{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:23:30Z","timestamp":1784679810440,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722211200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Cosmet Laser Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Traumatic high cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) can result in a devastating loss of functional respiration, leaving patients permanently dependent on mechanical ventilation. Nerve transfer is a promising reinnervation strategy that has the potential to restore connectivity in paralyzed distal muscles. The spinal accessory nerve (SAN) remains functional in most cases after high cervical SCI and can serve as a donor to reinnervate the phrenic nerve (PN), thereby improving diaphragmatic function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBSERVATIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Information regarding thorough physical, electrodiagnostic, and pulmonary assessments to establish candidacy for nerve transfer, as well as the surgical procedure, was summarized with an illustrative case. The patient demonstrated improvement in pulmonary function testing but did not achieve independent respiration. A systematic literature review identified 3 studies with 9 additional patients who had undergone SAN-to-PN transfer. The nerve transfer meaningfully restored diaphragmatic function, improving pulmonary function tests and reducing ventilator dependency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>LESSONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Respiratory dependency significantly impacts the quality of life of patients with a high cervical SCI. The use of the lower SAN motor branch for PN transfer is safe and does not result in a meaningful downgrade in trapezius function. Outcomes following this procedure are promising but heterogeneous, indicating a need for significant innovation and improvement for future therapies.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/thejns.org\/doi\/10.3171\/CASE24236\">https:\/\/thejns.org\/doi\/10.3171\/CASE24236<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/case24236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T02:58:45Z","timestamp":1722221925000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Restoration of respiration in high cervical spinal cord injury via phrenic nerve reinnervation: illustrative case"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Saad","family":"Javeed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Braeden","family":"Benedict","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher F","family":"Dibble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin K","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Greenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Kaleem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Hardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Becker Medical Library, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir H","family":"Faraji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilson Z","family":"Ray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"bib1","series-title":"J Trauma","first-page":"912","article-title":"Characterizing the need for mechanical ventilation following cervical spinal cord injury with neurologic deficit","volume":"59","author":"Como","year":"2005","unstructured":"Como JJSutton ERMcCunn M, et al. Characterizing the need for mechanical ventilation following cervical spinal cord injury with neurologic deficit. J Trauma. 2005;59(4):912-916."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib2","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"332","article-title":"Trends in new injuries, prevalent cases, and aging with spinal cord injury","volume":"92","author":"DeVivo","year":"2011","unstructured":"DeVivo MJChen Y. Trends in new injuries, prevalent cases, and aging with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2011;92(3):332-338."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib3","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"511","article-title":"Long-term survival of persons ventilator dependent after spinal cord injury","volume":"29","author":"Shavelle","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shavelle RMDeVivo MJStrauss DJPaculdo DRLammertse DPDay SM. Long-term survival of persons ventilator dependent after spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2006;29(5):511-519."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib4","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"355","article-title":"Association of upper-limb neurological recovery with functional outcomes in high cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"39","author":"Javeed","year":"2023","unstructured":"Javeed SGreenberg JKZhang JK, et al. Association of upper-limb neurological recovery with functional outcomes in high cervical spinal cord injury. J Neurosurg Spine. 2023;39(3):355-362."},{"issue":"11","key":"bib5","series-title":"JAMA Netw Open","first-page":"e2243890","article-title":"Upper limb nerve transfer surgery in patients with tetraplegia","volume":"5","author":"Javeed","year":"2022","unstructured":"Javeed SDibble CFGreenberg JK, et al. Upper limb nerve transfer surgery in patients with tetraplegia. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(11):e2243890."},{"issue":"12","key":"bib6","series-title":"JAMA Netw Open","first-page":"e2247949","article-title":"Derivation and validation of a clinical prediction rule for upper limb functional outcomes after traumatic cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"5","author":"Javeed","year":"2022","unstructured":"Javeed SGreenberg JKZhang JK, et al. Derivation and validation of a clinical prediction rule for upper limb functional outcomes after traumatic cervical spinal cord injury. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(12):e2247949."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib7","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e319","article-title":"Nerve transfer strategies for spinal cord injury","volume":"80","author":"Senjaya","year":"2013","unstructured":"Senjaya FMidha R. Nerve transfer strategies for spinal cord injury. World Neurosurg. 2013;80(6):e319-e326."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib8","series-title":"J Neurosci","first-page":"3876","article-title":"Contributing factors to poor functional recovery after delayed nerve repair: prolonged axotomy","volume":"15","author":"Fu","year":"1995","unstructured":"Fu SYGordon T. Contributing factors to poor functional recovery after delayed nerve repair: prolonged axotomy. J Neurosci. 1995;15(5Pt 2):3876-3885."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib9","series-title":"J Reconstr Microsurg","first-page":"391","article-title":"Diaphragmatic reinnervation in ventilator-dependent patients with cervical spinal cord injury and concomitant phrenic nerve lesions using simultaneous nerve transfers and implantable neurostimulators","volume":"31","author":"Kaufman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kaufman MRElkwood AIAboharb F, et al. Diaphragmatic reinnervation in ventilator-dependent patients with cervical spinal cord injury and concomitant phrenic nerve lesions using simultaneous nerve transfers and implantable neurostimulators. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2015;31(5):391-395."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib10","series-title":"Respiration","first-page":"18","article-title":"Diaphragm pacing in patients with spinal cord injury: a European experience","volume":"101","author":"Wijkstra","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wijkstra PJvan der Aa HHofker HS, et al. Diaphragm pacing in patients with spinal cord injury: a European experience. Respiration. 2022;101(1):18-24."},{"key":"bib11","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"611","article-title":"Novel nerve transfers for motor and sensory restoration in high cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"128","author":"Dibble","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dibble CFKhalifeh JMVanVoorhis ARich JTRay WZ. Novel nerve transfers for motor and sensory restoration in high cervical spinal cord injury. World Neurosurg. 2019;128:611-615.e1."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib12","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"190","article-title":"Functional restoration of the paralyzed diaphragm in high cervical quadriplegia via phrenic nerve neurotization utilizing the functional spinal accessory nerve","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yang MLLi JJZhang SC, et al. Functional restoration of the paralyzed diaphragm in high cervical quadriplegia via phrenic nerve neurotization utilizing the functional spinal accessory nerve. 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Arch Surg. 2000;135(12):1428-1431."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib15","series-title":"Clin Anat","first-page":"899","article-title":"An anatomic study of the spinal accessory nerve: extended harvest permits direct nerve transfer to distal plexus targets","volume":"20","author":"Vathana","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vathana TLarsen Mde Ruiter GCBishop ATSpinner RJShin AY. An anatomic study of the spinal accessory nerve: extended harvest permits direct nerve transfer to distal plexus targets. Clin Anat. 2007;20(8):899-904."},{"issue":"237","key":"bib16","series-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res","first-page":"43","article-title":"Neurotization in brachial plexus injuries. Indication and results","author":"Narakas","year":"1988","unstructured":"Narakas AOHentz VR. Neurotization in brachial plexus injuries. Indication and results. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1988;(237):43-56."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib17","series-title":"Thorac Surg Clin","first-page":"239","article-title":"Nerves of the mediastinum","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang JLi JLiu GDeslauriers J. Nerves of the mediastinum. Thorac Surg Clin. 2011;21(2):239-249."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib18","series-title":"Turk Neurosurg","first-page":"478","article-title":"Neurotization of the phrenic nerve with accessory nerve for high cervical spinal cord injury with respiratory distress: an anatomic study","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang CZhang YNicholas T, et al. Neurotization of the phrenic nerve with accessory nerve for high cervical spinal cord injury with respiratory distress: an anatomic study. Turk Neurosurg. 2014;24(4):478-483."},{"issue":"11","key":"bib19","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"1341","article-title":"Phrenic nerve neurotization utilizing the spinal accessory nerve: technical note with potential application in patients with high cervical quadriplegia","volume":"24","author":"Tubbs","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tubbs RSPearson BLoukas MShokouhi GShoja MMOakes WJ. Phrenic nerve neurotization utilizing the spinal accessory nerve: technical note with potential application in patients with high cervical quadriplegia. Childs Nerv Syst. 2008;24(11):1341-1344."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib20","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"135e","article-title":"Optimal axon counts for brachial plexus nerve transfers to restore elbow flexion","volume":"135","author":"Schreiber","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schreiber JJByun DJKhair MMRosenblatt LLee SKWolfe SW. Optimal axon counts for brachial plexus nerve transfers to restore elbow flexion. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015;135(1):135e-141e."},{"issue":"3-4","key":"bib21","series-title":"Brain Res Bull","first-page":"477","article-title":"Recovery potential of muscle after partial denervation: a comparison between rats and humans","volume":"30","author":"Gordon","year":"1993","unstructured":"Gordon TYang JFAyer KStein RBTyreman N. Recovery potential of muscle after partial denervation: a comparison between rats and humans. Brain Res Bull. 1993;30(3-4):477-482."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib22","series-title":"Anat Sci Int","first-page":"225","article-title":"An anatomical study of the full-length phrenic nerve and its blood supply: clinical implications for endoscopic dissection","volume":"86","author":"Jiang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jiang SXu WDShen YDXu JGGu YD. An anatomical study of the full-length phrenic nerve and its blood supply: clinical implications for endoscopic dissection. Anat Sci Int. 2011;86(4):225-231."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib23","series-title":"J Peripher Nerv Syst","first-page":"236","article-title":"Experimental strategies to promote functional recovery after peripheral nerve injuries","volume":"8","author":"Gordon","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gordon TSulaiman OBoyd JG. Experimental strategies to promote functional recovery after peripheral nerve injuries. J Peripher Nerv Syst. 2003;8(4):236-250."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib24","series-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am","first-page":"319","article-title":"Updates of the International Standards for Neurologic Classification of Spinal Cord Injury: 2015 and 2019","volume":"31","author":"Kirshblum","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kirshblum SSnider BRupp RRead MS, International Standards Committee of ASIA andISCoS. Updates of the International Standards for Neurologic Classification of Spinal Cord Injury: 2015 and 2019. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2020;31(3):319-330."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib25","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"498","article-title":"Optimizing nerve transfer surgery in tetraplegia: clinical decision making based on innervation patterns in spinal cord injury","volume":"36","author":"Dibble","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dibble CFJaveed SKhalifeh JM, et al. Optimizing nerve transfer surgery in tetraplegia: clinical decision making based on innervation patterns in spinal cord injury. J Neurosurg Spine. 2021;36(3):498-508."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib26","series-title":"J Neurosci","first-page":"3886","article-title":"Contributing factors to poor functional recovery after delayed nerve repair: prolonged denervation","volume":"15","author":"Fu","year":"1995","unstructured":"Fu SYGordon T. Contributing factors to poor functional recovery after delayed nerve repair: prolonged denervation. J Neurosci. 1995;15(5Pt 2):3886-3895."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib27","series-title":"Transl Stroke Res","first-page":"463","article-title":"Respiratory motor control disrupted by spinal cord injury: mechanisms, evaluation, and restoration","volume":"2","author":"Terson de Paleville","year":"2011","unstructured":"Terson de Paleville DGMcKay WBFolz RJOvechkin AV. Respiratory motor control disrupted by spinal cord injury: mechanisms, evaluation, and restoration. Transl Stroke Res. 2011;2(4):463-473."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib28","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"1307","article-title":"Phrenic nerve neurotization utilizing half of the spinal accessory nerve to the functional restoration of the paralyzed diaphragm in high spinal cord injury secondary to brain tumor resection","volume":"36","author":"Heredia Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Heredia Guti\u00e9rrez ACach\u00f3n C\u00e1mara GEGonz\u00e1lez Carranza VTorres Garc\u00eda SChico Ponce de Le\u00f3n F. Phrenic nerve neurotization utilizing half of the spinal accessory nerve to the functional restoration of the paralyzed diaphragm in high spinal cord injury secondary to brain tumor resection. Childs Nerv Syst. 2020;36(6):1307-1310."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib29","series-title":"Ann Plast Surg","first-page":"180","article-title":"Successful reinnervation of the diaphragm after intercostal to phrenic nerve neurotization in patients with high spinal cord injury","volume":"79","author":"Nandra","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nandra KSHarari MPrice TPGreaney PJWeinstein MS. Successful reinnervation of the diaphragm after intercostal to phrenic nerve neurotization in patients with high spinal cord injury. Ann Plast Surg. 2017;79(2):180-182."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib30","series-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol","first-page":"200","article-title":"Phrenic nerve stimulation in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"169","author":"DiMarco","year":"2009","unstructured":"DiMarco AF. Phrenic nerve stimulation in patients with spinal cord injury. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2009;169(2):200-209."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib1","series-title":"J Trauma","first-page":"912","article-title":"Characterizing the need for mechanical ventilation following cervical spinal cord injury with neurologic deficit","volume":"59","author":"Como","year":"2005","unstructured":"Como JJSutton ERMcCunn M, et al. Characterizing the need for mechanical ventilation following cervical spinal cord injury with neurologic deficit. J Trauma. 2005;59(4):912-916."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib2","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"332","article-title":"Trends in new injuries, prevalent cases, and aging with spinal cord injury","volume":"92","author":"DeVivo","year":"2011","unstructured":"DeVivo MJChen Y. Trends in new injuries, prevalent cases, and aging with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2011;92(3):332-338."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib3","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"511","article-title":"Long-term survival of persons ventilator dependent after spinal cord injury","volume":"29","author":"Shavelle","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shavelle RMDeVivo MJStrauss DJPaculdo DRLammertse DPDay SM. Long-term survival of persons ventilator dependent after spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2006;29(5):511-519."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib4","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"355","article-title":"Association of upper-limb neurological recovery with functional outcomes in high cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"39","author":"Javeed","year":"2023","unstructured":"Javeed SGreenberg JKZhang JK, et al. Association of upper-limb neurological recovery with functional outcomes in high cervical spinal cord injury. J Neurosurg Spine. 2023;39(3):355-362."},{"issue":"11","key":"bib5","series-title":"JAMA Netw Open","first-page":"e2243890","article-title":"Upper limb nerve transfer surgery in patients with tetraplegia","volume":"5","author":"Javeed","year":"2022","unstructured":"Javeed SDibble CFGreenberg JK, et al. Upper limb nerve transfer surgery in patients with tetraplegia. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(11):e2243890."},{"issue":"12","key":"bib6","series-title":"JAMA Netw Open","first-page":"e2247949","article-title":"Derivation and validation of a clinical prediction rule for upper limb functional outcomes after traumatic cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"5","author":"Javeed","year":"2022","unstructured":"Javeed SGreenberg JKZhang JK, et al. Derivation and validation of a clinical prediction rule for upper limb functional outcomes after traumatic cervical spinal cord injury. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(12):e2247949."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib7","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e319","article-title":"Nerve transfer strategies for spinal cord injury","volume":"80","author":"Senjaya","year":"2013","unstructured":"Senjaya FMidha R. Nerve transfer strategies for spinal cord injury. World Neurosurg. 2013;80(6):e319-e326."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib8","series-title":"J Neurosci","first-page":"3876","article-title":"Contributing factors to poor functional recovery after delayed nerve repair: prolonged axotomy","volume":"15","author":"Fu","year":"1995","unstructured":"Fu SYGordon T. Contributing factors to poor functional recovery after delayed nerve repair: prolonged axotomy. J Neurosci. 1995;15(5Pt 2):3876-3885."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib9","series-title":"J Reconstr Microsurg","first-page":"391","article-title":"Diaphragmatic reinnervation in ventilator-dependent patients with cervical spinal cord injury and concomitant phrenic nerve lesions using simultaneous nerve transfers and implantable neurostimulators","volume":"31","author":"Kaufman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kaufman MRElkwood AIAboharb F, et al. Diaphragmatic reinnervation in ventilator-dependent patients with cervical spinal cord injury and concomitant phrenic nerve lesions using simultaneous nerve transfers and implantable neurostimulators. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2015;31(5):391-395."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib10","series-title":"Respiration","first-page":"18","article-title":"Diaphragm pacing in patients with spinal cord injury: a European experience","volume":"101","author":"Wijkstra","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wijkstra PJvan der Aa HHofker HS, et al. Diaphragm pacing in patients with spinal cord injury: a European experience. Respiration. 2022;101(1):18-24."},{"key":"bib11","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"611","article-title":"Novel nerve transfers for motor and sensory restoration in high cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"128","author":"Dibble","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dibble CFKhalifeh JMVanVoorhis ARich JTRay WZ. Novel nerve transfers for motor and sensory restoration in high cervical spinal cord injury. World Neurosurg. 2019;128:611-615.e1."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib12","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"190","article-title":"Functional restoration of the paralyzed diaphragm in high cervical quadriplegia via phrenic nerve neurotization utilizing the functional spinal accessory nerve","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yang MLLi JJZhang SC, et al. Functional restoration of the paralyzed diaphragm in high cervical quadriplegia via phrenic nerve neurotization utilizing the functional spinal accessory nerve. J Neurosurg Spine. 2011;15(2):190-194."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib13","series-title":"Anat Rec (Hoboken)","first-page":"620","article-title":"The accessory nerve: a comprehensive review of its anatomy, development, variations, landmarks and clinical considerations","volume":"302","author":"Johal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Johal JIwanaga JTubbs KLoukas MOskouian RJTubbs RS. The accessory nerve: a comprehensive review of its anatomy, development, variations, landmarks and clinical considerations. Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2019;302(4):620-629."},{"issue":"12","key":"bib14","series-title":"Arch Surg","first-page":"1428","article-title":"Surgical anatomy of the spinal accessory nerve and the trapezius branches of the cervical plexus","volume":"135","author":"Kierner","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kierner ACZelenka IHeller SBurian M. 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Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1988;(237):43-56."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib17","series-title":"Thorac Surg Clin","first-page":"239","article-title":"Nerves of the mediastinum","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang JLi JLiu GDeslauriers J. Nerves of the mediastinum. Thorac Surg Clin. 2011;21(2):239-249."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib18","series-title":"Turk Neurosurg","first-page":"478","article-title":"Neurotization of the phrenic nerve with accessory nerve for high cervical spinal cord injury with respiratory distress: an anatomic study","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang CZhang YNicholas T, et al. Neurotization of the phrenic nerve with accessory nerve for high cervical spinal cord injury with respiratory distress: an anatomic study. Turk Neurosurg. 2014;24(4):478-483."},{"issue":"11","key":"bib19","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"1341","article-title":"Phrenic nerve neurotization utilizing the spinal accessory nerve: technical note with potential application in patients with high cervical quadriplegia","volume":"24","author":"Tubbs","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tubbs RSPearson BLoukas MShokouhi GShoja MMOakes WJ. Phrenic nerve neurotization utilizing the spinal accessory nerve: technical note with potential application in patients with high cervical quadriplegia. Childs Nerv Syst. 2008;24(11):1341-1344."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib20","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"135e","article-title":"Optimal axon counts for brachial plexus nerve transfers to restore elbow flexion","volume":"135","author":"Schreiber","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schreiber JJByun DJKhair MMRosenblatt LLee SKWolfe SW. Optimal axon counts for brachial plexus nerve transfers to restore elbow flexion. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015;135(1):135e-141e."},{"issue":"3-4","key":"bib21","series-title":"Brain Res Bull","first-page":"477","article-title":"Recovery potential of muscle after partial denervation: a comparison between rats and humans","volume":"30","author":"Gordon","year":"1993","unstructured":"Gordon TYang JFAyer KStein RBTyreman N. Recovery potential of muscle after partial denervation: a comparison between rats and humans. Brain Res Bull. 1993;30(3-4):477-482."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib22","series-title":"Anat Sci Int","first-page":"225","article-title":"An anatomical study of the full-length phrenic nerve and its blood supply: clinical implications for endoscopic dissection","volume":"86","author":"Jiang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jiang SXu WDShen YDXu JGGu YD. An anatomical study of the full-length phrenic nerve and its blood supply: clinical implications for endoscopic dissection. Anat Sci Int. 2011;86(4):225-231."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib23","series-title":"J Peripher Nerv Syst","first-page":"236","article-title":"Experimental strategies to promote functional recovery after peripheral nerve injuries","volume":"8","author":"Gordon","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gordon TSulaiman OBoyd JG. Experimental strategies to promote functional recovery after peripheral nerve injuries. J Peripher Nerv Syst. 2003;8(4):236-250."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib24","series-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am","first-page":"319","article-title":"Updates of the International Standards for Neurologic Classification of Spinal Cord Injury: 2015 and 2019","volume":"31","author":"Kirshblum","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kirshblum SSnider BRupp RRead MS, International Standards Committee of ASIA andISCoS. Updates of the International Standards for Neurologic Classification of Spinal Cord Injury: 2015 and 2019. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2020;31(3):319-330."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib25","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"498","article-title":"Optimizing nerve transfer surgery in tetraplegia: clinical decision making based on innervation patterns in spinal cord injury","volume":"36","author":"Dibble","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dibble CFJaveed SKhalifeh JM, et al. Optimizing nerve transfer surgery in tetraplegia: clinical decision making based on innervation patterns in spinal cord injury. J Neurosurg Spine. 2021;36(3):498-508."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib26","series-title":"J Neurosci","first-page":"3886","article-title":"Contributing factors to poor functional recovery after delayed nerve repair: prolonged denervation","volume":"15","author":"Fu","year":"1995","unstructured":"Fu SYGordon T. Contributing factors to poor functional recovery after delayed nerve repair: prolonged denervation. 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