{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T09:22:06Z","timestamp":1770110526308,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741564800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Cosmet Laser Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gangliogliomas are low-grade gliomas typically found in the temporal lobes with a low rate of malignant transformation. In rare cases, they may be found in the spinal axis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBSERVATIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An 8-year-old boy presented with 2 months of neck pain and upper extremity incoordination and was found to have a cervicomedullary lesion. An occipital craniectomy and a C1 laminectomy with C2\u20135 laminoplasty were performed for biopsy and partial resection. The pathological diagnosis was consistent with ganglioglioma, and the patient was followed with serial MRI. He presented 1.5 years later with urinary incontinence and a precipitous decline in upper extremity strength. MRI showed expansion of the cervicomedullary junction with new ring enhancement. A repeat biopsy was performed, showing glioblastoma. The patient underwent daily radiotherapy, with improvement in his upper extremity weakness. Subsequently, the patient was started on chemotherapy and required placement of an external drain followed by a programmable ventriculoperitoneal shunt prior to his unfortunate death.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>LESSONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this case, the ganglioglioma arose in the cervical spine, with malignant transformation to glioblastoma 1.5 years after diagnosis. In children with a history of spinal ganglioglioma presenting with bowel\/bladder dysfunction and worsening strength, a differential diagnosis of malignant progression should be kept in mind.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/thejns.org\/doi\/10.3171\/CASE24442\">https:\/\/thejns.org\/doi\/10.3171\/CASE24442<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/case24442","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T02:59:40Z","timestamp":1741575580000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Malignant transformation of cervical ganglioglioma to glioblastoma in a pediatric patient: illustrative case"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Yi-Ren","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lily H.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6102-512X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Donald E.","family":"Born","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Doris P.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"bib1","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"1410","article-title":"Ganglioglioma of the spinal cord: report of two rare cases and review of the literature","volume":"41","author":"Hamburger","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hamburger CB\u00fcttner AWeis S.Ganglioglioma of the spinal cord: report of two rare cases and review of the literature. Neurosurgery. 1997;41(6):1410-1415."},{"key":"bib2","series-title":"Greenfeld's Neuropathology","first-page":"654","article-title":"Tumours of the nervous system: neuronal and neuronal-glial tumours","volume":"2","author":"Lantos","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lantos PLVandenberg SRKleihues P.Tumours of the nervous system: neuronal and neuronal-glial tumours. In: Graham DI, Lantos PL, eds. Greenfeld's Neuropathology. 6th ed; vol 2. Arnold; 1997:654-677."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib3","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"859","article-title":"Central nervous system gangliogliomas. Part 1: Pathology","volume":"79","author":"Miller","year":"1993","unstructured":"Miller DCLang FFEpstein FJ.Central nervous system gangliogliomas. Part 1: Pathology. J Neurosurg. 1993;79(6):859-866."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib4","series-title":"J Neurooncol","first-page":"71","article-title":"Spinal cord gangliogliomas: a review of 56 patients","volume":"68","author":"Jallo","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jallo GIFreed DEpstein FJ.Spinal cord gangliogliomas: a review of 56 patients. J Neurooncol. 2004;68(1):71-77."},{"key":"bib5","series-title":"Tumours of Central Neuroepithelial Origin","author":"Russell","year":"1989","unstructured":"Russell DSRubinstein LJ.Tumours of Central Neuroepithelial Origin. Williams and Wilkins; 1989."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib6","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"547","article-title":"Intramedullary spinal cord ganglioglioma: a report of five cases","volume":"142","author":"Park","year":"2000","unstructured":"Park CKChung CKChoe GYWang KCCho BKKim HJ.Intramedullary spinal cord ganglioglioma: a report of five cases. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2000;142(5):547-552."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib7","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"867","article-title":"Central nervous system gangliogliomas. Part 2: clinical outcome","volume":"79","author":"Lang","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lang FFEpstein FJRansohoff J.Central nervous system gangliogliomas. Part 2: clinical outcome. J Neurosurg. 1993;79(6):867-873."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib8","series-title":"J Neurooncol","first-page":"313","article-title":"Malignant transformation of conus medullaris ganglioglioma: case report","volume":"82","author":"Amini","year":"2007","unstructured":"Amini AChin SSSchmidt MH.Malignant transformation of conus medullaris ganglioglioma: case report. J Neurooncol. 2007;82(3):313-315."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib9","series-title":"Histopathology","first-page":"439","article-title":"Cerebral ganglioglioma with anaplastic oligodendroglial component","volume":"17","author":"Allegranza","year":"1990","unstructured":"Allegranza APileri SFrank GFerracini R.Cerebral ganglioglioma with anaplastic oligodendroglial component. Histopathology. 1990;17(5):439-441."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib10","series-title":"Cancer","first-page":"989","article-title":"Ganglioglioma: an ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study","volume":"79","author":"Hirose","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hirose TScheithauer BWLopes MBGerber HAAltermatt HJVandenBerg SR.Ganglioglioma: an ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study. Cancer. 1997;79(5):989-1003."},{"issue":"11","key":"bib11","series-title":"Cancer","first-page":"2862","article-title":"Malignant transformation in a ganglioglioma with anaplastic neuronal and astrocytic components: report of a case with flow cytometric and cytogenetic analysis","volume":"73","author":"Jay","year":"1994","unstructured":"Jay VSquire JBecker LEHumphreys R.Malignant transformation in a ganglioglioma with anaplastic neuronal and astrocytic components: report of a case with flow cytometric and cytogenetic analysis. Cancer. 1994;73(11):2862-2868."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib12","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"1038","article-title":"Radiation therapy and malignant degeneration of benign supratentorial gangliogliomas","volume":"42","author":"Rumana","year":"1998","unstructured":"Rumana CSValadka AB.Radiation therapy and malignant degeneration of benign supratentorial gangliogliomas. 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J Neurosurg. 1993;79(6):867-873."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib8","series-title":"J Neurooncol","first-page":"313","article-title":"Malignant transformation of conus medullaris ganglioglioma: case report","volume":"82","author":"Amini","year":"2007","unstructured":"Amini AChin SSSchmidt MH.Malignant transformation of conus medullaris ganglioglioma: case report. J Neurooncol. 2007;82(3):313-315."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib9","series-title":"Histopathology","first-page":"439","article-title":"Cerebral ganglioglioma with anaplastic oligodendroglial component","volume":"17","author":"Allegranza","year":"1990","unstructured":"Allegranza APileri SFrank GFerracini R.Cerebral ganglioglioma with anaplastic oligodendroglial component. Histopathology. 1990;17(5):439-441."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib10","series-title":"Cancer","first-page":"989","article-title":"Ganglioglioma: an ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study","volume":"79","author":"Hirose","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hirose TScheithauer BWLopes MBGerber HAAltermatt HJVandenBerg SR.Ganglioglioma: an ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study. Cancer. 1997;79(5):989-1003."},{"issue":"11","key":"bib11","series-title":"Cancer","first-page":"2862","article-title":"Malignant transformation in a ganglioglioma with anaplastic neuronal and astrocytic components: report of a case with flow cytometric and cytogenetic analysis","volume":"73","author":"Jay","year":"1994","unstructured":"Jay VSquire JBecker LEHumphreys R.Malignant transformation in a ganglioglioma with anaplastic neuronal and astrocytic components: report of a case with flow cytometric and cytogenetic analysis. 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