{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T09:04:32Z","timestamp":1769936672713,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729468800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Cosmet Laser Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]]},"abstract":"\n BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n Giant cell arteritis (GCA) infrequently presents with progressive symptomatic vertebrobasilar stenosis. Vertebrobasilar GCA is often refractory to medical treatments and can lead to short-term ischemic stroke recurrence, which is associated with a poor prognosis. Endovascular treatment (EVT) is a therapeutic option; however, the optimal timing and indications for its application remain unclear.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n OBSERVATIONS<\/jats:title>\n This study reports two patients with vertebrobasilar GCA who exhibited repeated ischemic strokes in the vertebrobasilar territory, along with progressive severe stenosis and occlusion of the bilateral vertebral arteries, despite receiving medical therapy. They were successfully treated with balloon angioplasty, and there were no subsequent occurrences of stroke or restenosis.<\/jats:p>\n A review was conducted of six cases of vertebrobasilar GCA treated with EVT. All patients had bilateral lesions and experienced recurrent strokes within 30 days. Angiography suggested ischemic complications in vertebrobasilar GCA resulting from hemodynamic ischemia caused by stenosis rather than intradural vasculitis. The improved blood flow through EVT alleviated patient symptoms and prevented recurrent strokes.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n LESSONS<\/jats:title>\n Some patients with vertebrobasilar GCA exhibit rapid stenosis progression and repeated hemodynamic ischemia despite medical therapy. EVT is a potential strategy for treating medically refractory vertebrobasilar GCA. Performing EVT prior to recurrent infarctions can lead to favorable outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n \n https:\/\/thejns.org\/doi\/10.3171\/CASE24404<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/case24404","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T20:00:54Z","timestamp":1729540854000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Endovascular treatment for aggressive vertebrobasilar stenosis due to giant cell arteritis: illustrative cases"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Ryosuke","family":"Mizuta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Toyama Prefectural Central Hospital, Toyama, Toyama, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shoji","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Toyama Prefectural Central Hospital, Toyama, Toyama, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keita","family":"Kawabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Toyama Prefectural Central Hospital, Toyama, Toyama, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroki","family":"Seto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Toyama Prefectural Central Hospital, Toyama, Toyama, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomoaki","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masakazu","family":"Sano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Toyama Prefectural Central Hospital, Toyama, Toyama, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hitoshi","family":"Hasegawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Oishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"bib1","series-title":"J Rheumatol","first-page":"297","article-title":"Giant cell arteritis-related stroke: a retrospective multicenter case-control study","volume":"44","author":"de Boysson","year":"2017","unstructured":"de Boysson HLiozon ELarivi\u00e8re D, et al. Giant cell arteritis-related stroke: a retrospective multicenter case-control study. J Rheumatol. 2017;44(3):297-303."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib2","series-title":"Ann Neurol","first-page":"118","article-title":"Characterization of extracranial giant cell arteritis with intracranial involvement and its rapidly progressive subtype","volume":"90","author":"Beuker","year":"2021","unstructured":"Beuker CWankner MCThomas C, et al. Characterization of extracranial giant cell arteritis with intracranial involvement and its rapidly progressive subtype. Ann Neurol. 2021;90(1):118-129."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib3","series-title":"Med (Baltim)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bilateral vertebral artery occlusion resulting from giant cell arteritis: report of 3 cases and review of the literature","volume":"82","author":"R\u00fcegg","year":"2003","unstructured":"R\u00fcegg SEngelter SJeanneret C, et al. Bilateral vertebral artery occlusion resulting from giant cell arteritis: report of 3 cases and review of the literature. Med (Baltim). 2003;82(1):1-12."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib4","series-title":"RMD Open","first-page":"e000612","article-title":"Imaging in diagnosis, outcome prediction and monitoring of large vessel vasculitis: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis informing the EULAR recommendations","volume":"4","author":"Duftner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Duftner CDejaco CSepriano AFalzon LSchmidt WARamiro S. Imaging in diagnosis, outcome prediction and monitoring of large vessel vasculitis: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis informing the EULAR recommendations. RMD Open. 2018;4(1):e000612."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib5","series-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol","first-page":"1349","article-title":"2021 American College of Rheumatology\/Vasculitis Foundation guideline for the management of giant cell arteritis and takayasu arteritis","volume":"73","author":"Maz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Maz MChung SAAbril A, et al. 2021 American College of Rheumatology\/Vasculitis Foundation guideline for the management of giant cell arteritis and takayasu arteritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2021;73(8):1349-1365."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib6","series-title":"J Neurointerv Surg","first-page":"110","article-title":"Angioplasty and stent placement for complete occlusion of the vertebral artery secondary to giant cell arteritis","volume":"4","author":"Dementovych","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dementovych NMishra RShah QA. Angioplasty and stent placement for complete occlusion of the vertebral artery secondary to giant cell arteritis. J Neurointerv Surg. 2012;4(2):110-113."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib7","series-title":"J Vasc","first-page":"4","article-title":"Fatal spontaneous bilateral vertebral artery dissection in giant cell arteritis (GCA)","volume":"3","author":"Proft","year":"2017","unstructured":"Proft FCzihal MRemi JFesl GWoischke CSchulze Koops H. Fatal spontaneous bilateral vertebral artery dissection in giant cell arteritis (GCA). J Vasc. 2017;3(2):4-5."},{"key":"bib8","series-title":"J Neurol Sci","first-page":"104","article-title":"Successful endovascular therapy for multiple intracranial arterial stenosis associated with medically intractable giant cell arteritis","volume":"384","author":"Togo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Togo MKono THoshi T, et al. Successful endovascular therapy for multiple intracranial arterial stenosis associated with medically intractable giant cell arteritis. J Neurol Sci. 2018;384:104-106."},{"key":"bib9","series-title":"Case Rep Radiol","first-page":"7806395","article-title":"Cerebral phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy in a patient with giant cell arteritis and endovascular therapy","volume":"2018","author":"Steiger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Steiger RWalchhofer LMRietzler A, et al. Cerebral phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy in a patient with giant cell arteritis and endovascular therapy. Case Rep Radiol. 2018;2018:7806395."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib10","series-title":"Neurol (Engl Ed)","first-page":"75","article-title":"Stroke and temporal arteritis: a study of 6 cases. Arteritis temporal e ictus: an\u00e1lisis de 6 casos","volume":"35","author":"Lago","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lago ATembl JIFortea G, et al. Stroke and temporal arteritis: a study of 6 cases. Arteritis temporal e ictus: an\u00e1lisis de 6 casos. Neurol (Engl Ed). 2020;35(2):75-81."},{"key":"bib11","series-title":"Front Neurol","first-page":"287","article-title":"Endovascular treatment of intracerebral giant cell arteritis","volume":"11","author":"Simonsen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Simonsen CZSpeiser LHansen ITJayne Dvon Weitzel-Mudersbach P. Endovascular treatment of intracerebral giant cell arteritis. Front Neurol. 2020;11:287."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib12","series-title":"Mod Rheumatol Case Rep","first-page":"166","article-title":"Intracranial vascular stenosis in giant cell arteritis successfully treated by two balloon angioplasty procedures","volume":"7","author":"Takatsuki","year":"2023","unstructured":"Takatsuki KKojima YIkeuchi YKitayama JTanaka AInoue Y. Intracranial vascular stenosis in giant cell arteritis successfully treated by two balloon angioplasty procedures. Mod Rheumatol Case Rep. 2023;7(1):166-171."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib1","series-title":"J Rheumatol","first-page":"297","article-title":"Giant cell arteritis-related stroke: a retrospective multicenter case-control study","volume":"44","author":"de Boysson","year":"2017","unstructured":"de Boysson HLiozon ELarivi\u00e8re D, et al. Giant cell arteritis-related stroke: a retrospective multicenter case-control study. J Rheumatol. 2017;44(3):297-303."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib2","series-title":"Ann Neurol","first-page":"118","article-title":"Characterization of extracranial giant cell arteritis with intracranial involvement and its rapidly progressive subtype","volume":"90","author":"Beuker","year":"2021","unstructured":"Beuker CWankner MCThomas C, et al. Characterization of extracranial giant cell arteritis with intracranial involvement and its rapidly progressive subtype. Ann Neurol. 2021;90(1):118-129."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib3","series-title":"Med (Baltim)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bilateral vertebral artery occlusion resulting from giant cell arteritis: report of 3 cases and review of the literature","volume":"82","author":"R\u00fcegg","year":"2003","unstructured":"R\u00fcegg SEngelter SJeanneret C, et al. Bilateral vertebral artery occlusion resulting from giant cell arteritis: report of 3 cases and review of the literature. Med (Baltim). 2003;82(1):1-12."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib4","series-title":"RMD Open","first-page":"e000612","article-title":"Imaging in diagnosis, outcome prediction and monitoring of large vessel vasculitis: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis informing the EULAR recommendations","volume":"4","author":"Duftner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Duftner CDejaco CSepriano AFalzon LSchmidt WARamiro S. Imaging in diagnosis, outcome prediction and monitoring of large vessel vasculitis: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis informing the EULAR recommendations. RMD Open. 2018;4(1):e000612."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib5","series-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol","first-page":"1349","article-title":"2021 American College of Rheumatology\/Vasculitis Foundation guideline for the management of giant cell arteritis and takayasu arteritis","volume":"73","author":"Maz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Maz MChung SAAbril A, et al. 2021 American College of Rheumatology\/Vasculitis Foundation guideline for the management of giant cell arteritis and takayasu arteritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2021;73(8):1349-1365."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib6","series-title":"J Neurointerv Surg","first-page":"110","article-title":"Angioplasty and stent placement for complete occlusion of the vertebral artery secondary to giant cell arteritis","volume":"4","author":"Dementovych","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dementovych NMishra RShah QA. Angioplasty and stent placement for complete occlusion of the vertebral artery secondary to giant cell arteritis. J Neurointerv Surg. 2012;4(2):110-113."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib7","series-title":"J Vasc","first-page":"4","article-title":"Fatal spontaneous bilateral vertebral artery dissection in giant cell arteritis (GCA)","volume":"3","author":"Proft","year":"2017","unstructured":"Proft FCzihal MRemi JFesl GWoischke CSchulze Koops H. Fatal spontaneous bilateral vertebral artery dissection in giant cell arteritis (GCA). J Vasc. 2017;3(2):4-5."},{"key":"bib8","series-title":"J Neurol Sci","first-page":"104","article-title":"Successful endovascular therapy for multiple intracranial arterial stenosis associated with medically intractable giant cell arteritis","volume":"384","author":"Togo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Togo MKono THoshi T, et al. Successful endovascular therapy for multiple intracranial arterial stenosis associated with medically intractable giant cell arteritis. J Neurol Sci. 2018;384:104-106."},{"key":"bib9","series-title":"Case Rep Radiol","first-page":"7806395","article-title":"Cerebral phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy in a patient with giant cell arteritis and endovascular therapy","volume":"2018","author":"Steiger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Steiger RWalchhofer LMRietzler A, et al. Cerebral phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy in a patient with giant cell arteritis and endovascular therapy. Case Rep Radiol. 2018;2018:7806395."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib10","series-title":"Neurol (Engl Ed)","first-page":"75","article-title":"Stroke and temporal arteritis: a study of 6 cases. Arteritis temporal e ictus: an\u00e1lisis de 6 casos","volume":"35","author":"Lago","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lago ATembl JIFortea G, et al. Stroke and temporal arteritis: a study of 6 cases. Arteritis temporal e ictus: an\u00e1lisis de 6 casos. Neurol (Engl Ed). 2020;35(2):75-81."},{"key":"bib11","series-title":"Front Neurol","first-page":"287","article-title":"Endovascular treatment of intracerebral giant cell arteritis","volume":"11","author":"Simonsen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Simonsen CZSpeiser LHansen ITJayne Dvon Weitzel-Mudersbach P. Endovascular treatment of intracerebral giant cell arteritis. Front Neurol. 2020;11:287."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib12","series-title":"Mod Rheumatol Case Rep","first-page":"166","article-title":"Intracranial vascular stenosis in giant cell arteritis successfully treated by two balloon angioplasty procedures","volume":"7","author":"Takatsuki","year":"2023","unstructured":"Takatsuki KKojima YIkeuchi YKitayama JTanaka AInoue Y. Intracranial vascular stenosis in giant cell arteritis successfully treated by two balloon angioplasty procedures. 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