{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T03:46:12Z","timestamp":1789962372172,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]],"date-time":"2024-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731283200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Cosmet Laser Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]]},"abstract":"\n BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n Clazosentan, a selective endothelin A receptor antagonist, effectively prevents cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Although various adverse effects have been reported, there have been no specific case reports of clazosentan-associated focal brain edema. This report highlights a rare complication associated with clazosentan treatment.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n OBSERVATIONS<\/jats:title>\n A female in her 70s with a subarachnoid hemorrhage underwent surgical clipping of a ruptured middle cerebral artery aneurysm and received clazosentan postoperatively. Six days after surgery, magnetic resonance imaging revealed high-intensity signals in the left basal ganglia on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery and apparent diffusion coefficient sequences without changes on diffusion-weighted imaging. The patient\u2019s right-sided hemiparesis and disturbance of consciousness gradually progressed. On day 9, clazosentan was discontinued because of suspected adverse effects. Within approximately 2 weeks of discontinuation, both imaging findings and neurological symptoms improved. The temporal relationship between clazosentan administration, symptom onset, and improvement after discontinuation strongly suggested clazosentan-induced vasogenic edema.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n LESSONS<\/jats:title>\n Clazosentan can cause reversible localized vasogenic brain edema in the basal ganglia following subarachnoid hemorrhage treatment. This rare but significant complication underscores the importance of careful neurological monitoring and timely imaging in patients receiving clazosentan. Further research is required to understand the risk factors and mechanisms underlying this phenomenon.<\/jats:p>\n \n https:\/\/thejns.org\/doi\/10.3171\/CASE24567<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/case24567","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]],"date-time":"2024-11-11T01:46:16Z","timestamp":1731289576000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Clazosentan-induced reversible focal brain edema in basal ganglia following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage treatment: illustrative case"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Oishi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Komaki City Hospital, Komaki, Aichi, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takenori","family":"Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Komaki City Hospital, Komaki, Aichi, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshinori","family":"Hasegawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Komaki City Hospital, Komaki, Aichi, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takehiro","family":"Naito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Komaki City Hospital, Komaki, Aichi, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akihiro","family":"Mizuno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Komaki City Hospital, Komaki, Aichi, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akinori","family":"Kageyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Komaki City Hospital, Komaki, Aichi, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yosuke","family":"Sakai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Komaki City Hospital, Komaki, Aichi, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"bib1","series-title":"Transl Stroke Res","first-page":"432","article-title":"Early brain injury, an evolving frontier in subarachnoid hemorrhage research","volume":"4","author":"Fujii","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fujii MYan JRolland WBSoejima YCaner BZhang JH. Early brain injury, an evolving frontier in subarachnoid hemorrhage research. Transl Stroke Res. 2013;4(4):432-446."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib2","series-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther","first-page":"1096","article-title":"Clinical and experimental aspects of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"25","author":"Daou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Daou BJKoduri SThompson BGChaudhary NPandey AS. Clinical and experimental aspects of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2019;25(10):1096-1112."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib3","series-title":"Med (Kaunas Lith)","first-page":"185","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary events of the elderly (\u226575 years) during clazosentan therapy after subarachnoid hemorrhage: a retrospective study from a tertiary stroke center in Japan","volume":"60","author":"Mutoh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mutoh TAono HSeto W, et al. Cardiopulmonary events of the elderly (\u226575 years) during clazosentan therapy after subarachnoid hemorrhage: a retrospective study from a tertiary stroke center in Japan. Med (Kaunas Lith). 2024;60(1):185."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib4","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"1208","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of clazosentan after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: an updated meta-analysis","volume":"93","author":"Pontes","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pontes JPMSantos MDCGibram FC, et al. Efficacy and safety of clazosentan after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: an updated meta-analysis. Neurosurgery. 2023;93(6):1208-1219."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib5","series-title":"Crit Care","first-page":"R198","article-title":"Endothelin-receptor antagonists for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: an updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"16","author":"Ma","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ma JHuang SMa LLiu YLi HYou C. Endothelin-receptor antagonists for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: an updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Care. 2012;16(5):R198."},{"key":"bib6","series-title":"World Neurosurg X","first-page":"100253","article-title":"Initial real-world experience of clazosentan for subarachnoid hemorrhage in Japan","volume":"21","author":"Maeda","year":"2024","unstructured":"Maeda TOkawara MOsakabe MYamaguchi HMaeda TKurita H. Initial real-world experience of clazosentan for subarachnoid hemorrhage in Japan. World Neurosurg X. 2024;21:100253."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib7","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","first-page":"195","article-title":"Real-world data of clazosentan in combination therapy for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a multicenter retrospective cohort study","volume":"46","author":"Muraoka","year":"2023","unstructured":"Muraoka SAsai TFukui T, et al. Real-world data of clazosentan in combination therapy for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a multicenter retrospective cohort study. Neurosurg Rev. 2023;46(1):195."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib8","series-title":"Mol Med Report","first-page":"5229","article-title":"Role of endothelin1 and its receptors in cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"18","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cheng YWLi WJDou XJ, et al. Role of endothelin1 and its receptors in cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Mol Med Report. 2018;18(6):5229-5236."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib9","series-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther","first-page":"322","article-title":"Endothelin ETA Receptor Blockade, by activating ETB receptors, increases vascular permeability and induces exaggerated fluid retention","volume":"361","author":"Vercauteren","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vercauteren MTrensz FPasquali A, et al. Endothelin ETA Receptor Blockade, by activating ETB receptors, increases vascular permeability and induces exaggerated fluid retention. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2017;361(2):322-333."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib10","series-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab","first-page":"1669","article-title":"Role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase for early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage in mice","volume":"41","author":"Lenz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lenz IJPlesnila NTerpolilli NA. Role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase for early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2021;41(7):1669-1681."},{"key":"bib11","series-title":"Front Aging Neurosci","first-page":"611494","article-title":"The involvement of aquaporin-4 in the interstitial fluid drainage impairment following subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu EPeng XMa H, et al. The involvement of aquaporin-4 in the interstitial fluid drainage impairment following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Front Aging Neurosci. 2020;12:611494."},{"key":"bib12","series-title":"J Neuroinflammation","first-page":"223","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide-induced blood-brain barrier disruption: roles of cyclooxygenase, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and elements of the neurovascular unit","volume":"12","author":"Banks","year":"2015","unstructured":"Banks WAGray AMErickson MA, et al. Lipopolysaccharide-induced blood-brain barrier disruption: roles of cyclooxygenase, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and elements of the neurovascular unit. J Neuroinflammation. 2015;12:223."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib13","series-title":"J Neurochem","first-page":"867","article-title":"Exogenous arachidonic acid mediates permeability of human brain microvessel endothelial cells through prostaglandin E2 activation of EP3 and EP4 receptors","volume":"135","author":"Dalvi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dalvi SNguyen HHOn N, et al. Exogenous arachidonic acid mediates permeability of human brain microvessel endothelial cells through prostaglandin E2 activation of EP3 and EP4 receptors. J Neurochem. 2015;135(5):867-879."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib14","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1707","article-title":"Effects of clazosentan on cerebral vasospasm-related morbidity and all-cause mortality after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: two randomized phase 3 trials in Japanese patients","volume":"137","author":"Endo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Endo HHagihara YKimura N, et al. Effects of clazosentan on cerebral vasospasm-related morbidity and all-cause mortality after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: two randomized phase 3 trials in Japanese patients. J Neurosurg. 2022;137(6):1707-1717."},{"key":"bib15","series-title":"J Neurosurg","article-title":"REACT: a randomized trial to assess the efficacy and safety of clazosentan for preventing clinical deterioration","author":"Mayer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mayer SABruder NCiterio G, et al. REACT: a randomized trial to assess the efficacy and safety of clazosentan for preventing clinical deterioration due to delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. Published online August 9, 2024. doi: 10.3171\/2024.4.JNS232191."},{"key":"bib16","series-title":"Front Pharmacol","first-page":"628956","article-title":"Clinical Pharmacology of clazosentan, a selective endothelin A receptor antagonist for the prevention and treatment of aSAH-related cerebral vasospasm","volume":"11","author":"Juif","year":"2020","unstructured":"Juif PEDingemanse JUfer M. Clinical Pharmacology of clazosentan, a selective endothelin A receptor antagonist for the prevention and treatment of aSAH-related cerebral vasospasm. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11:628956."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib17","series-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol","first-page":"W258","article-title":"Cerebral edema","volume":"199","author":"Ho","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ho MLRojas REisenberg RL. Cerebral edema. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2012;199(3):W258-W273."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib18","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"331","article-title":"Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of the brain","volume":"217","author":"Schaefer","year":"2000","unstructured":"Schaefer PWGrant PEGonzalez RG. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of the brain. Radiology. 2000;217(2):331-345."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib19","series-title":"Int J Mol Sci","first-page":"9949","article-title":"Pathogenesis of brain edema and investigation into anti-edema drugs","volume":"16","author":"Michinaga","year":"2015","unstructured":"Michinaga SKoyama Y. Pathogenesis of brain edema and investigation into anti-edema drugs. Int J Mol Sci. 2015;16(5):9949-9975."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib20","series-title":"Int J Mol Sci","first-page":"1788","article-title":"The role of neurogenic inflammation in blood-brain barrier disruption and development of cerebral oedema following acute central nervous system (CNS) injury","volume":"18","author":"Sorby-Adams","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sorby-Adams AJMarcoionni AMDempsey ERWoenig JATurner RJ. The role of neurogenic inflammation in blood-brain barrier disruption and development of cerebral oedema following acute central nervous system (CNS) injury. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(8):1788."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib21","series-title":"Lancet Neurol","first-page":"258","article-title":"Brain oedema in focal ischaemia: molecular pathophysiology and theoretical implications","volume":"6","author":"Simard","year":"2007","unstructured":"Simard JMKent TAChen MTarasov KVGerzanich V. Brain oedema in focal ischaemia: molecular pathophysiology and theoretical implications. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6(3):258-268."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib22","series-title":"Interv Neuroradiol","first-page":"67","article-title":"Long-term MRI findings of muslin-induced foreign body granulomas after aneurysm wrapping. A report of two cases and literature review","volume":"20","author":"Slater","year":"2014","unstructured":"Slater LAChandra RVHolt MDanks AChong W. Long-term MRI findings of muslin-induced foreign body granulomas after aneurysm wrapping. A report of two cases and literature review. Interv Neuroradiol. 2014;20(1):67-73."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib23","series-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)","first-page":"482","article-title":"Possible delayed foreign body reactions against titanium clips and coating materials after unruptured cerebral aneurysm surgery","volume":"63","author":"Tatezawa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tatezawa RSugiyama TGotoh S, et al. Possible delayed foreign body reactions against titanium clips and coating materials after unruptured cerebral aneurysm surgery. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2023;63(10):482-489."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib24","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"621","article-title":"Clinical features of postoperative cerebral venous infarction","volume":"147","author":"Nakase","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nakase HShin YNakagawa IKimura RSakaki T. Clinical features of postoperative cerebral venous infarction. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2005;147(6):621-626."},{"key":"bib25","series-title":"Front Surg","first-page":"847429","article-title":"Intracranial venous alteration in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: protocol for the prospective and observational SAH multicenter study (SMS)","volume":"9","author":"Umana","year":"2022","unstructured":"Umana GETomasi SOPalmisciano P, et al. Intracranial venous alteration in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: protocol for the prospective and observational SAH multicenter study (SMS). Front Surg. 2022;9:847429."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib26","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"9199","article-title":"Comparison of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage grading scores in patients with aneurysm clipping and coiling","volume":"10","author":"Fang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fang YLu JZheng J, et al. Comparison of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage grading scores in patients with aneurysm clipping and coiling. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):9199."},{"key":"bib27","series-title":"Front Neurol","first-page":"654419","article-title":"Increase in brain volume after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage leads to unfavorable outcome: a retrospective study quantified by CT scan","volume":"12","author":"Qin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Qin BXiang YZheng J, et al. Increase in brain volume after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage leads to unfavorable outcome: a retrospective study quantified by CT scan. Front Neurol. 2021;12:654419."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib28","series-title":"Stroke","first-page":"1534","article-title":"Global cerebral edema and brain metabolism after subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"42","author":"Helbok","year":"2011","unstructured":"Helbok RKo SBSchmidt JM, et al. Global cerebral edema and brain metabolism after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2011;42(6):1534-1539."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib29","series-title":"Stroke","first-page":"1225","article-title":"Global cerebral edema after subarachnoid hemorrhage: frequency, predictors, and impact on outcome","volume":"33","author":"Claassen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Claassen JCarhuapoma JRKreiter KTDu EYConnolly ESMayer SA. Global cerebral edema after subarachnoid hemorrhage: frequency, predictors, and impact on outcome. Stroke. 2002;33(5):1225-1232."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib30","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"137","article-title":"The subarachnoid hemorrhage early brain edema score predicts delayed cerebral ischemia and clinical outcomes","volume":"83","author":"Ahn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ahn SHSavarraj JPPervez M, et al. The subarachnoid hemorrhage early brain edema score predicts delayed cerebral ischemia and clinical outcomes. Neurosurgery. 2018;83(1):137-145."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib31","series-title":"Neurocrit Care","first-page":"301","article-title":"Mechanisms of global cerebral edema formation in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"26","author":"Hayman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hayman EGWessell AGerzanich VSheth KNSimard JM. Mechanisms of global cerebral edema formation in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2017;26(2):301-310."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib32","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"431","article-title":"Features of the cerebral vascular pattern that predict vulnerability to perfusion or oxygenation deficiency: an anatomic study","volume":"11","author":"Moody","year":"1990","unstructured":"Moody DMBell MAChalla VR. Features of the cerebral vascular pattern that predict vulnerability to perfusion or oxygenation deficiency: an anatomic study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1990;11(3):431-439."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib33","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e38733","article-title":"Reversible bilateral basal ganglia lesions due to multifactorial toxic-metabolic disorders","volume":"15","author":"Costa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Costa OPinto JSantos AF. Reversible bilateral basal ganglia lesions due to multifactorial toxic-metabolic disorders. Cureus. 2023;15(5):e38733."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib34","series-title":"Acta Neurol Taiwan","first-page":"226","article-title":"The syndrome of bilateral basal ganglia lesions in diabetic uremic patients presenting with a relapsing and remitting course: a case report","volume":"16","author":"Sheu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sheu YLCheng SJChen YMHseuh IH. The syndrome of bilateral basal ganglia lesions in diabetic uremic patients presenting with a relapsing and remitting course: a case report. Acta Neurol Taiwan. 2007;16(4):226-230."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib35","series-title":"JMA J","first-page":"141","article-title":"Diabetic uremic syndrome presenting reversible parkinsonism with bilateral basal ganglia lesions: a case report","volume":"5","author":"Suzuki","year":"2022","unstructured":"Suzuki TTetsuka SOgawa THashimoto RKato H. Diabetic uremic syndrome presenting reversible parkinsonism with bilateral basal ganglia lesions: a case report. JMA J. 2022;5(1):141-145."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib1","series-title":"Transl Stroke Res","first-page":"432","article-title":"Early brain injury, an evolving frontier in subarachnoid hemorrhage research","volume":"4","author":"Fujii","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fujii MYan JRolland WBSoejima YCaner BZhang JH. Early brain injury, an evolving frontier in subarachnoid hemorrhage research. Transl Stroke Res. 2013;4(4):432-446."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib2","series-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther","first-page":"1096","article-title":"Clinical and experimental aspects of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"25","author":"Daou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Daou BJKoduri SThompson BGChaudhary NPandey AS. Clinical and experimental aspects of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2019;25(10):1096-1112."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib3","series-title":"Med (Kaunas Lith)","first-page":"185","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary events of the elderly (\u226575 years) during clazosentan therapy after subarachnoid hemorrhage: a retrospective study from a tertiary stroke center in Japan","volume":"60","author":"Mutoh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mutoh TAono HSeto W, et al. Cardiopulmonary events of the elderly (\u226575 years) during clazosentan therapy after subarachnoid hemorrhage: a retrospective study from a tertiary stroke center in Japan. Med (Kaunas Lith). 2024;60(1):185."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib4","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"1208","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of clazosentan after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: an updated meta-analysis","volume":"93","author":"Pontes","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pontes JPMSantos MDCGibram FC, et al. Efficacy and safety of clazosentan after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: an updated meta-analysis. Neurosurgery. 2023;93(6):1208-1219."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib5","series-title":"Crit Care","first-page":"R198","article-title":"Endothelin-receptor antagonists for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: an updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"16","author":"Ma","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ma JHuang SMa LLiu YLi HYou C. Endothelin-receptor antagonists for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: an updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Care. 2012;16(5):R198."},{"key":"bib6","series-title":"World Neurosurg X","first-page":"100253","article-title":"Initial real-world experience of clazosentan for subarachnoid hemorrhage in Japan","volume":"21","author":"Maeda","year":"2024","unstructured":"Maeda TOkawara MOsakabe MYamaguchi HMaeda TKurita H. Initial real-world experience of clazosentan for subarachnoid hemorrhage in Japan. World Neurosurg X. 2024;21:100253."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib7","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","first-page":"195","article-title":"Real-world data of clazosentan in combination therapy for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a multicenter retrospective cohort study","volume":"46","author":"Muraoka","year":"2023","unstructured":"Muraoka SAsai TFukui T, et al. Real-world data of clazosentan in combination therapy for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a multicenter retrospective cohort study. Neurosurg Rev. 2023;46(1):195."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib8","series-title":"Mol Med Report","first-page":"5229","article-title":"Role of endothelin1 and its receptors in cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"18","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cheng YWLi WJDou XJ, et al. Role of endothelin1 and its receptors in cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Mol Med Report. 2018;18(6):5229-5236."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib9","series-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther","first-page":"322","article-title":"Endothelin ETA Receptor Blockade, by activating ETB receptors, increases vascular permeability and induces exaggerated fluid retention","volume":"361","author":"Vercauteren","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vercauteren MTrensz FPasquali A, et al. Endothelin ETA Receptor Blockade, by activating ETB receptors, increases vascular permeability and induces exaggerated fluid retention. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2017;361(2):322-333."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib10","series-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab","first-page":"1669","article-title":"Role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase for early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage in mice","volume":"41","author":"Lenz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lenz IJPlesnila NTerpolilli NA. Role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase for early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2021;41(7):1669-1681."},{"key":"bib11","series-title":"Front Aging Neurosci","first-page":"611494","article-title":"The involvement of aquaporin-4 in the interstitial fluid drainage impairment following subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu EPeng XMa H, et al. The involvement of aquaporin-4 in the interstitial fluid drainage impairment following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Front Aging Neurosci. 2020;12:611494."},{"key":"bib12","series-title":"J Neuroinflammation","first-page":"223","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide-induced blood-brain barrier disruption: roles of cyclooxygenase, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and elements of the neurovascular unit","volume":"12","author":"Banks","year":"2015","unstructured":"Banks WAGray AMErickson MA, et al. Lipopolysaccharide-induced blood-brain barrier disruption: roles of cyclooxygenase, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and elements of the neurovascular unit. J Neuroinflammation. 2015;12:223."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib13","series-title":"J Neurochem","first-page":"867","article-title":"Exogenous arachidonic acid mediates permeability of human brain microvessel endothelial cells through prostaglandin E2 activation of EP3 and EP4 receptors","volume":"135","author":"Dalvi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dalvi SNguyen HHOn N, et al. Exogenous arachidonic acid mediates permeability of human brain microvessel endothelial cells through prostaglandin E2 activation of EP3 and EP4 receptors. J Neurochem. 2015;135(5):867-879."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib14","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1707","article-title":"Effects of clazosentan on cerebral vasospasm-related morbidity and all-cause mortality after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: two randomized phase 3 trials in Japanese patients","volume":"137","author":"Endo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Endo HHagihara YKimura N, et al. Effects of clazosentan on cerebral vasospasm-related morbidity and all-cause mortality after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: two randomized phase 3 trials in Japanese patients. J Neurosurg. 2022;137(6):1707-1717."},{"key":"bib15","series-title":"J Neurosurg","article-title":"REACT: a randomized trial to assess the efficacy and safety of clazosentan for preventing clinical deterioration","author":"Mayer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mayer SABruder NCiterio G, et al. REACT: a randomized trial to assess the efficacy and safety of clazosentan for preventing clinical deterioration due to delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. Published online August 9, 2024. doi: 10.3171\/2024.4.JNS232191."},{"key":"bib16","series-title":"Front Pharmacol","first-page":"628956","article-title":"Clinical Pharmacology of clazosentan, a selective endothelin A receptor antagonist for the prevention and treatment of aSAH-related cerebral vasospasm","volume":"11","author":"Juif","year":"2020","unstructured":"Juif PEDingemanse JUfer M. Clinical Pharmacology of clazosentan, a selective endothelin A receptor antagonist for the prevention and treatment of aSAH-related cerebral vasospasm. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11:628956."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib17","series-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol","first-page":"W258","article-title":"Cerebral edema","volume":"199","author":"Ho","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ho MLRojas REisenberg RL. Cerebral edema. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2012;199(3):W258-W273."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib18","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"331","article-title":"Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of the brain","volume":"217","author":"Schaefer","year":"2000","unstructured":"Schaefer PWGrant PEGonzalez RG. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of the brain. Radiology. 2000;217(2):331-345."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib19","series-title":"Int J Mol Sci","first-page":"9949","article-title":"Pathogenesis of brain edema and investigation into anti-edema drugs","volume":"16","author":"Michinaga","year":"2015","unstructured":"Michinaga SKoyama Y. Pathogenesis of brain edema and investigation into anti-edema drugs. Int J Mol Sci. 2015;16(5):9949-9975."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib20","series-title":"Int J Mol Sci","first-page":"1788","article-title":"The role of neurogenic inflammation in blood-brain barrier disruption and development of cerebral oedema following acute central nervous system (CNS) injury","volume":"18","author":"Sorby-Adams","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sorby-Adams AJMarcoionni AMDempsey ERWoenig JATurner RJ. The role of neurogenic inflammation in blood-brain barrier disruption and development of cerebral oedema following acute central nervous system (CNS) injury. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(8):1788."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib21","series-title":"Lancet Neurol","first-page":"258","article-title":"Brain oedema in focal ischaemia: molecular pathophysiology and theoretical implications","volume":"6","author":"Simard","year":"2007","unstructured":"Simard JMKent TAChen MTarasov KVGerzanich V. Brain oedema in focal ischaemia: molecular pathophysiology and theoretical implications. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6(3):258-268."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib22","series-title":"Interv Neuroradiol","first-page":"67","article-title":"Long-term MRI findings of muslin-induced foreign body granulomas after aneurysm wrapping. A report of two cases and literature review","volume":"20","author":"Slater","year":"2014","unstructured":"Slater LAChandra RVHolt MDanks AChong W. Long-term MRI findings of muslin-induced foreign body granulomas after aneurysm wrapping. A report of two cases and literature review. Interv Neuroradiol. 2014;20(1):67-73."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib23","series-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)","first-page":"482","article-title":"Possible delayed foreign body reactions against titanium clips and coating materials after unruptured cerebral aneurysm surgery","volume":"63","author":"Tatezawa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tatezawa RSugiyama TGotoh S, et al. Possible delayed foreign body reactions against titanium clips and coating materials after unruptured cerebral aneurysm surgery. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2023;63(10):482-489."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib24","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"621","article-title":"Clinical features of postoperative cerebral venous infarction","volume":"147","author":"Nakase","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nakase HShin YNakagawa IKimura RSakaki T. Clinical features of postoperative cerebral venous infarction. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2005;147(6):621-626."},{"key":"bib25","series-title":"Front Surg","first-page":"847429","article-title":"Intracranial venous alteration in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: protocol for the prospective and observational SAH multicenter study (SMS)","volume":"9","author":"Umana","year":"2022","unstructured":"Umana GETomasi SOPalmisciano P, et al. Intracranial venous alteration in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: protocol for the prospective and observational SAH multicenter study (SMS). Front Surg. 2022;9:847429."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib26","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"9199","article-title":"Comparison of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage grading scores in patients with aneurysm clipping and coiling","volume":"10","author":"Fang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fang YLu JZheng J, et al. Comparison of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage grading scores in patients with aneurysm clipping and coiling. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):9199."},{"key":"bib27","series-title":"Front Neurol","first-page":"654419","article-title":"Increase in brain volume after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage leads to unfavorable outcome: a retrospective study quantified by CT scan","volume":"12","author":"Qin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Qin BXiang YZheng J, et al. Increase in brain volume after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage leads to unfavorable outcome: a retrospective study quantified by CT scan. Front Neurol. 2021;12:654419."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib28","series-title":"Stroke","first-page":"1534","article-title":"Global cerebral edema and brain metabolism after subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"42","author":"Helbok","year":"2011","unstructured":"Helbok RKo SBSchmidt JM, et al. Global cerebral edema and brain metabolism after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2011;42(6):1534-1539."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib29","series-title":"Stroke","first-page":"1225","article-title":"Global cerebral edema after subarachnoid hemorrhage: frequency, predictors, and impact on outcome","volume":"33","author":"Claassen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Claassen JCarhuapoma JRKreiter KTDu EYConnolly ESMayer SA. Global cerebral edema after subarachnoid hemorrhage: frequency, predictors, and impact on outcome. Stroke. 2002;33(5):1225-1232."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib30","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"137","article-title":"The subarachnoid hemorrhage early brain edema score predicts delayed cerebral ischemia and clinical outcomes","volume":"83","author":"Ahn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ahn SHSavarraj JPPervez M, et al. The subarachnoid hemorrhage early brain edema score predicts delayed cerebral ischemia and clinical outcomes. Neurosurgery. 2018;83(1):137-145."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib31","series-title":"Neurocrit Care","first-page":"301","article-title":"Mechanisms of global cerebral edema formation in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"26","author":"Hayman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hayman EGWessell AGerzanich VSheth KNSimard JM. Mechanisms of global cerebral edema formation in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2017;26(2):301-310."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib32","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"431","article-title":"Features of the cerebral vascular pattern that predict vulnerability to perfusion or oxygenation deficiency: an anatomic study","volume":"11","author":"Moody","year":"1990","unstructured":"Moody DMBell MAChalla VR. Features of the cerebral vascular pattern that predict vulnerability to perfusion or oxygenation deficiency: an anatomic study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1990;11(3):431-439."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib33","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e38733","article-title":"Reversible bilateral basal ganglia lesions due to multifactorial toxic-metabolic disorders","volume":"15","author":"Costa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Costa OPinto JSantos AF. Reversible bilateral basal ganglia lesions due to multifactorial toxic-metabolic disorders. Cureus. 2023;15(5):e38733."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib34","series-title":"Acta Neurol Taiwan","first-page":"226","article-title":"The syndrome of bilateral basal ganglia lesions in diabetic uremic patients presenting with a relapsing and remitting course: a case report","volume":"16","author":"Sheu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sheu YLCheng SJChen YMHseuh IH. The syndrome of bilateral basal ganglia lesions in diabetic uremic patients presenting with a relapsing and remitting course: a case report. Acta Neurol Taiwan. 2007;16(4):226-230."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib35","series-title":"JMA J","first-page":"141","article-title":"Diabetic uremic syndrome presenting reversible parkinsonism with bilateral basal ganglia lesions: a case report","volume":"5","author":"Suzuki","year":"2022","unstructured":"Suzuki TTetsuka SOgawa THashimoto RKato H. Diabetic uremic syndrome presenting reversible parkinsonism with bilateral basal ganglia lesions: a case report. JMA J. 2022;5(1):141-145."}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery: Case Lessons"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-case-lessons\/8\/20\/article-CASE24567.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-case-lessons\/8\/20\/article-CASE24567.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-case-lessons\/8\/20\/article-CASE24567.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T11:53:45Z","timestamp":1769687625000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-case-lessons\/8\/20\/article-CASE24567.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/case24567","relation":{},"ISSN":["2694-1902"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2694-1902","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]]}}}