{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T00:10:55Z","timestamp":1769731855140,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]],"date-time":"2024-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723420800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Cosmet Laser Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recent anatomical studies have reported the feasibility of the endoscopic endonasal approach to the middle fossa. However, its clinical applicability has been discussed in only a few cases. This article describes the case of a middle fossa epidural abscess successfully drained through a fully endoscopic endonasal corridor and discusses the key technical points.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBSERVATIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The authors describe an 8-year-old boy who presented with worsening headache, fatigue, emesis, and fever and was diagnosed with a left middle fossa epidural abscess associated with sphenoid sinusitis. Following endoscopic sinus surgery performed by a rhinologist, the middle fossa was accessed by removing the maxillary strut through the transmaxillary transpterygoid corridor. Complete drainage of the abscess was confirmed on postoperative magnetic resonance imaging. The patient tolerated the surgery without neurological deficit and demonstrated prompt symptom improvement. He was discharged home after completing a 6-week course of antibiotic therapy and remained free from recurrence at 1 year following surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>LESSONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The endoscopic endonasal approach may be applicable to a middle fossa epidural abscess, resulting in prompt clinical improvement. The maxillary strut is a key structure for entering the middle fossa.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/thejns.org\/doi\/10.3171\/CASE24288\">https:\/\/thejns.org\/doi\/10.3171\/CASE24288<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/case24288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]],"date-time":"2024-08-12T02:46:14Z","timestamp":1723430774000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Endoscopic endonasal drainage of a middle fossa epidural abscess in conjunction with endoscopic sinus surgery: illustrative case"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Hirotaka","family":"Hasegawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenji","family":"Kondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Otorhinolaryngology, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sayaka","family":"Ishihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Showa General Hospital, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Shinya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Kiyofuji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Motoyuki","family":"Umekawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nobuhito","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"bib1","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"131","article-title":"Endoscopic endonasal transrotundum middle fossa exposure: technique of transpterygoid maxillary nerve transposition","volume":"112","author":"Wong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wong RH. Endoscopic endonasal transrotundum middle fossa exposure: technique of transpterygoid maxillary nerve transposition. World Neurosurg. 2018;112:131-137."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib2","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown)","first-page":"522","article-title":"Endoscopic endonasal interdural middle fossa approach to the maxillary nerve: anatomic considerations and surgical relevance","volume":"13","author":"Abhinav","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abhinav KPanczykowski DWang WH, et al. Endoscopic endonasal interdural middle fossa approach to the maxillary nerve: anatomic considerations and surgical relevance. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2017;13(4):522-528."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib3","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"14","article-title":"Intracranial subdural empyemas and epidural abscesses in children","volume":"24","author":"Lundy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lundy PKaufman CGarcia DPartington MDGrabb PA. Intracranial subdural empyemas and epidural abscesses in children. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2019;24(1):14-21."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib4","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"748","article-title":"Cranial extradural empyema in the era of computed tomography: a review of 82 cases","volume":"44","author":"Nathoo","year":"1999","unstructured":"Nathoo NNadvi SSvan Dellen JR. Cranial extradural empyema in the era of computed tomography: a review of 82 cases. Neurosurgery. 1999;44(4):748-753."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib5","series-title":"Brain Dev","first-page":"359","article-title":"Twelve-year-old girl with intracranial epidural abscess and sphenoiditis","volume":"36","author":"Seto","year":"2014","unstructured":"Seto TTakesada HMatsushita N, et al. Twelve-year-old girl with intracranial epidural abscess and sphenoiditis. Brain Dev. 2014;36(4):359-361."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib6","series-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol","first-page":"868","article-title":"Management and outcomes in children with sinogenic intracranial abscesses","volume":"79","author":"Patel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Patel APMasterson LDeutsch CJScoffings DJFish BM. Management and outcomes in children with sinogenic intracranial abscesses. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2015;79(6):868-873."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib7","series-title":"Lancet Neurol","first-page":"292","article-title":"Epidural abscesses of the CNS","volume":"8","author":"Pradilla","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pradilla GArdila GPHsu WRigamonti D. Epidural abscesses of the CNS. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8(3):292-300."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib8","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"191","article-title":"Intracranial suppuration: a clinical comparison of subdural empyemas and epidural abscesses","volume":"59","author":"Tsai","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tsai YDChang WNShen CC, et al. Intracranial suppuration: a clinical comparison of subdural empyemas and epidural abscesses. Surg Neurol. 2003;59(3):191-196."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib9","series-title":"Am J Otolaryngol","first-page":"25","article-title":"Intracranial complications of sinusitis: what is the role of endoscopic sinus surgery in the acute setting","volume":"31","author":"DelGaudio","year":"2010","unstructured":"DelGaudio JMEvans SHSobol SEParikh SL. Intracranial complications of sinusitis: what is the role of endoscopic sinus surgery in the acute setting. Am J Otolaryngol. 2010;31(1):25-28."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib10","series-title":"Clin Imaging","first-page":"382","article-title":"Epidural hematoma as a complication of sphenoid sinusitis and epidural abscess","volume":"26","author":"Moonis","year":"2002","unstructured":"Moonis GGranados ASimon SL. Epidural hematoma as a complication of sphenoid sinusitis and epidural abscess. Clin Imaging. 2002;26(6):382-385."},{"issue":"9","key":"bib11","series-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol","first-page":"1183","article-title":"Microbiology and antimicrobial treatment of orbital and intracranial complications of sinusitis in children and their management","volume":"73","author":"Brook","year":"2009","unstructured":"Brook I. Microbiology and antimicrobial treatment of orbital and intracranial complications of sinusitis in children and their management. 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Embryology and developmental anatomy. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2003;38(1):2-8."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib17","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"169","article-title":"Tumors of the skull base in children and adolescents","volume":"100","author":"Hanbali","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hanbali FTabrizi PLang FFDeMonte F. Tumors of the skull base in children and adolescents. J Neurosurg. 2004;100(2):169-178."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib18","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"200","article-title":"Cranioplasty in children","volume":"21","author":"Josan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Josan VASgouros SWalsh ARDover MSNishikawa HHockley AD. Cranioplasty in children. Childs Nerv Syst. 2005;21(3):200-204."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib19","series-title":"Am J Otolaryngol","first-page":"310","article-title":"Endoscopic transsphenoidal drainage of an epidural abscess","volume":"15","author":"Gerber","year":"1994","unstructured":"Gerber MEMyer CMIIIBerger TSPrenger EC. Endoscopic transsphenoidal drainage of an epidural abscess. Am J Otolaryngol. 1994;15(4):310-314."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib20","series-title":"J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","first-page":"401","article-title":"Endoscopic transnasal drainage of frontal epidural abscesses","volume":"40","author":"Sommer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sommer DDMinet WSingh SK. Endoscopic transnasal drainage of frontal epidural abscesses. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2011;40(5):401-406."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib21","series-title":"Isr Med Assoc J","first-page":"239","article-title":"Endonasal endoscopic drainage of frontal lobe epidural abscess","volume":"10","author":"Eviatar","year":"2008","unstructured":"Eviatar ELavi RFridental IGavriel H. Endonasal endoscopic drainage of frontal lobe epidural abscess. Isr Med Assoc J. 2008;10(3):239-240."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib22","series-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg","first-page":"213","article-title":"The eyebrow approach for the management of pediatric frontal epidural abscesses secondary to diffuse sinusitis","volume":"57","author":"Hallak","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hallak HAbou-Al-Shaar HMallela AN, et al. The eyebrow approach for the management of pediatric frontal epidural abscesses secondary to diffuse sinusitis. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2022;57(3):213-221."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib23","series-title":"Laryngoscope","first-page":"1739","article-title":"Endoscopic endonasal approach to the maxillary strut: anatomical review and case series","volume":"124","author":"Grewal","year":"2014","unstructured":"Grewal SSKurbanov AAnaizi AKeller JTTheodosopoulos PVZimmer LA. Endoscopic endonasal approach to the maxillary strut: anatomical review and case series. 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Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2023;37(3):291-297."},{"key":"bib26","series-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol","first-page":"147","article-title":"Intracranial complications of acute sinusitis in children: the role of endoscopic sinus surgery","volume":"110","author":"Kou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kou YFKilleen DWhittemore B, et al. Intracranial complications of acute sinusitis in children: the role of endoscopic sinus surgery. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2018;110:147-151."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib27","series-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg","first-page":"293","article-title":"Surgical treatment outcome of subdural empyema: a clinical study","volume":"42","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yilmaz NKiymaz NYilmaz C, et al. Surgical treatment outcome of subdural empyema: a clinical study. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2006;42(5):293-298."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib28","series-title":"JAMA Surg","first-page":"784","article-title":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guideline for the prevention of surgical site infection, 2017","volume":"152","author":"Berr\u00edos-Torres","year":"2017","unstructured":"Berr\u00edos-Torres SIUmscheid CABratzler DW, et al. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guideline for the prevention of surgical site infection, 2017. JAMA Surg. 2017;152(8):784-791."},{"key":"bib1","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"131","article-title":"Endoscopic endonasal transrotundum middle fossa exposure: technique of transpterygoid maxillary nerve transposition","volume":"112","author":"Wong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wong RH. Endoscopic endonasal transrotundum middle fossa exposure: technique of transpterygoid maxillary nerve transposition. World Neurosurg. 2018;112:131-137."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib2","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown)","first-page":"522","article-title":"Endoscopic endonasal interdural middle fossa approach to the maxillary nerve: anatomic considerations and surgical relevance","volume":"13","author":"Abhinav","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abhinav KPanczykowski DWang WH, et al. Endoscopic endonasal interdural middle fossa approach to the maxillary nerve: anatomic considerations and surgical relevance. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2017;13(4):522-528."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib3","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"14","article-title":"Intracranial subdural empyemas and epidural abscesses in children","volume":"24","author":"Lundy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lundy PKaufman CGarcia DPartington MDGrabb PA. Intracranial subdural empyemas and epidural abscesses in children. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2019;24(1):14-21."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib4","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"748","article-title":"Cranial extradural empyema in the era of computed tomography: a review of 82 cases","volume":"44","author":"Nathoo","year":"1999","unstructured":"Nathoo NNadvi SSvan Dellen JR. Cranial extradural empyema in the era of computed tomography: a review of 82 cases. Neurosurgery. 1999;44(4):748-753."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib5","series-title":"Brain Dev","first-page":"359","article-title":"Twelve-year-old girl with intracranial epidural abscess and sphenoiditis","volume":"36","author":"Seto","year":"2014","unstructured":"Seto TTakesada HMatsushita N, et al. Twelve-year-old girl with intracranial epidural abscess and sphenoiditis. 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Lancet Neurol. 2009;8(3):292-300."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib8","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"191","article-title":"Intracranial suppuration: a clinical comparison of subdural empyemas and epidural abscesses","volume":"59","author":"Tsai","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tsai YDChang WNShen CC, et al. Intracranial suppuration: a clinical comparison of subdural empyemas and epidural abscesses. Surg Neurol. 2003;59(3):191-196."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib9","series-title":"Am J Otolaryngol","first-page":"25","article-title":"Intracranial complications of sinusitis: what is the role of endoscopic sinus surgery in the acute setting","volume":"31","author":"DelGaudio","year":"2010","unstructured":"DelGaudio JMEvans SHSobol SEParikh SL. Intracranial complications of sinusitis: what is the role of endoscopic sinus surgery in the acute setting. Am J Otolaryngol. 2010;31(1):25-28."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib10","series-title":"Clin Imaging","first-page":"382","article-title":"Epidural hematoma as a complication of sphenoid sinusitis and epidural abscess","volume":"26","author":"Moonis","year":"2002","unstructured":"Moonis GGranados ASimon SL. Epidural hematoma as a complication of sphenoid sinusitis and epidural abscess. Clin Imaging. 2002;26(6):382-385."},{"issue":"9","key":"bib11","series-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol","first-page":"1183","article-title":"Microbiology and antimicrobial treatment of orbital and intracranial complications of sinusitis in children and their management","volume":"73","author":"Brook","year":"2009","unstructured":"Brook I. Microbiology and antimicrobial treatment of orbital and intracranial complications of sinusitis in children and their management. 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J Neurol Surg B. 2018;79(1):3-12."},{"issue":"2-3","key":"bib14","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"103","article-title":"Application of skull base techniques to pediatric neurosurgery","volume":"15","author":"Teo","year":"1999","unstructured":"Teo CDornhoffer JHanna EBower C. Application of skull base techniques to pediatric neurosurgery. Childs Nerv Syst. 1999;15(2-3):103-109."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib15","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"33","article-title":"Craniofacial access in children","volume":"140","author":"Lang","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lang DANeil-Dwyer GEvans BTHoneybul S. Craniofacial access in children. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1998;140(1):33-40."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib16","series-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg","first-page":"2","article-title":"Pediatric skull base surgery. 1. Embryology and developmental anatomy","volume":"38","author":"Gruber","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gruber DPBrockmeyer D. Pediatric skull base surgery. 1. 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