{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T10:57:15Z","timestamp":1770116235478,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741564800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Cosmet Laser Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"abstract":"\n BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n Cervical myelopathy is rarely caused by vertebral artery (VA) compression, and a very limited number of cases have been published. In most of these cases, dorsal cord compression was observed and treated by microvascular decompression (MVD). However, in the very rare case of ventral spinal cord compression by the VA (VSCV), access for MVD is significantly limited. After encountering such a case, the authors systematically reviewed and analyzed the available published clinical experience and describe the selected surgical strategy for VSCV.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n OBSERVATIONS<\/jats:title>\n A 78-year-old woman presented with progressive numbness of the right upper extremity, neck pain, and gait disturbance. On MRI, the spinal cord was significantly compressed ventrolaterally at the C1 level by the left VA without other anomalies. A systematic review identified only one similar case of VSCV treated by dural grafting and epidural fat packing. An occipital craniectomy and C1 laminectomy were performed. After dural incision, the uppermost two pairs of dentate ligaments were divided, the spinal cord was mobilized, and extended duraplasty was performed. Symptoms gradually improved and MRI confirmed sufficient decompression.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n LESSONS<\/jats:title>\n VSCV can be effectively treated by decompression, denticulotomy, mobilization of the spinal cord, and craniovertebral canal expansion with duraplasty, without direct MVD.<\/jats:p>\n \n https:\/\/thejns.org\/doi\/10.3171\/CASE24727<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/case24727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T02:59:42Z","timestamp":1741575582000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spinal cord mobilization, craniovertebral canal expansion, and extended duraplasty for cervical myelopathy due to C1 ventral compression by the vertebral artery: illustrative case"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7360-0329","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Satoshi","family":"Yamana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryo","family":"Nogami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yosuke","family":"Nakayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kostadin","family":"Karagiozov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toshihiro","family":"Ishibashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yukiko","family":"Abe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5298-3323","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tohru","family":"Sano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daichi","family":"Kawamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuichi","family":"Murayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroki","family":"Ohashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"bib1","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"244","article-title":"Symptomatic duplication of the vertebral artery","volume":"20","author":"Hasegawa","year":"1983","unstructured":"Hasegawa TKubota TIto HYamamoto S.Symptomatic duplication of the vertebral artery. Surg Neurol. 1983;20(3):244-248."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib2","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"43","article-title":"Cervical cord compression by the vertebral artery causing a severe cervical pain: case report","volume":"40","author":"Yano","year":"1993","unstructured":"Yano KMurase SKuroda TNoguchi KTanabe YYamada H.Cervical cord compression by the vertebral artery causing a severe cervical pain: case report. Surg Neurol. 1993;40(1):43-46."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib3","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"283","article-title":"Cervical cord compression by the anomalous vertebral artery presenting with neuralgic pain. Case report","volume":"79","author":"Satoh","year":"1993","unstructured":"Satoh SYamamoto NKitagawa YUmemori TSasaki TIida T.Cervical cord compression by the anomalous vertebral artery presenting with neuralgic pain. Case report. J Neurosurg. 1993;79(2):283-285."},{"issue":"19","key":"bib4","series-title":"Spine","first-page":"2280","article-title":"Cervical myelopathy caused by the anomalous vertebral artery. A case report","volume":"21","author":"Furumoto","year":"1996","unstructured":"Furumoto TNagase JTakahashi KItabashi TIai HIshige N.Cervical myelopathy caused by the anomalous vertebral artery. A case report. Spine. 1996;21(19):2280-2283."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib5","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"146","article-title":"Anomalous vertebral artery-induced cervical cord compression causing severe nape pain. Case report","volume":"95","author":"Watanabe","year":"2001","unstructured":"Watanabe KHasegawa KTakano K.Anomalous vertebral artery-induced cervical cord compression causing severe nape pain. Case report. J Neurosurg. 2001;95(1)(suppl):146-149."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib6","series-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)","first-page":"322","article-title":"Cervical myelopathy due to compression by bilateral vertebral arteries\u2014case report","volume":"41","author":"Takahashi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Takahashi YSugita SUchikado HMiyagi TTokutomi TShigemori M.Cervical myelopathy due to compression by bilateral vertebral arteries\u2014case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2001;41(6):322-324."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib7","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"234","article-title":"Cervical cord compression with myelopathy caused by bilateral persistence of the first intersegmental arteries: case report","volume":"53","author":"Takahashi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Takahashi TTominaga THassan TYoshimoto T.Cervical cord compression with myelopathy caused by bilateral persistence of the first intersegmental arteries: case report. Neurosurgery. 2003;53(1):234-237."},{"issue":"17","key":"bib8","series-title":"Spine","first-page":"E611","article-title":"The long-term follow-up of surgical treatment for cervical myelopathy with severe nape and upper arm pain caused by the anomalous vertebral artery: case report","volume":"33","author":"Takei","year":"2008","unstructured":"Takei HSagae MChiba KOgino T.The long-term follow-up of surgical treatment for cervical myelopathy with severe nape and upper arm pain caused by the anomalous vertebral artery: case report. Spine. 2008;33(17):E611-E613."},{"issue":"suppl 4","key":"bib9","series-title":"Eur Spine J","first-page":"S505","article-title":"Bilateral vasculopexy of anomalous vertebral arteries causing cervicomedullary compression: case report and technical note","volume":"21","author":"Shah","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shah AMahore AGoel A.Bilateral vasculopexy of anomalous vertebral arteries causing cervicomedullary compression: case report and technical note. Eur Spine J. 2012;21(suppl 4):S505-S508."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib10","series-title":"ANZ J Surg","first-page":"202","article-title":"Bilateral aberrant C1\/2 intradural vertebral arteries: a rare cause of cervical myelopathy","volume":"87","author":"Tsang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tsang ACTsang FCLui WM.Bilateral aberrant C1\/2 intradural vertebral arteries: a rare cause of cervical myelopathy. ANZ J Surg. 2017;87(3):202-203."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib11","series-title":"J Korean Neurosurg Soc","first-page":"513","article-title":"Usefulness of intraoperative monitoring during microsurgical decompression of cervicomedullary compression caused by an anomalous vertebral artery","volume":"56","author":"Kim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim STPaeng SHJeong DMLee KS.Usefulness of intraoperative monitoring during microsurgical decompression of cervicomedullary compression caused by an anomalous vertebral artery. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2014;56(6):513-516."},{"key":"bib12","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"86","article-title":"High cervical spinal cord compression associated with anomaly of bilateral vertebral arteries","volume":"110","author":"Hayashi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hayashi SKanai RShinoda J.High cervical spinal cord compression associated with anomaly of bilateral vertebral arteries. World Neurosurg. 2018;110:86-92."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib13","series-title":"BMC Neurol","first-page":"402","article-title":"Cervical myelopathy due to neurovascular compression syndrome caused by persistent first intersegmental artery: a case report","volume":"20","author":"Endo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Endo TSugawara THigashiyama N.Cervical myelopathy due to neurovascular compression syndrome caused by persistent first intersegmental artery: a case report. BMC Neurol. 3 2020;20(1):402."},{"key":"bib14","series-title":"Surg Neurol Int","article-title":"A case report of microvascular decompression for cervical myelopathy and radiculopathy caused by tortuous and abnormal bilateral vertebral artery","volume":"11","author":"Omura","year":"2020","unstructured":"Omura NPark YIkeda STanabe H.A case report of microvascular decompression for cervical myelopathy and radiculopathy caused by tortuous and abnormal bilateral vertebral artery. Surg Neurol Int. 2020;11:136."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib15","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"919","article-title":"Microvascular decompression of a C-2 segmental-type vertebral artery producing trigeminal hypesthesia","volume":"121","author":"Sellin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sellin JNAl-Hafez BDuckworth EA.Microvascular decompression of a C-2 segmental-type vertebral artery producing trigeminal hypesthesia. J Neurosurg. 2014;121(4):919-923."},{"key":"bib16","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"253","article-title":"Severe spinal cord compression by anomalous vertebral arteries treated with Gore-Tex tape transposition technique","volume":"133","author":"Baba","year":"2020","unstructured":"Baba TChang HSMatsumae M.Severe spinal cord compression by anomalous vertebral arteries treated with Gore-Tex tape transposition technique. World Neurosurg. 2020;133:253-255."},{"key":"bib17","series-title":"NMC Case Rep J","first-page":"313","article-title":"Cervical cord compression by aberrant vertebral artery presenting with neuralgic pain: a case report","volume":"9","author":"Masuoka","year":"2022","unstructured":"Masuoka JYoshioka FIto HOgata ANakahara YAbe T.Cervical cord compression by aberrant vertebral artery presenting with neuralgic pain: a case report. NMC Case Rep J. 2022;9:313-317."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib18","series-title":"Turk Neurosurg","first-page":"416","article-title":"Morphological analysis and morphometry of the foramen magnum: an anatomical investigation","volume":"22","author":"Chethan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chethan PPrakash KGMurlimanju BVMorphological analysis and morphometry of the foramen magnum: an anatomical investigation. Turk Neurosurg. 2012;22(4):416-419."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib19","series-title":"Neuroradiology","first-page":"162","article-title":"Foramen magnum in children--measurements of the antero-posterior diameter on midsagittal pneumotomograms","volume":"2","author":"Schmeltzer","year":"1971","unstructured":"Schmeltzer ABabin EWenger JJ.Foramen magnum in children--measurements of the antero-posterior diameter on midsagittal pneumotomograms. 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Neurosurgery. 2001;49(4):934-943."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib22","series-title":"Turk J Med Sci","first-page":"301","article-title":"Morphometric evaluation of the foramen magnum and variations in its shape: a study on computerized tomographic images of normal adults","volume":"33","author":"Murshed","year":"2003","unstructured":"Murshed KA\u00c7i\u00e7ekciba\u015fi AETuncer I.Morphometric evaluation of the foramen magnum and variations in its shape: a study on computerized tomographic images of normal adults. Turk J Med Sci. 2003;33(5):301-306."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib23","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"385","article-title":"Morphometric analysis of the foramen magnum: an anatomic study","volume":"66","author":"Tubbs","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tubbs RSGriessenauer CJLoukas MShoja MMCohen-Gadol AA.Morphometric analysis of the foramen magnum: an anatomic study. Neurosurgery. 2010;66(2):385-388."},{"key":"bib24","series-title":"Open Orthop J","first-page":"250","article-title":"Computerized tomographic morphometric analysis of the cervical spine","volume":"6","author":"Evangelopoulos","year":"2012","unstructured":"Evangelopoulos DKontovazenitis PKouris SComputerized tomographic morphometric analysis of the cervical spine. Open Orthop J. 2012;6:250-254."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib25","series-title":"Neurol India","first-page":"454","article-title":"Morphometric analysis of cervical spinal canal diameter, transverse foramen, and pedicle width using computed tomography in Indian population","volume":"66","author":"Sureka","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sureka BMittal AMittal MKAgarwal KSinha MThukral BB.Morphometric analysis of cervical spinal canal diameter, transverse foramen, and pedicle width using computed tomography in Indian population. Neurol India. 2018;66(2):454-458."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib26","series-title":"Neuroradiology","first-page":"410","article-title":"Anomalous atlantoaxial portions of vertebral and posterior inferior cerebellar arteries","volume":"27","author":"Tokuda","year":"1985","unstructured":"Tokuda KMiyasaka KAbe HAnomalous atlantoaxial portions of vertebral and posterior inferior cerebellar arteries. Neuroradiology. 1985;27(5):410-413."},{"key":"bib27","series-title":"Int J Surg","first-page":"233","article-title":"Persistent first intersegmental artery (PFIA) visualized by three-dimensional computed tomography angiography in Chinese population","volume":"52","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang HChai WWang SWang YLi H.Persistent first intersegmental artery (PFIA) visualized by three-dimensional computed tomography angiography in Chinese population. Int J Surg. 2018;52:233-236."},{"issue":"18","key":"bib28","series-title":"Spine","first-page":"E1053","article-title":"Vertebral artery anomalies at the craniovertebral junction in the US population","volume":"39","author":"O\u2019Donnell","year":"2014","unstructured":"O\u2019Donnell CMChild ZANguyen QAnderson PALee MJ.Vertebral artery anomalies at the craniovertebral junction in the US population. Spine. 2014;39(18):E1053-E1057."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib1","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"244","article-title":"Symptomatic duplication of the vertebral artery","volume":"20","author":"Hasegawa","year":"1983","unstructured":"Hasegawa TKubota TIto HYamamoto S.Symptomatic duplication of the vertebral artery. Surg Neurol. 1983;20(3):244-248."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib2","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"43","article-title":"Cervical cord compression by the vertebral artery causing a severe cervical pain: case report","volume":"40","author":"Yano","year":"1993","unstructured":"Yano KMurase SKuroda TNoguchi KTanabe YYamada H.Cervical cord compression by the vertebral artery causing a severe cervical pain: case report. Surg Neurol. 1993;40(1):43-46."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib3","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"283","article-title":"Cervical cord compression by the anomalous vertebral artery presenting with neuralgic pain. Case report","volume":"79","author":"Satoh","year":"1993","unstructured":"Satoh SYamamoto NKitagawa YUmemori TSasaki TIida T.Cervical cord compression by the anomalous vertebral artery presenting with neuralgic pain. Case report. J Neurosurg. 1993;79(2):283-285."},{"issue":"19","key":"bib4","series-title":"Spine","first-page":"2280","article-title":"Cervical myelopathy caused by the anomalous vertebral artery. A case report","volume":"21","author":"Furumoto","year":"1996","unstructured":"Furumoto TNagase JTakahashi KItabashi TIai HIshige N.Cervical myelopathy caused by the anomalous vertebral artery. A case report. Spine. 1996;21(19):2280-2283."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib5","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"146","article-title":"Anomalous vertebral artery-induced cervical cord compression causing severe nape pain. Case report","volume":"95","author":"Watanabe","year":"2001","unstructured":"Watanabe KHasegawa KTakano K.Anomalous vertebral artery-induced cervical cord compression causing severe nape pain. Case report. J Neurosurg. 2001;95(1)(suppl):146-149."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib6","series-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)","first-page":"322","article-title":"Cervical myelopathy due to compression by bilateral vertebral arteries\u2014case report","volume":"41","author":"Takahashi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Takahashi YSugita SUchikado HMiyagi TTokutomi TShigemori M.Cervical myelopathy due to compression by bilateral vertebral arteries\u2014case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2001;41(6):322-324."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib7","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"234","article-title":"Cervical cord compression with myelopathy caused by bilateral persistence of the first intersegmental arteries: case report","volume":"53","author":"Takahashi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Takahashi TTominaga THassan TYoshimoto T.Cervical cord compression with myelopathy caused by bilateral persistence of the first intersegmental arteries: case report. Neurosurgery. 2003;53(1):234-237."},{"issue":"17","key":"bib8","series-title":"Spine","first-page":"E611","article-title":"The long-term follow-up of surgical treatment for cervical myelopathy with severe nape and upper arm pain caused by the anomalous vertebral artery: case report","volume":"33","author":"Takei","year":"2008","unstructured":"Takei HSagae MChiba KOgino T.The long-term follow-up of surgical treatment for cervical myelopathy with severe nape and upper arm pain caused by the anomalous vertebral artery: case report. Spine. 2008;33(17):E611-E613."},{"issue":"suppl 4","key":"bib9","series-title":"Eur Spine J","first-page":"S505","article-title":"Bilateral vasculopexy of anomalous vertebral arteries causing cervicomedullary compression: case report and technical note","volume":"21","author":"Shah","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shah AMahore AGoel A.Bilateral vasculopexy of anomalous vertebral arteries causing cervicomedullary compression: case report and technical note. Eur Spine J. 2012;21(suppl 4):S505-S508."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib10","series-title":"ANZ J Surg","first-page":"202","article-title":"Bilateral aberrant C1\/2 intradural vertebral arteries: a rare cause of cervical myelopathy","volume":"87","author":"Tsang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tsang ACTsang FCLui WM.Bilateral aberrant C1\/2 intradural vertebral arteries: a rare cause of cervical myelopathy. ANZ J Surg. 2017;87(3):202-203."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib11","series-title":"J Korean Neurosurg Soc","first-page":"513","article-title":"Usefulness of intraoperative monitoring during microsurgical decompression of cervicomedullary compression caused by an anomalous vertebral artery","volume":"56","author":"Kim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim STPaeng SHJeong DMLee KS.Usefulness of intraoperative monitoring during microsurgical decompression of cervicomedullary compression caused by an anomalous vertebral artery. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2014;56(6):513-516."},{"key":"bib12","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"86","article-title":"High cervical spinal cord compression associated with anomaly of bilateral vertebral arteries","volume":"110","author":"Hayashi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hayashi SKanai RShinoda J.High cervical spinal cord compression associated with anomaly of bilateral vertebral arteries. World Neurosurg. 2018;110:86-92."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib13","series-title":"BMC Neurol","first-page":"402","article-title":"Cervical myelopathy due to neurovascular compression syndrome caused by persistent first intersegmental artery: a case report","volume":"20","author":"Endo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Endo TSugawara THigashiyama N.Cervical myelopathy due to neurovascular compression syndrome caused by persistent first intersegmental artery: a case report. BMC Neurol. 3 2020;20(1):402."},{"key":"bib14","series-title":"Surg Neurol Int","article-title":"A case report of microvascular decompression for cervical myelopathy and radiculopathy caused by tortuous and abnormal bilateral vertebral artery","volume":"11","author":"Omura","year":"2020","unstructured":"Omura NPark YIkeda STanabe H.A case report of microvascular decompression for cervical myelopathy and radiculopathy caused by tortuous and abnormal bilateral vertebral artery. Surg Neurol Int. 2020;11:136."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib15","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"919","article-title":"Microvascular decompression of a C-2 segmental-type vertebral artery producing trigeminal hypesthesia","volume":"121","author":"Sellin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sellin JNAl-Hafez BDuckworth EA.Microvascular decompression of a C-2 segmental-type vertebral artery producing trigeminal hypesthesia. J Neurosurg. 2014;121(4):919-923."},{"key":"bib16","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"253","article-title":"Severe spinal cord compression by anomalous vertebral arteries treated with Gore-Tex tape transposition technique","volume":"133","author":"Baba","year":"2020","unstructured":"Baba TChang HSMatsumae M.Severe spinal cord compression by anomalous vertebral arteries treated with Gore-Tex tape transposition technique. World Neurosurg. 2020;133:253-255."},{"key":"bib17","series-title":"NMC Case Rep J","first-page":"313","article-title":"Cervical cord compression by aberrant vertebral artery presenting with neuralgic pain: a case report","volume":"9","author":"Masuoka","year":"2022","unstructured":"Masuoka JYoshioka FIto HOgata ANakahara YAbe T.Cervical cord compression by aberrant vertebral artery presenting with neuralgic pain: a case report. NMC Case Rep J. 2022;9:313-317."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib18","series-title":"Turk Neurosurg","first-page":"416","article-title":"Morphological analysis and morphometry of the foramen magnum: an anatomical investigation","volume":"22","author":"Chethan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chethan PPrakash KGMurlimanju BVMorphological analysis and morphometry of the foramen magnum: an anatomical investigation. Turk Neurosurg. 2012;22(4):416-419."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib19","series-title":"Neuroradiology","first-page":"162","article-title":"Foramen magnum in children--measurements of the antero-posterior diameter on midsagittal pneumotomograms","volume":"2","author":"Schmeltzer","year":"1971","unstructured":"Schmeltzer ABabin EWenger JJ.Foramen magnum in children--measurements of the antero-posterior diameter on midsagittal pneumotomograms. Neuroradiology. 1971;2(3):162-163."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib20","series-title":"Acta Anat (Basel)","first-page":"344","article-title":"Study of the anatomic metric values of the foramen magnum and its relation to sex","volume":"130","author":"Catalina-Herrera","year":"1987","unstructured":"Catalina-Herrera CJ.Study of the anatomic metric values of the foramen magnum and its relation to sex. Acta Anat (Basel). 1987;130(4):344-347."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib21","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"934","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of the transcondylar approach to the foramen magnum","volume":"49","author":"Wanebo","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wanebo JEChicoine MR.Quantitative analysis of the transcondylar approach to the foramen magnum. Neurosurgery. 2001;49(4):934-943."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib22","series-title":"Turk J Med Sci","first-page":"301","article-title":"Morphometric evaluation of the foramen magnum and variations in its shape: a study on computerized tomographic images of normal adults","volume":"33","author":"Murshed","year":"2003","unstructured":"Murshed KA\u00c7i\u00e7ekciba\u015fi AETuncer I.Morphometric evaluation of the foramen magnum and variations in its shape: a study on computerized tomographic images of normal adults. Turk J Med Sci. 2003;33(5):301-306."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib23","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"385","article-title":"Morphometric analysis of the foramen magnum: an anatomic study","volume":"66","author":"Tubbs","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tubbs RSGriessenauer CJLoukas MShoja MMCohen-Gadol AA.Morphometric analysis of the foramen magnum: an anatomic study. Neurosurgery. 2010;66(2):385-388."},{"key":"bib24","series-title":"Open Orthop J","first-page":"250","article-title":"Computerized tomographic morphometric analysis of the cervical spine","volume":"6","author":"Evangelopoulos","year":"2012","unstructured":"Evangelopoulos DKontovazenitis PKouris SComputerized tomographic morphometric analysis of the cervical spine. Open Orthop J. 2012;6:250-254."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib25","series-title":"Neurol India","first-page":"454","article-title":"Morphometric analysis of cervical spinal canal diameter, transverse foramen, and pedicle width using computed tomography in Indian population","volume":"66","author":"Sureka","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sureka BMittal AMittal MKAgarwal KSinha MThukral BB.Morphometric analysis of cervical spinal canal diameter, transverse foramen, and pedicle width using computed tomography in Indian population. Neurol India. 2018;66(2):454-458."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib26","series-title":"Neuroradiology","first-page":"410","article-title":"Anomalous atlantoaxial portions of vertebral and posterior inferior cerebellar arteries","volume":"27","author":"Tokuda","year":"1985","unstructured":"Tokuda KMiyasaka KAbe HAnomalous atlantoaxial portions of vertebral and posterior inferior cerebellar arteries. Neuroradiology. 1985;27(5):410-413."},{"key":"bib27","series-title":"Int J Surg","first-page":"233","article-title":"Persistent first intersegmental artery (PFIA) visualized by three-dimensional computed tomography angiography in Chinese population","volume":"52","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang HChai WWang SWang YLi H.Persistent first intersegmental artery (PFIA) visualized by three-dimensional computed tomography angiography in Chinese population. Int J Surg. 2018;52:233-236."},{"issue":"18","key":"bib28","series-title":"Spine","first-page":"E1053","article-title":"Vertebral artery anomalies at the craniovertebral junction in the US population","volume":"39","author":"O\u2019Donnell","year":"2014","unstructured":"O\u2019Donnell CMChild ZANguyen QAnderson PALee MJ.Vertebral artery anomalies at the craniovertebral junction in the US population. 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