{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:03:02Z","timestamp":1787025782851,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727049600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Cosmet Laser Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]]},"abstract":"\n BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n Spinal cord stimulation (SCS), including the percutaneous placement of epidural stimulation leads, has been increasingly utilized to treat chronic pain. Although lead migration is a well-characterized complication, few studies have reported on malpositioned leads in the intrathecal space. Here, the authors discuss two cases of intrathecal lead placement necessitating surgical revision.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n OBSERVATIONS<\/jats:title>\n This report is a two-case series on the inadvertent placement of percutaneous SCS leads in the intrathecal space. The authors describe the identification of malpositioned leads, describe the clinical presentation, characterize stimulation parameters, and report improvement following neurosurgical revision for each case. Two patients originally presenting with chronic low-back pain underwent percutaneous SCS lead implantation. Both patients presented with atypical pain symptoms in the acute to subacute postprocedural period, raising suspicion for malpositioned leads. Imaging was consistent with intrathecal malpositioning. Both patients underwent revision surgery resulting in symptomatic improvement.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n LESSONS<\/jats:title>\n Indicators of malpositioned thoracic SCS leads in the intrathecal space include thoracoabdominal or flank pain exacerbated by movement, insufficient pain relief versus that in the SCS trial, very low electrode impedances, direct visualization on imaging, and lack of epidural lead visualization following laminectomy. Revision options include removal of the intrathecal leads and the surgical placement of a paddle electrode in the epidural space.<\/jats:p>\n \n https:\/\/thejns.org\/doi\/10.3171\/CASE24275<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/case24275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T02:44:08Z","timestamp":1727059448000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Intrathecal placement of percutaneous spinal cord stimulation leads: illustrative cases"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Zachary T","family":"Olmsted","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, University of California Los Angeles Health, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter B","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, University of California Los Angeles Health, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Katouzian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spanish Hills Interventional Pain Specialists, Camarillo, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J","family":"Dorsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, University of California Los Angeles Health, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"bib1","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"254","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of spinal cord stimulation for treatment of chronic pain: a 20-year literature review","volume":"100","author":"Cameron","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cameron J. Safety and efficacy of spinal cord stimulation for treatment of chronic pain: a 20-year literature review. J Neurosurg. 2004;100(3suppl Spine):254-267."},{"issue":"12","key":"bib2","series-title":"Brain Sci","first-page":"1727","article-title":"Review of treatments for central neuropathic pain","volume":"12","author":"Sheldon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sheldon BLOlmsted ZTSabourin SHeydari EHarland TAPilitsis JG. Review of treatments for central neuropathic pain. Brain Sci. 2022;12(12):1727."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib3","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"990","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation electrode design: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial comparing percutaneous with laminectomy electrodes: part II\u2013clinical outcomes","volume":"57","author":"North","year":"2005","unstructured":"North RBKidd DHPetrucci LDorsi MJ. Spinal cord stimulation electrode design: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial comparing percutaneous with laminectomy electrodes: part II\u2013clinical outcomes. Neurosurgery. 2005;57(5):990-996."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"bib4","series-title":"Pain","first-page":"137","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation for patients with failed back surgery syndrome or complex regional pain syndrome: a systematic review of effectiveness and complications","volume":"108","author":"Turner","year":"2004","unstructured":"Turner JALoeser JDDeyo RASanders SB. Spinal cord stimulation for patients with failed back surgery syndrome or complex regional pain syndrome: a systematic review of effectiveness and complications. Pain. 2004;108(1-2):137-147."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib5","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"191","article-title":"Complications of spinal cord stimulation, suggestions to improve functional outcome, and financial impact","volume":"5","author":"Kumar","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kumar KWilson JRTaylor RSGupta S. Complications of spinal cord stimulation, suggestions to improve functional outcome, and financial impact. J Neurosurg Spine. 2006;5(3):191-203."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib6","series-title":"Pain Pract","first-page":"148","article-title":"Retrospective review of 707 cases of spinal cord stimulation: indications and complications","volume":"11","author":"Mekhail","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mekhail NAMathews MNageeb FGuirguis MMekhail MNCheng J. Retrospective review of 707 cases of spinal cord stimulation: indications and complications. Pain Pract. 2011;11(2):148-153."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib7","series-title":"Neuromodulation","first-page":"603","article-title":"Treatment-limiting complications of percutaneous spinal cord stimulator implants: a review of eight years of experience from an academic center database","volume":"18","author":"Hayek","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hayek SMVeizi EHanes M. Treatment-limiting complications of percutaneous spinal cord stimulator implants: a review of eight years of experience from an academic center database. Neuromodulation. 2015;18(7):603-608."},{"issue":"11","key":"bib8","series-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)","first-page":"689","article-title":"Is spinal cord stimulation safe? A review of 13 years of implantations and complications","volume":"172","author":"Kleiber","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kleiber JCMarlier BBannwarth MTheret EPeruzzi PLitre F. Is spinal cord stimulation safe? A review of 13 years of implantations and complications. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2016;172(11):689-695."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib9","series-title":"Neuromodulation","first-page":"508","article-title":"A temporary vs. permanent anchored percutaneous lead trial of spinal cord stimulation: a comparison of patient outcomes and adverse events","volume":"21","author":"Simopoulos","year":"2018","unstructured":"Simopoulos TSharma SAner MGill JS. A temporary vs. permanent anchored percutaneous lead trial of spinal cord stimulation: a comparison of patient outcomes and adverse events. Neuromodulation. 2018;21(5):508-512."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib10","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e13916","article-title":"Percutaneous thoracic spinal cord stimulator placement","volume":"13","author":"Westrup","year":"2021","unstructured":"Westrup AMConner AK. Percutaneous thoracic spinal cord stimulator placement. Cureus. 2021;13(3):e13916."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib11","series-title":"Neuromodulation","first-page":"418","article-title":"Outcomes of percutaneous and paddle lead implantation for spinal cord stimulation: a comparative analysis of complications, reoperation rates, and health-care costs","volume":"16","author":"Babu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Babu RHazzard MAHuang KT, et al. Outcomes of percutaneous and paddle lead implantation for spinal cord stimulation: a comparative analysis of complications, reoperation rates, and health-care costs. Neuromodulation. 2013;16(5):418-426."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib12","series-title":"Pain Pract","first-page":"544","article-title":"Percutaneously inserted unilateral lead migration salvaged with a paddle electrode","volume":"20","author":"Oh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oh BHKim HTYim KHPark YS. Percutaneously inserted unilateral lead migration salvaged with a paddle electrode. Pain Pract. 2020;20(5):544-549."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib13","series-title":"Pain Med","first-page":"34","article-title":"Reoperation rates of percutaneous and paddle leads in spinal cord stimulator systems: a single-center retrospective analysis","volume":"22","author":"Antonovich","year":"2021","unstructured":"Antonovich DDGama WRitter A, et al. Reoperation rates of percutaneous and paddle leads in spinal cord stimulator systems: a single-center retrospective analysis. Pain Med. 2021;22(1):34-40."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib14","series-title":"Neuromodulation","first-page":"1059","article-title":"Comparison of characteristics, inpatient outcomes, and trends in percutaneous vs open placement of spinal cord stimulators","volume":"26","author":"Spirollari","year":"2023","unstructured":"Spirollari EVazquez SNg C, et al. Comparison of characteristics, inpatient outcomes, and trends in percutaneous vs open placement of spinal cord stimulators. Neuromodulation. 2023;26(5):1059-1066."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib15","series-title":"Neuromodulation","first-page":"30","article-title":"Accidental subdural spinal cord stimulator lead placement and stimulation","volume":"14","author":"Pope","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pope JEStanton-Hicks M. Accidental subdural spinal cord stimulator lead placement and stimulation. Neuromodulation. 2011;14(1):30-33."},{"key":"bib16","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","first-page":"347","article-title":"Pseudomeningocele and percutaneous intrathecal lead placement complication for spinal cord stimulator","volume":"59","author":"Patel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Patel AKafka BAl Tamimi MA. Pseudomeningocele and percutaneous intrathecal lead placement complication for spinal cord stimulator. J Clin Neurosci. 2019;59:347-349."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib17","series-title":"Neuromodulation","first-page":"731","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors for spinal cord stimulator lead migration with or without loss of efficacy: a retrospective review of 91 consecutive thoracic lead implants","volume":"25","author":"Dombovy-Johnson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dombovy-Johnson MLD\u2019Souza RSHa CTHagedorn JM. Incidence and risk factors for spinal cord stimulator lead migration with or without loss of efficacy: a retrospective review of 91 consecutive thoracic lead implants. Neuromodulation. 2022;25(5):731-737."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib18","series-title":"Neuromodulation","first-page":"123","article-title":"Incidence of clinically significant percutaneous spinal cord stimulator lead migration","volume":"18","author":"Gazelka","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gazelka HMFreeman EDHooten WM, et al. Incidence of clinically significant percutaneous spinal cord stimulator lead migration. Neuromodulation. 2015;18(2):123-125."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib19","series-title":"Pain Pract","first-page":"285","article-title":"Management of cerebral spinal fluid leak complicating spinal cord stimulator implantation","volume":"6","author":"Eldrige","year":"2006","unstructured":"Eldrige JSWeingarten TNRho RH. Management of cerebral spinal fluid leak complicating spinal cord stimulator implantation. Pain Pract. 2006;6(4):285-288."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib20","series-title":"Neuromodulation","first-page":"1095","article-title":"Lead and pulse generator migration after spinal cord stimulation implantation: insights from an analysis of 7322 patients","volume":"26","author":"Speltz Paiz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Speltz Paiz RSKaizer AJain SVDarrow DPShankar HGoel V. Lead and pulse generator migration after spinal cord stimulation implantation: insights from an analysis of 7322 patients. Neuromodulation. 2023;26(5):1095-1101."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib21","series-title":"Pain Phys","first-page":"E79","article-title":"Cephalad lead migration following spinal cord stimulation implantation","volume":"15","author":"McGreevy","year":"2012","unstructured":"McGreevy KWilliams KAChristo PJ. Cephalad lead migration following spinal cord stimulation implantation. Pain Phys. 2012;15(1):E79-E87."},{"key":"bib22","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"47","article-title":"Unusual case of trigeminal neuralgia: first report of intracranial migration of spinal cord stimulator","volume":"128","author":"Young","year":"2019","unstructured":"Young RJiang BTheodore N. Unusual case of trigeminal neuralgia: first report of intracranial migration of spinal cord stimulator. World Neurosurg. 2019;128:47-49."},{"key":"bib23","series-title":"Interdiscip Neurosurg","first-page":"101076","article-title":"Cephalad extraspinal migration of percutaneously implanted spinal cord stimulator electrodes","volume":"24","author":"Farshchian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Farshchian JShapiro SOhanisian LWesolowsky CDorsi MJ. Cephalad extraspinal migration of percutaneously implanted spinal cord stimulator electrodes. Interdiscip Neurosurg. 2021;24:101076."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib24","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"909","article-title":"Assessment: prevention of post-lumbar puncture headaches: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology","volume":"55","author":"Evans","year":"2000","unstructured":"Evans RWArmon CFrohman EMGoodin DS. Assessment: prevention of post-lumbar puncture headaches: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2000;55(7):909-914."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib25","series-title":"Spine J","first-page":"70","article-title":"Paraplegia after lumbosacral nerve root block: report of three cases","volume":"2","author":"Houten","year":"2002","unstructured":"Houten JKErrico TJ. Paraplegia after lumbosacral nerve root block: report of three cases. Spine J. 2002;2(1):70-75."},{"issue":"9","key":"bib26","series-title":"Headache","first-page":"1442","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for headache attributed to spontaneous intracranial hypotension: a perspective","volume":"51","author":"Schievink","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schievink WIDodick DWMokri BSilberstein SBousser MGGoadsby PJ. Diagnostic criteria for headache attributed to spontaneous intracranial hypotension: a perspective. Headache. 2011;51(9):1442-1444."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib1","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"254","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of spinal cord stimulation for treatment of chronic pain: a 20-year literature review","volume":"100","author":"Cameron","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cameron J. Safety and efficacy of spinal cord stimulation for treatment of chronic pain: a 20-year literature review. J Neurosurg. 2004;100(3suppl Spine):254-267."},{"issue":"12","key":"bib2","series-title":"Brain Sci","first-page":"1727","article-title":"Review of treatments for central neuropathic pain","volume":"12","author":"Sheldon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sheldon BLOlmsted ZTSabourin SHeydari EHarland TAPilitsis JG. Review of treatments for central neuropathic pain. Brain Sci. 2022;12(12):1727."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib3","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"990","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation electrode design: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial comparing percutaneous with laminectomy electrodes: part II\u2013clinical outcomes","volume":"57","author":"North","year":"2005","unstructured":"North RBKidd DHPetrucci LDorsi MJ. Spinal cord stimulation electrode design: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial comparing percutaneous with laminectomy electrodes: part II\u2013clinical outcomes. Neurosurgery. 2005;57(5):990-996."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"bib4","series-title":"Pain","first-page":"137","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation for patients with failed back surgery syndrome or complex regional pain syndrome: a systematic review of effectiveness and complications","volume":"108","author":"Turner","year":"2004","unstructured":"Turner JALoeser JDDeyo RASanders SB. Spinal cord stimulation for patients with failed back surgery syndrome or complex regional pain syndrome: a systematic review of effectiveness and complications. Pain. 2004;108(1-2):137-147."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib5","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"191","article-title":"Complications of spinal cord stimulation, suggestions to improve functional outcome, and financial impact","volume":"5","author":"Kumar","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kumar KWilson JRTaylor RSGupta S. Complications of spinal cord stimulation, suggestions to improve functional outcome, and financial impact. J Neurosurg Spine. 2006;5(3):191-203."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib6","series-title":"Pain Pract","first-page":"148","article-title":"Retrospective review of 707 cases of spinal cord stimulation: indications and complications","volume":"11","author":"Mekhail","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mekhail NAMathews MNageeb FGuirguis MMekhail MNCheng J. Retrospective review of 707 cases of spinal cord stimulation: indications and complications. Pain Pract. 2011;11(2):148-153."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib7","series-title":"Neuromodulation","first-page":"603","article-title":"Treatment-limiting complications of percutaneous spinal cord stimulator implants: a review of eight years of experience from an academic center database","volume":"18","author":"Hayek","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hayek SMVeizi EHanes M. Treatment-limiting complications of percutaneous spinal cord stimulator implants: a review of eight years of experience from an academic center database. Neuromodulation. 2015;18(7):603-608."},{"issue":"11","key":"bib8","series-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)","first-page":"689","article-title":"Is spinal cord stimulation safe? A review of 13 years of implantations and complications","volume":"172","author":"Kleiber","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kleiber JCMarlier BBannwarth MTheret EPeruzzi PLitre F. Is spinal cord stimulation safe? A review of 13 years of implantations and complications. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2016;172(11):689-695."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib9","series-title":"Neuromodulation","first-page":"508","article-title":"A temporary vs. permanent anchored percutaneous lead trial of spinal cord stimulation: a comparison of patient outcomes and adverse events","volume":"21","author":"Simopoulos","year":"2018","unstructured":"Simopoulos TSharma SAner MGill JS. A temporary vs. permanent anchored percutaneous lead trial of spinal cord stimulation: a comparison of patient outcomes and adverse events. Neuromodulation. 2018;21(5):508-512."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib10","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e13916","article-title":"Percutaneous thoracic spinal cord stimulator placement","volume":"13","author":"Westrup","year":"2021","unstructured":"Westrup AMConner AK. Percutaneous thoracic spinal cord stimulator placement. Cureus. 2021;13(3):e13916."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib11","series-title":"Neuromodulation","first-page":"418","article-title":"Outcomes of percutaneous and paddle lead implantation for spinal cord stimulation: a comparative analysis of complications, reoperation rates, and health-care costs","volume":"16","author":"Babu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Babu RHazzard MAHuang KT, et al. Outcomes of percutaneous and paddle lead implantation for spinal cord stimulation: a comparative analysis of complications, reoperation rates, and health-care costs. Neuromodulation. 2013;16(5):418-426."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib12","series-title":"Pain Pract","first-page":"544","article-title":"Percutaneously inserted unilateral lead migration salvaged with a paddle electrode","volume":"20","author":"Oh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oh BHKim HTYim KHPark YS. Percutaneously inserted unilateral lead migration salvaged with a paddle electrode. Pain Pract. 2020;20(5):544-549."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib13","series-title":"Pain Med","first-page":"34","article-title":"Reoperation rates of percutaneous and paddle leads in spinal cord stimulator systems: a single-center retrospective analysis","volume":"22","author":"Antonovich","year":"2021","unstructured":"Antonovich DDGama WRitter A, et al. Reoperation rates of percutaneous and paddle leads in spinal cord stimulator systems: a single-center retrospective analysis. Pain Med. 2021;22(1):34-40."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib14","series-title":"Neuromodulation","first-page":"1059","article-title":"Comparison of characteristics, inpatient outcomes, and trends in percutaneous vs open placement of spinal cord stimulators","volume":"26","author":"Spirollari","year":"2023","unstructured":"Spirollari EVazquez SNg C, et al. Comparison of characteristics, inpatient outcomes, and trends in percutaneous vs open placement of spinal cord stimulators. Neuromodulation. 2023;26(5):1059-1066."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib15","series-title":"Neuromodulation","first-page":"30","article-title":"Accidental subdural spinal cord stimulator lead placement and stimulation","volume":"14","author":"Pope","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pope JEStanton-Hicks M. Accidental subdural spinal cord stimulator lead placement and stimulation. Neuromodulation. 2011;14(1):30-33."},{"key":"bib16","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","first-page":"347","article-title":"Pseudomeningocele and percutaneous intrathecal lead placement complication for spinal cord stimulator","volume":"59","author":"Patel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Patel AKafka BAl Tamimi MA. Pseudomeningocele and percutaneous intrathecal lead placement complication for spinal cord stimulator. J Clin Neurosci. 2019;59:347-349."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib17","series-title":"Neuromodulation","first-page":"731","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors for spinal cord stimulator lead migration with or without loss of efficacy: a retrospective review of 91 consecutive thoracic lead implants","volume":"25","author":"Dombovy-Johnson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dombovy-Johnson MLD\u2019Souza RSHa CTHagedorn JM. Incidence and risk factors for spinal cord stimulator lead migration with or without loss of efficacy: a retrospective review of 91 consecutive thoracic lead implants. Neuromodulation. 2022;25(5):731-737."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib18","series-title":"Neuromodulation","first-page":"123","article-title":"Incidence of clinically significant percutaneous spinal cord stimulator lead migration","volume":"18","author":"Gazelka","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gazelka HMFreeman EDHooten WM, et al. Incidence of clinically significant percutaneous spinal cord stimulator lead migration. Neuromodulation. 2015;18(2):123-125."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib19","series-title":"Pain Pract","first-page":"285","article-title":"Management of cerebral spinal fluid leak complicating spinal cord stimulator implantation","volume":"6","author":"Eldrige","year":"2006","unstructured":"Eldrige JSWeingarten TNRho RH. Management of cerebral spinal fluid leak complicating spinal cord stimulator implantation. Pain Pract. 2006;6(4):285-288."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib20","series-title":"Neuromodulation","first-page":"1095","article-title":"Lead and pulse generator migration after spinal cord stimulation implantation: insights from an analysis of 7322 patients","volume":"26","author":"Speltz Paiz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Speltz Paiz RSKaizer AJain SVDarrow DPShankar HGoel V. Lead and pulse generator migration after spinal cord stimulation implantation: insights from an analysis of 7322 patients. Neuromodulation. 2023;26(5):1095-1101."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib21","series-title":"Pain Phys","first-page":"E79","article-title":"Cephalad lead migration following spinal cord stimulation implantation","volume":"15","author":"McGreevy","year":"2012","unstructured":"McGreevy KWilliams KAChristo PJ. Cephalad lead migration following spinal cord stimulation implantation. Pain Phys. 2012;15(1):E79-E87."},{"key":"bib22","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"47","article-title":"Unusual case of trigeminal neuralgia: first report of intracranial migration of spinal cord stimulator","volume":"128","author":"Young","year":"2019","unstructured":"Young RJiang BTheodore N. Unusual case of trigeminal neuralgia: first report of intracranial migration of spinal cord stimulator. World Neurosurg. 2019;128:47-49."},{"key":"bib23","series-title":"Interdiscip Neurosurg","first-page":"101076","article-title":"Cephalad extraspinal migration of percutaneously implanted spinal cord stimulator electrodes","volume":"24","author":"Farshchian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Farshchian JShapiro SOhanisian LWesolowsky CDorsi MJ. Cephalad extraspinal migration of percutaneously implanted spinal cord stimulator electrodes. Interdiscip Neurosurg. 2021;24:101076."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib24","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"909","article-title":"Assessment: prevention of post-lumbar puncture headaches: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology","volume":"55","author":"Evans","year":"2000","unstructured":"Evans RWArmon CFrohman EMGoodin DS. Assessment: prevention of post-lumbar puncture headaches: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2000;55(7):909-914."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib25","series-title":"Spine J","first-page":"70","article-title":"Paraplegia after lumbosacral nerve root block: report of three cases","volume":"2","author":"Houten","year":"2002","unstructured":"Houten JKErrico TJ. Paraplegia after lumbosacral nerve root block: report of three cases. Spine J. 2002;2(1):70-75."},{"issue":"9","key":"bib26","series-title":"Headache","first-page":"1442","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for headache attributed to spontaneous intracranial hypotension: a perspective","volume":"51","author":"Schievink","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schievink WIDodick DWMokri BSilberstein SBousser MGGoadsby PJ. Diagnostic criteria for headache attributed to spontaneous intracranial hypotension: a perspective. 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