{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T10:59:54Z","timestamp":1770116394004,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745798400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Cosmet Laser Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prostate carcinoma, despite being the most common cancer in men, rarely metastasizes to the brain. Small cell prostate carcinoma represents a small percentage of cases, and few cases of intracranial small cell prostate metastases have been reported. Here, the authors report a unique case of an operatively managed extra-axial small cell prostate carcinoma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBSERVATIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A 63-year-old male with a history of small cell prostate carcinoma presented asymptomatically with abnormal brain imaging. MRI and prostate-specific membrane antigen PET imaging revealed a 2.8-cm mass in the right frontal lobe and a smaller right thalamic lesion. The mass was resected through a frontotemporal approach, and gross-total resection was achieved. The patient will receive adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>LESSONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intracranial prostate metastases tend to be slow growing and can have indolent clinical courses, although they can become symptomatic at large sizes. Small cell prostate metastases are more aggressive than adenocarcinoma and have a higher propensity for dural rather than intraparenchymal localization. The standard of care, which is derived from the management of metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma, involves maximal safe resection and adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy, although intracranial small cell prostate metastases are a poor prognosticator.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/thejns.org\/doi\/10.3171\/CASE24705\">https:\/\/thejns.org\/doi\/10.3171\/CASE24705<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/case24705","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T20:14:38Z","timestamp":1745871278000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Extra-axial small cell prostate carcinoma intracranial metastasis: illustrative case"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Carl","family":"Porto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2150-7930","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hael","family":"Abdulrazeq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rahul","family":"Sastry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Allison","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tori","family":"Riccelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Punsoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prakash","family":"Sampath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"bib1","series-title":"Neurosurg Clin N Am","first-page":"481","article-title":"Epidemiology of brain metastases","volume":"31","author":"Sacks","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sacks PRahman M.Epidemiology of brain metastases. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2020;31(4):481-488."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib2","series-title":"Expert Rev Neurother","first-page":"633","article-title":"Metastases to the brain: current management perspectives","volume":"4","author":"Nathoo","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nathoo NToms SABarnett GH.Metastases to the brain: current management perspectives. Expert Rev Neurother. 2004;4(4):633-640."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib3","series-title":"Clin Genitourin Cancer","first-page":"217","article-title":"Prostate cancer central nervous system metastasis in a contemporary cohort","volume":"19","author":"Boxley","year":"2021","unstructured":"Boxley PJSmith DEGao DProstate cancer central nervous system metastasis in a contemporary cohort. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2021;19(3):217-222.e1."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib4","series-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers","first-page":"9","article-title":"Prostate cancer","volume":"7","author":"Rebello","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rebello RJOing CKnudsen KEProstate cancer. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2021;7(1):9."},{"key":"bib5","series-title":"Med Sci Monit","first-page":"e930064","article-title":"Prostate adenocarcinoma with brain metastasis: a surveillance, epidemiology, and end results database analysis 2010-2015","volume":"27","author":"Myint","year":"2021","unstructured":"Myint ZWQasrawi AH.Prostate adenocarcinoma with brain metastasis: a surveillance, epidemiology, and end results database analysis 2010-2015. Med Sci Monit. 2021;27:e930064."},{"issue":"13","key":"bib6","series-title":"Cancer Res","first-page":"3304","article-title":"CNS metastases in prostate cancer: an analysis of SEER database","volume":"79","author":"Mei","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mei LAl-Juhaishi TPoklepovic APaul A. CNS metastases in prostate cancer: an analysis of SEER database. Cancer Res. 2019;79(13):3304."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib7","series-title":"J Clin Oncol","first-page":"1168","article-title":"Small-cell carcinoma of the prostate","volume":"26","author":"Anker","year":"2008","unstructured":"Anker CJDechet CIsaac JCAkerley WShrieve DC.Small-cell carcinoma of the prostate. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(7):1168-1171."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib8","series-title":"IJU Case Rep","first-page":"493","article-title":"Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis in small cell carcinoma of the prostate","volume":"5","author":"Fukuta","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fukuta KShiozaki KNakanishi RLeptomeningeal carcinomatosis in small cell carcinoma of the prostate. IJU Case Rep. 2022;5(6):493-496."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib9","series-title":"Can J Neurol Sci","first-page":"375","article-title":"Brain metastasis from prostate small cell carcinoma: not to be neglected","volume":"29","author":"Erasmus","year":"2002","unstructured":"Erasmus CEVerhagen WIMWauters CAPvan Lindert EJ.Brain metastasis from prostate small cell carcinoma: not to be neglected. Can J Neurol Sci. 2002;29(4):375-377."},{"key":"bib10","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e559","article-title":"Intracranial metastases from prostate carcinoma: classification, management, and prognostication","volume":"134","author":"Ganau","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ganau MGallinaro PCebula HIntracranial metastases from prostate carcinoma: classification, management, and prognostication. World Neurosurg. 2020;134:e559-e565."},{"issue":"11","key":"bib11","series-title":"Cancer","first-page":"2301","article-title":"Brain metastasis from prostate carcinoma: antemortem recognition and outcome after treatment","volume":"86","author":"McCutcheon","year":"1999","unstructured":"McCutcheon IEEng DYLogothetis CJ.Brain metastasis from prostate carcinoma: antemortem recognition and outcome after treatment. Cancer. 1999;86(11):2301-2311."},{"issue":"12","key":"bib12","series-title":"Cancer","first-page":"2728","article-title":"Intracranial metastases in prostate cancer","volume":"53","author":"Taylor","year":"1984","unstructured":"Taylor HGLefkowitz MSkoog SJMiles BJMcLeod DGCoggin JT.Intracranial metastases in prostate cancer. Cancer. 1984;53(12):2728-2730."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib13","series-title":"J Surg Oncol","first-page":"173","article-title":"Brain metastasis from prostatic cancer","volume":"23","author":"Sarma","year":"1983","unstructured":"Sarma DPGodeau L.Brain metastasis from prostatic cancer. J Surg Oncol. 1983;23(3):173-174."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib14","series-title":"Urology","first-page":"280","article-title":"Parenchymal brain metastases from adenocarcinoma of prostate","volume":"28","author":"Lynes","year":"1986","unstructured":"Lynes WLBostwick DGFreiha FSStamey TA.Parenchymal brain metastases from adenocarcinoma of prostate. Urology. 1986;28(4):280-287."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib15","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"820","article-title":"Cranial metastases from prostate cancer simulating meningioma: report of two cases and review of the literature","volume":"19","author":"Lippman","year":"1986","unstructured":"Lippman SMBuzaid ACIacono RPCranial metastases from prostate cancer simulating meningioma: report of two cases and review of the literature. Neurosurgery. 1986;19(5):820-823."},{"issue":"12","key":"bib16","series-title":"Cancer","first-page":"3159","article-title":"Neurologic complications of patients with small cell prostate carcinoma. Report of two cases","volume":"74","author":"Lyster","year":"1994","unstructured":"Lyster MTKies MSKuzel TM.Neurologic complications of patients with small cell prostate carcinoma. Report of two cases. Cancer. 1994;74(12):3159-3163."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib17","series-title":"Cancer","first-page":"21","article-title":"Leptomeningeal metastasis from systemic cancer: review and update on management","volume":"124","author":"Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang NBertalan MSBrastianos PK.Leptomeningeal metastasis from systemic cancer: review and update on management. Cancer. 2018;124(1):21-35."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib18","series-title":"Clin Exp Metastasis","first-page":"19","article-title":"Leptomeningeal metastases from prostate cancer: an emerging clinical conundrum","volume":"27","author":"Orphanos","year":"2010","unstructured":"Orphanos GArdavanis A.Leptomeningeal metastases from prostate cancer: an emerging clinical conundrum. Clin Exp Metastasis. 2010;27(1):19-23."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib19","series-title":"Cancer Rep (Hoboken)","first-page":"e2041","article-title":"A case report of prostate cancer with leptomeningeal metastasis and bone marrow involvement","volume":"7","author":"Garousi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Garousi MMousavi Darzikolaee NFaridfar AA case report of prostate cancer with leptomeningeal metastasis and bone marrow involvement. Cancer Rep. Cancer Rep (Hoboken). 2024;7(4):e2041."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib20","series-title":"Neurocir (Engl Ed)","first-page":"295","article-title":"Dural metastasis of prostate carcinoma misdiagnosed as a bilateral subdural hematoma: a case report","volume":"32","author":"Aleksi\u0107","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aleksi\u0107 VJokovi\u0107 MIli\u0107 RBogosavljevi\u0107 V\u0110urovi\u0107 B.Dural metastasis of prostate carcinoma misdiagnosed as a bilateral subdural hematoma: a case report. Neurocir (Engl Ed). 2021:32(6):295-299."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib21","series-title":"J Surg Case Rep","first-page":"rjae014","article-title":"Dural metastasis of prostate carcinoma mimicking intracranial hematoma: a case report and literature review","volume":"2024","author":"Kokot","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kokot KDzier\u017canowski JKrakowiak MDural metastasis of prostate carcinoma mimicking intracranial hematoma: a case report and literature review. J Surg Case Rep. 2024;2024(2):rjae014."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib22","series-title":"Emerg Radiol","first-page":"549","article-title":"Dural metastases from prostate cancer mimicking acute sub-dural hematoma","volume":"19","author":"Yu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yu WLSitt CMCheung TCY.Dural metastases from prostate cancer mimicking acute sub-dural hematoma. Emerg Radiol. 2012;19(6):549-552."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib23","series-title":"J Neurooncol","first-page":"531","article-title":"Radiotherapy for cranial and brain metastases from prostate cancer: a systematic review","volume":"133","author":"Sita","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sita TLPetras KGWafford QEBerendsen MAKruser TJ.Radiotherapy for cranial and brain metastases from prostate cancer: a systematic review. J Neurooncol. 2017;133(3):531-538."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib24","series-title":"Hell J Nucl Med","first-page":"184","article-title":"Postoperative granulomas versus tumor recurrence: PET and SPET scans as strategic adjuvant tools to conventional neuroradiology","volume":"15","author":"Ganau","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ganau MSyrmos NLigarotti GKIGanau LPrisco L.Postoperative granulomas versus tumor recurrence: PET and SPET scans as strategic adjuvant tools to conventional neuroradiology. Hell J Nucl Med. 2012;15(3):184-187."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib25","series-title":"Acta Radiol","first-page":"417","article-title":"Delineation of gliomas with magnetic resonance imaging using Gd-DTPA in comparison with computed tomography and positron emission tomography","volume":"31","author":"Tovi","year":"1990","unstructured":"Tovi MLilja ABergstr\u00f6m MEricsson ABergstr\u00f6m KHartman M.Delineation of gliomas with magnetic resonance imaging using Gd-DTPA in comparison with computed tomography and positron emission tomography. Acta Radiol. 1990;31(5):417-429."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib26","series-title":"Nat Rev Urol","first-page":"213","article-title":"Small cell carcinoma of the prostate","volume":"11","author":"Nadal","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nadal RSchweizer MKryvenko ONEpstein JIEisenberger MA.Small cell carcinoma of the prostate. Nat Rev Urol. 2014;11(4):213-219."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib27","series-title":"Am J Surg Pathol","first-page":"705","article-title":"Small cell carcinoma of the prostate: an immunohistochemical study","volume":"30","author":"Yao","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yao JLMadeb RBourne PSmall cell carcinoma of the prostate: an immunohistochemical study. Am J Surg Pathol. 2006;30(6):705-712."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib28","series-title":"Am J Surg Pathol","first-page":"65","article-title":"Small cell carcinoma of the prostate. A morphologic and immunohistochemical study of 95 cases","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wang WEpstein JI.Small cell carcinoma of the prostate. A morphologic and immunohistochemical study of 95 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2008;32(1):65-71."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib29","series-title":"Hinyokika Kiyo","first-page":"607","article-title":"Small cell carcinoma of the prostate: a case report","volume":"44","author":"Hashine","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hashine KNakatsuji HKarashima TSumiyoshi YMandai KHata A.Small cell carcinoma of the prostate: a case report. Article in Japanese. Hinyokika Kiyo. 1998;44(8):607-610."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib30","series-title":"Urol Oncol","first-page":"70.e1","article-title":"Metastatic small cell carcinoma of the prostate: population-based analysis of patient characteristics and treatment paradigms","volume":"33","author":"Cohen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cohen ARichards KAPatel SWeiner AEggener SESzmulewitz RZ.Metastatic small cell carcinoma of the prostate: population-based analysis of patient characteristics and treatment paradigms. Urol Oncol. 2015;33(2):70.e1-70.e7."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib31","series-title":"Cureus","article-title":"Chemoradiotherapy for small-cell prostate carcinoma: a case report","volume":"15","author":"Makita","year":"2023","unstructured":"Makita KHamamoto YNagasaki KKanzaki HHashine K.Chemoradiotherapy for small-cell prostate carcinoma: a case report. Cureus. 2023;15(4):e37287."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib32","series-title":"Cancer","first-page":"1729","article-title":"Treatment outcomes of small cell carcinoma of the prostate: a single-center study","volume":"110","author":"Spiess","year":"2007","unstructured":"Spiess PEPettaway CAVakar-Lopez FTreatment outcomes of small cell carcinoma of the prostate: a single-center study. Cancer. 2007;110(8):1729-1737."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib33","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1307","article-title":"Stereotactic radiosurgery for prostate cancer cerebral metastases: an international multicenter study","volume":"136","author":"Pikis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pikis SBunevicius ALee CCStereotactic radiosurgery for prostate cancer cerebral metastases: an international multicenter study. J Neurosurg. 2022;136(5):1307-1313."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib1","series-title":"Neurosurg Clin N Am","first-page":"481","article-title":"Epidemiology of brain metastases","volume":"31","author":"Sacks","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sacks PRahman M.Epidemiology of brain metastases. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2020;31(4):481-488."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib2","series-title":"Expert Rev Neurother","first-page":"633","article-title":"Metastases to the brain: current management perspectives","volume":"4","author":"Nathoo","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nathoo NToms SABarnett GH.Metastases to the brain: current management perspectives. Expert Rev Neurother. 2004;4(4):633-640."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib3","series-title":"Clin Genitourin Cancer","first-page":"217","article-title":"Prostate cancer central nervous system metastasis in a contemporary cohort","volume":"19","author":"Boxley","year":"2021","unstructured":"Boxley PJSmith DEGao DProstate cancer central nervous system metastasis in a contemporary cohort. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2021;19(3):217-222.e1."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib4","series-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers","first-page":"9","article-title":"Prostate cancer","volume":"7","author":"Rebello","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rebello RJOing CKnudsen KEProstate cancer. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2021;7(1):9."},{"key":"bib5","series-title":"Med Sci Monit","first-page":"e930064","article-title":"Prostate adenocarcinoma with brain metastasis: a surveillance, epidemiology, and end results database analysis 2010-2015","volume":"27","author":"Myint","year":"2021","unstructured":"Myint ZWQasrawi AH.Prostate adenocarcinoma with brain metastasis: a surveillance, epidemiology, and end results database analysis 2010-2015. Med Sci Monit. 2021;27:e930064."},{"issue":"13","key":"bib6","series-title":"Cancer Res","first-page":"3304","article-title":"CNS metastases in prostate cancer: an analysis of SEER database","volume":"79","author":"Mei","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mei LAl-Juhaishi TPoklepovic APaul A. CNS metastases in prostate cancer: an analysis of SEER database. Cancer Res. 2019;79(13):3304."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib7","series-title":"J Clin Oncol","first-page":"1168","article-title":"Small-cell carcinoma of the prostate","volume":"26","author":"Anker","year":"2008","unstructured":"Anker CJDechet CIsaac JCAkerley WShrieve DC.Small-cell carcinoma of the prostate. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(7):1168-1171."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib8","series-title":"IJU Case Rep","first-page":"493","article-title":"Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis in small cell carcinoma of the prostate","volume":"5","author":"Fukuta","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fukuta KShiozaki KNakanishi RLeptomeningeal carcinomatosis in small cell carcinoma of the prostate. IJU Case Rep. 2022;5(6):493-496."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib9","series-title":"Can J Neurol Sci","first-page":"375","article-title":"Brain metastasis from prostate small cell carcinoma: not to be neglected","volume":"29","author":"Erasmus","year":"2002","unstructured":"Erasmus CEVerhagen WIMWauters CAPvan Lindert EJ.Brain metastasis from prostate small cell carcinoma: not to be neglected. Can J Neurol Sci. 2002;29(4):375-377."},{"key":"bib10","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e559","article-title":"Intracranial metastases from prostate carcinoma: classification, management, and prognostication","volume":"134","author":"Ganau","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ganau MGallinaro PCebula HIntracranial metastases from prostate carcinoma: classification, management, and prognostication. World Neurosurg. 2020;134:e559-e565."},{"issue":"11","key":"bib11","series-title":"Cancer","first-page":"2301","article-title":"Brain metastasis from prostate carcinoma: antemortem recognition and outcome after treatment","volume":"86","author":"McCutcheon","year":"1999","unstructured":"McCutcheon IEEng DYLogothetis CJ.Brain metastasis from prostate carcinoma: antemortem recognition and outcome after treatment. Cancer. 1999;86(11):2301-2311."},{"issue":"12","key":"bib12","series-title":"Cancer","first-page":"2728","article-title":"Intracranial metastases in prostate cancer","volume":"53","author":"Taylor","year":"1984","unstructured":"Taylor HGLefkowitz MSkoog SJMiles BJMcLeod DGCoggin JT.Intracranial metastases in prostate cancer. Cancer. 1984;53(12):2728-2730."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib13","series-title":"J Surg Oncol","first-page":"173","article-title":"Brain metastasis from prostatic cancer","volume":"23","author":"Sarma","year":"1983","unstructured":"Sarma DPGodeau L.Brain metastasis from prostatic cancer. J Surg Oncol. 1983;23(3):173-174."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib14","series-title":"Urology","first-page":"280","article-title":"Parenchymal brain metastases from adenocarcinoma of prostate","volume":"28","author":"Lynes","year":"1986","unstructured":"Lynes WLBostwick DGFreiha FSStamey TA.Parenchymal brain metastases from adenocarcinoma of prostate. Urology. 1986;28(4):280-287."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib15","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"820","article-title":"Cranial metastases from prostate cancer simulating meningioma: report of two cases and review of the literature","volume":"19","author":"Lippman","year":"1986","unstructured":"Lippman SMBuzaid ACIacono RPCranial metastases from prostate cancer simulating meningioma: report of two cases and review of the literature. Neurosurgery. 1986;19(5):820-823."},{"issue":"12","key":"bib16","series-title":"Cancer","first-page":"3159","article-title":"Neurologic complications of patients with small cell prostate carcinoma. Report of two cases","volume":"74","author":"Lyster","year":"1994","unstructured":"Lyster MTKies MSKuzel TM.Neurologic complications of patients with small cell prostate carcinoma. Report of two cases. Cancer. 1994;74(12):3159-3163."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib17","series-title":"Cancer","first-page":"21","article-title":"Leptomeningeal metastasis from systemic cancer: review and update on management","volume":"124","author":"Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang NBertalan MSBrastianos PK.Leptomeningeal metastasis from systemic cancer: review and update on management. Cancer. 2018;124(1):21-35."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib18","series-title":"Clin Exp Metastasis","first-page":"19","article-title":"Leptomeningeal metastases from prostate cancer: an emerging clinical conundrum","volume":"27","author":"Orphanos","year":"2010","unstructured":"Orphanos GArdavanis A.Leptomeningeal metastases from prostate cancer: an emerging clinical conundrum. Clin Exp Metastasis. 2010;27(1):19-23."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib19","series-title":"Cancer Rep (Hoboken)","first-page":"e2041","article-title":"A case report of prostate cancer with leptomeningeal metastasis and bone marrow involvement","volume":"7","author":"Garousi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Garousi MMousavi Darzikolaee NFaridfar AA case report of prostate cancer with leptomeningeal metastasis and bone marrow involvement. Cancer Rep. Cancer Rep (Hoboken). 2024;7(4):e2041."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib20","series-title":"Neurocir (Engl Ed)","first-page":"295","article-title":"Dural metastasis of prostate carcinoma misdiagnosed as a bilateral subdural hematoma: a case report","volume":"32","author":"Aleksi\u0107","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aleksi\u0107 VJokovi\u0107 MIli\u0107 RBogosavljevi\u0107 V\u0110urovi\u0107 B.Dural metastasis of prostate carcinoma misdiagnosed as a bilateral subdural hematoma: a case report. Neurocir (Engl Ed). 2021:32(6):295-299."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib21","series-title":"J Surg Case Rep","first-page":"rjae014","article-title":"Dural metastasis of prostate carcinoma mimicking intracranial hematoma: a case report and literature review","volume":"2024","author":"Kokot","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kokot KDzier\u017canowski JKrakowiak MDural metastasis of prostate carcinoma mimicking intracranial hematoma: a case report and literature review. J Surg Case Rep. 2024;2024(2):rjae014."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib22","series-title":"Emerg Radiol","first-page":"549","article-title":"Dural metastases from prostate cancer mimicking acute sub-dural hematoma","volume":"19","author":"Yu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yu WLSitt CMCheung TCY.Dural metastases from prostate cancer mimicking acute sub-dural hematoma. Emerg Radiol. 2012;19(6):549-552."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib23","series-title":"J Neurooncol","first-page":"531","article-title":"Radiotherapy for cranial and brain metastases from prostate cancer: a systematic review","volume":"133","author":"Sita","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sita TLPetras KGWafford QEBerendsen MAKruser TJ.Radiotherapy for cranial and brain metastases from prostate cancer: a systematic review. J Neurooncol. 2017;133(3):531-538."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib24","series-title":"Hell J Nucl Med","first-page":"184","article-title":"Postoperative granulomas versus tumor recurrence: PET and SPET scans as strategic adjuvant tools to conventional neuroradiology","volume":"15","author":"Ganau","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ganau MSyrmos NLigarotti GKIGanau LPrisco L.Postoperative granulomas versus tumor recurrence: PET and SPET scans as strategic adjuvant tools to conventional neuroradiology. Hell J Nucl Med. 2012;15(3):184-187."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib25","series-title":"Acta Radiol","first-page":"417","article-title":"Delineation of gliomas with magnetic resonance imaging using Gd-DTPA in comparison with computed tomography and positron emission tomography","volume":"31","author":"Tovi","year":"1990","unstructured":"Tovi MLilja ABergstr\u00f6m MEricsson ABergstr\u00f6m KHartman M.Delineation of gliomas with magnetic resonance imaging using Gd-DTPA in comparison with computed tomography and positron emission tomography. Acta Radiol. 1990;31(5):417-429."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib26","series-title":"Nat Rev Urol","first-page":"213","article-title":"Small cell carcinoma of the prostate","volume":"11","author":"Nadal","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nadal RSchweizer MKryvenko ONEpstein JIEisenberger MA.Small cell carcinoma of the prostate. 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