferior ophthalmic vein. J Neuroradiol. 2012;39(3):181-185."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib11","series-title":"Neuro-Ophthalmology","first-page":"69","article-title":"Dural carotid-cavernous fistula successfully treated by embolization via inferior ophthalmic vein. Case report","volume":"20","author":"Oono","year":"1998","unstructured":"Oono SMatsui YSaito INakamatsu TKatou A. Dural carotid-cavernous fistula successfully treated by embolization via inferior ophthalmic vein. Case report. Neuro-Ophthalmology. 1998;20(2):69-74."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib12","series-title":"Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"480","article-title":"Transvenous embolization of a dural carotid-cavernous sinus fistula via the inferior ophthalmic vein","volume":"23","author":"Michels","year":"2007","unstructured":"Michels KSNg JDFalardeau J, et al. Transvenous embolization of a dural carotid-cavernous sinus fistula via the inferior ophthalmic vein. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007;23(6):480-482."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib13","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"75","article-title":"Transorbital endovascular embolization of dural carotid-cavernous fistula: access to cavernous sinus through direct puncture: case examples and technical report","volume":"68","author":"Dashti","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dashti SRFiorella DSpetzler RFAlbuquerque FCMcDougall CG. Transorbital endovascular embolization of dural carotid-cavernous fistula: access to cavernous sinus through direct puncture: case examples and technical report. Neurosurgery. 2011;68(1SupplOperative):75-83."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib14","series-title":"Klin Monbl Augenheilkd","first-page":"240","article-title":"Surgical transvenous embolization of spontaneous carotid cavernous sinus fistulas in two patients","volume":"217","author":"Schmidbauer","year":"2000","unstructured":"Schmidbauer JMVoges MHagen TRuprecht KW. Surgical transvenous embolization of spontaneous carotid cavernous sinus fistulas in two patients. 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