{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T14:21:23Z","timestamp":1776090083984,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730073600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Cosmet Laser Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Spinal subarachnoid hematoma of unknown origin is rare. Superficial siderosis has been associated with chronic bleeding from spinal dural defects; however, the relationship between these defects and spinal subarachnoid hematoma remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBSERVATIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A 32-year-old woman presenting with severe back pain and leg weakness exhibited an extensive thoracic spinal hematoma with spinal cord compression on magnetic resonance imaging. Emergency surgery was performed, which revealed a ventral subarachnoid hematoma that was evacuated. A ventral dural defect at the hematoma site and venous bleeding from the surrounding area were observed. Hemostasis was achieved and the defect closed. After surgery, her neurological symptoms quickly resolved. Postoperative spinal angiography showed no vascular lesions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>LESSONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Like superficial siderosis, ventral spinal subarachnoid hematoma can be caused by a spinal dural defect.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/thejns.org\/doi\/10.3171\/CASE24435\">https:\/\/thejns.org\/doi\/10.3171\/CASE24435<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/case24435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T02:44:30Z","timestamp":1730083470000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Spinal subarachnoid hematoma involving a thoracic ventral dural defect: illustrative case"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Ayuka","family":"Tanzawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toru","family":"Tateoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Yagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hideyuki","family":"Yoshioka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masakazu","family":"Ogiwara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Kinouchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"bib1","series-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis","first-page":"351","article-title":"Spontaneous spinal subarachnoid hemorrhage; case report with successful surgical intervention","volume":"117","author":"Espey","year":"1953","unstructured":"Espey FScoville WB. Spontaneous spinal subarachnoid hemorrhage; case report with successful surgical intervention. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1953;117(4):351-352."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib2","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"443","article-title":"Spontaneous spinal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Report of 3 cases","volume":"25","author":"Plotkin","year":"1966","unstructured":"Plotkin RRonthal MFroman C. Spontaneous spinal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Report of 3 cases. J Neurosurg. 1966;25(4):443-446."},{"issue":"5574","key":"bib3","series-title":"Br Med J","first-page":"278","article-title":"Spinal subarachnoid haemorrhage in patient with coarctation of aorta","volume":"4","author":"Watson","year":"1967","unstructured":"Watson AB. Spinal subarachnoid haemorrhage in patient with coarctation of aorta. Br Med J. 1967;4(5574):278-279."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib4","series-title":"No Shinkei Geka","first-page":"593","article-title":"Spontaneous spinal subarachnoidal hematoma\u2014case report (author\u2019s transl)","volume":"3","author":"Owaki","year":"1975","unstructured":"Owaki KNakazawa SYajima KSugiura KYabe Y. Spontaneous spinal subarachnoidal hematoma\u2014case report (author\u2019s transl). Article in Japanese. No Shinkei Geka. 1975;3(7):593-597."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib5","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"534","article-title":"Spinal subarachnoid hematoma of spontaneous origin and complicating anticoagulation. Report of four cases and review of the literature","volume":"21","author":"Gaitzsch","year":"1984","unstructured":"Gaitzsch JBerney J. Spinal subarachnoid hematoma of spontaneous origin and complicating anticoagulation. Report of four cases and review of the literature. Surg Neurol. 1984;21(6):534-538."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib6","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"975","article-title":"Spontaneous spinal subarachnoid hemorrhage and subdural hematoma. Report of two cases","volume":"61","author":"Swann","year":"1984","unstructured":"Swann KWRopper AHNew PFPoletti CE. Spontaneous spinal subarachnoid hemorrhage and subdural hematoma. Report of two cases. J Neurosurg. 1984;61(5):975-980."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib7","series-title":"Neurochirurgia (Stuttg)","first-page":"201","article-title":"Acute spinal cord compression by spontaneous subarachnoid haematoma","volume":"29","author":"Arias","year":"1986","unstructured":"Arias MJ. Acute spinal cord compression by spontaneous subarachnoid haematoma. Neurochirurgia (Stuttg). 1986;29(5):201-202."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib8","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"716","article-title":"Spontaneous chronic spinal subarachnoid hematoma. 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J Orthop Sci. 2023;28(5):966-971."},{"issue":"24","key":"bib17","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"1992","article-title":"Beyond superficial siderosis: introducing \u201cduropathies.\u201d","volume":"78","author":"Kumar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kumar N. Beyond superficial siderosis: introducing \u201cduropathies.\u201d Neurology. 2012;78(24):1992-1999."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib18","series-title":"Ann Neurol","first-page":"1068","article-title":"Superficial siderosis: a clinical review","volume":"89","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kumar N. Superficial siderosis: a clinical review. Ann Neurol. 2021;89(6):1068-1079."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib19","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","first-page":"1","article-title":"Spinal hematoma: a literature survey with meta-analysis of 613 patients","volume":"26","author":"Kreppel","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kreppel DAntoniadis GSeeling W. Spinal hematoma: a literature survey with meta-analysis of 613 patients. Neurosurg Rev. 2003;26(1):1-49."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib20","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"741","article-title":"Spinal subarachnoid hematomas: our experience and literature review","volume":"147","author":"Domenicucci","year":"2005","unstructured":"Domenicucci MRamieri APaolini S, et al. Spinal subarachnoid hematomas: our experience and literature review. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2005;147(7):741-750."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib21","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"691","article-title":"Spontaneous spinal subarachnoid hematoma of unknown pathogenesis: case reports","volume":"41","author":"Komiyama","year":"1997","unstructured":"Komiyama MYasui TSumimoto TFu Y. Spontaneous spinal subarachnoid hematoma of unknown pathogenesis: case reports. 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Interdisc Neurosurg. 2023;31:101709."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib24","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"751","article-title":"Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system associated with intraspinal hemorrhage from ventral thoracic epidural veins and a ventral spinal CSF leak: case report","volume":"26","author":"Takai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Takai KKomori TNiimura MTaniguchi M. Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system associated with intraspinal hemorrhage from ventral thoracic epidural veins and a ventral spinal CSF leak: case report. J Neurosurg Spine. 2017;26(6):751-753."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib25","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"73","article-title":"Successful endoscopic identification of the bleeding source in the ventral dura of the cervical spine in a case of superficial siderosis","volume":"33","author":"Sato","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sato YEndo TInoue TFujimura MTominaga T. Successful endoscopic identification of the bleeding source in the ventral dura of the cervical spine in a case of superficial siderosis. J Neurosurg Spine. 2020;33(1):73-76."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib26","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"106","article-title":"Updating superficial siderosis of the central nervous system: bleeding of a dorsal osteophyte into the subarachnoid space from a perforating artery","volume":"30","author":"Brembilla","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brembilla CLanterna LABonito V, et al. Updating superficial siderosis of the central nervous system: bleeding of a dorsal osteophyte into the subarachnoid space from a perforating artery. J Neurosurg Spine. 2019;30(1):106-110."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib1","series-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis","first-page":"351","article-title":"Spontaneous spinal subarachnoid hemorrhage; case report with successful surgical intervention","volume":"117","author":"Espey","year":"1953","unstructured":"Espey FScoville WB. Spontaneous spinal subarachnoid hemorrhage; case report with successful surgical intervention. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1953;117(4):351-352."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib2","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"443","article-title":"Spontaneous spinal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Report of 3 cases","volume":"25","author":"Plotkin","year":"1966","unstructured":"Plotkin RRonthal MFroman C. Spontaneous spinal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Report of 3 cases. J Neurosurg. 1966;25(4):443-446."},{"issue":"5574","key":"bib3","series-title":"Br Med J","first-page":"278","article-title":"Spinal subarachnoid haemorrhage in patient with coarctation of aorta","volume":"4","author":"Watson","year":"1967","unstructured":"Watson AB. Spinal subarachnoid haemorrhage in patient with coarctation of aorta. Br Med J. 1967;4(5574):278-279."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib4","series-title":"No Shinkei Geka","first-page":"593","article-title":"Spontaneous spinal subarachnoidal hematoma\u2014case report (author\u2019s transl)","volume":"3","author":"Owaki","year":"1975","unstructured":"Owaki KNakazawa SYajima KSugiura KYabe Y. Spontaneous spinal subarachnoidal hematoma\u2014case report (author\u2019s transl). Article in Japanese. No Shinkei Geka. 1975;3(7):593-597."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib5","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"534","article-title":"Spinal subarachnoid hematoma of spontaneous origin and complicating anticoagulation. Report of four cases and review of the literature","volume":"21","author":"Gaitzsch","year":"1984","unstructured":"Gaitzsch JBerney J. Spinal subarachnoid hematoma of spontaneous origin and complicating anticoagulation. Report of four cases and review of the literature. Surg Neurol. 1984;21(6):534-538."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib6","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"975","article-title":"Spontaneous spinal subarachnoid hemorrhage and subdural hematoma. Report of two cases","volume":"61","author":"Swann","year":"1984","unstructured":"Swann KWRopper AHNew PFPoletti CE. Spontaneous spinal subarachnoid hemorrhage and subdural hematoma. Report of two cases. J Neurosurg. 1984;61(5):975-980."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib7","series-title":"Neurochirurgia (Stuttg)","first-page":"201","article-title":"Acute spinal cord compression by spontaneous subarachnoid haematoma","volume":"29","author":"Arias","year":"1986","unstructured":"Arias MJ. Acute spinal cord compression by spontaneous subarachnoid haematoma. Neurochirurgia (Stuttg). 1986;29(5):201-202."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib8","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"716","article-title":"Spontaneous chronic spinal subarachnoid hematoma. Report of a case and review of the literature","volume":"12","author":"Gambacorta","year":"1987","unstructured":"Gambacorta DReale FDe Falco D. Spontaneous chronic spinal subarachnoid hematoma. Report of a case and review of the literature. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1987;12(7):716-718"},{"issue":"11 Spec No","key":"bib9","series-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)","first-page":"842","article-title":"Wide-spread spontaneous spinal subarachnoid hematoma. Case report","volume":"30","author":"Hiyama","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hiyama HShimizu TYato SKobayashi NOno YKakinoki Y. Wide-spread spontaneous spinal subarachnoid hematoma. Case report. Article in Japanese. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1990;30(11 Spec No):842-847."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib10","series-title":"Neurochirurgia (Stuttg)","first-page":"151","article-title":"Spinal subarachnoid hematoma of unknown etiology. A case report","volume":"34","author":"Pau","year":"1991","unstructured":"Pau ABrambilla MCossu MFrancaviglia NSiccardi DSilvestro C. Spinal subarachnoid hematoma of unknown etiology. A case report. Neurochirurgia (Stuttg). 1991;34(5):151-153."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib11","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"133","article-title":"Spontaneous spinal subarachnoid hematoma\u2014case report","volume":"44","author":"Sunada","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sunada IAkano YKidosaki YShimokawa NYamamoto S. Spontaneous spinal subarachnoid hematoma\u2014case report. Surg Neurol. 1995;44(2):133-136."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib12","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"1115","article-title":"Cervical subarachnoid hematoma of unknown origin: case report","volume":"141","author":"Romano","year":"1999","unstructured":"Romano AMarsella MSwamy Nde Courten-Myers GZuccarello M. Cervical subarachnoid hematoma of unknown origin: case report. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1999;141(10):1115-1117."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib13","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"E71","article-title":"Rhabdomyolysis accompanied by spontaneous spinal subdural and subarachnoid hematoma related to amphetamine abuse","volume":"35","author":"Liu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liu CLCheng CHCho DY. Rhabdomyolysis accompanied by spontaneous spinal subdural and subarachnoid hematoma related to amphetamine abuse. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2010;35(2):E71-E73."},{"issue":"11","key":"bib14","series-title":"Eur Spine J","first-page":"2739","article-title":"Acute non-traumatic idiopathic spinal subdural hematoma: radiographic findings and surgical results with a literature review","volume":"26","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kobayashi KImagama SAndo KNishida YIshiguro N. Acute non-traumatic idiopathic spinal subdural hematoma: radiographic findings and surgical results with a literature review. Eur Spine J. 2017;26(11):2739-2743."},{"issue":"2-3","key":"bib15","series-title":"Neurochirurgie","first-page":"93","article-title":"Acute idiopathic spinal subdural hematoma: what to do in an emergency?","volume":"65","author":"Joubert","year":"2019","unstructured":"Joubert CGazzola SSellier ADagain A. Acute idiopathic spinal subdural hematoma: what to do in an emergency? Neurochirurgie. 2019;65(2-3):93-97."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib16","series-title":"J Orthop Sci","first-page":"966","article-title":"Acute non-traumatic spinal subarachnoid hematomas: a report of five cases and a systematic review of literature","volume":"28","author":"Honda","year":"2023","unstructured":"Honda SFujibayashi SOnishi E, et al. Acute non-traumatic spinal subarachnoid hematomas: a report of five cases and a systematic review of literature. 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