{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T02:21:10Z","timestamp":1772850070757,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742774400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Cosmet Laser Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cavernous malformations (CMs) of the optic pathway are rare. In this report, the authors describe a case of a CM affecting bilateral optic nerves that was managed surgically. Additionally, they provide an updated review of the literature focused on the clinical presentation, management, and postoperative outcomes related to this uncommon pathology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBSERVATIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 99 cases have been described in the literature, including the case reported. The patient presented with headache, encephalopathy, and bitemporal hemianopia. He was found to have an optic pathway CM and underwent resection of the lesion via a frontotemporal craniotomy. Based on a literature review, the most common presenting symptoms are visual decline and nonspecific headache. Most optic pathway CMs are managed surgically, with improvement in vision seen 66% of the time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>LESSONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CMs of the optic pathway most often present with clinical manifestations of vision loss and headaches. They are difficult to diagnose and can commonly be confused with other hemorrhagic lesions in this region. With a high index of suspicion guided by the clinical and imaging features, one can narrow the differential to include CM. Surgery remains the primary modality of management when symptomatic, similar to intraparenchymal CMs.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/thejns.org\/doi\/10.3171\/CASE24742\">https:\/\/thejns.org\/doi\/10.3171\/CASE24742<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/case24742","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T16:37:11Z","timestamp":1742920631000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Cavernous malformations of the optic nerve and chiasm: illustrative case"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Xiaochun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vy","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sherwin A.","family":"Tavakol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ian F.","family":"Dunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"bib1","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","first-page":"106439","article-title":"Opto-chiasmatic apoplexy as a compartment syndrome? Anatomical and surgical considerations on two bleeding cavernous malformations","volume":"201","author":"Fiorindi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fiorindi AGallinaro PMarton ECanova GFontanella MMLongatti P.Opto-chiasmatic apoplexy as a compartment syndrome? Anatomical and surgical considerations on two bleeding cavernous malformations. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2021;201:106439."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib2","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"1274","article-title":"Cavernous malformation from cranial nerves: a systematic review with a novel classification and patient-level analysis","volume":"95","author":"Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li ZChen LWang JCavernous malformation from cranial nerves: a systematic review with a novel classification and patient-level analysis. Neurosurgery. 2024;95(6):1274-1284."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib3","series-title":"Radiol Case Rep","first-page":"190","article-title":"The rare case of optic nerve cavernoma: a case report depicting the diagnostic challenge","volume":"19","author":"Sharma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sharma R.The rare case of optic nerve cavernoma: a case report depicting the diagnostic challenge. Radiol Case Rep. 2024;19(1):190-199."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib4","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown)","first-page":"291","article-title":"Cavernous malformations of the optic nerve and optic pathway: a case series and systematic review of the literature","volume":"21","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Srinivasan VMKoester SWWang MSCavernous malformations of the optic nerve and optic pathway: a case series and systematic review of the literature. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2021;21(5):291-302."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib5","series-title":"J Cerebrovasc Endovasc Neurosurg","first-page":"257","article-title":"Unusual presentation of cerebral cavernous malformation","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim WHLim DJChoi JIHa SKKim SDKim SH.Unusual presentation of cerebral cavernous malformation. J Cerebrovasc Endovasc Neurosurg. 2015;17(3):257-262."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib6","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"820","article-title":"The natural history of cerebral cavernous malformations","volume":"83","author":"Kondziolka","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kondziolka DLunsford LDKestle JR.The natural history of cerebral cavernous malformations. J Neurosurg. 1995;83(5):820-824."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib7","series-title":"J Neurosurg Sci","first-page":"211","article-title":"Genetics of cerebral cavernous malformations: current status and future prospects","volume":"59","author":"Choquet","year":"2015","unstructured":"Choquet HPawlikowska LLawton MTKim H.Genetics of cerebral cavernous malformations: current status and future prospects. J Neurosurg Sci. 2015;59(3):211-220."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib8","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","first-page":"53","article-title":"Optochiasmatic cavernomas: updated systematic review and proposal of a novel classification with surgical approaches","volume":"47","author":"Ruparelia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ruparelia JPatidar RGosal JSOptochiasmatic cavernomas: updated systematic review and proposal of a novel classification with surgical approaches. Neurosurg Rev. 2024;47(1):53."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib9","series-title":"J Neuroophthalmol","first-page":"160","article-title":"Cavernous angiomas of the anterior visual pathways","volume":"9","author":"Hassler","year":"1989","unstructured":"Hassler WZentner JWilhelm H.Cavernous angiomas of the anterior visual pathways. J Neuroophthalmol. 1989;9(3):160-164."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib10","series-title":"ScientificWorldJournal","article-title":"Management of cerebral cavernous malformations: from diagnosis to treatment","volume":"2015","author":"Mouchtouris","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mouchtouris NChalouhi NChitale AManagement of cerebral cavernous malformations: from diagnosis to treatment. ScientificWorldJournal. 2015;2015(1):808314."},{"issue":"12","key":"bib11","series-title":"Nat Rev Neurol","first-page":"659","article-title":"Cavernous malformations: natural history, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"5","author":"Batra","year":"2009","unstructured":"Batra SLin DRecinos PFZhang JRigamonti D.Cavernous malformations: natural history, diagnosis and treatment. Nat Rev Neurol. 2009;5(12):659-670."},{"issue":"9","key":"bib12","series-title":"J Neurosurg Case Lessons","first-page":"CASE23746","article-title":"Acute management of ruptured cavernous malformation of the optic nerve: illustrative case","volume":"7","author":"Kawalec","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kawalec PDel Bigio MRKaufmann AM.Acute management of ruptured cavernous malformation of the optic nerve: illustrative case. 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Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2021;21(1):E46-E47."},{"key":"bib15","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"152","article-title":"Minipterional transsylvian approach for resection of a cavernous malformation in the optic chiasm","volume":"152","author":"Singh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Singh RSrinivasan VMLawton MT.Minipterional transsylvian approach for resection of a cavernous malformation in the optic chiasm. World Neurosurg. 2021;152:152-153."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib16","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown)","first-page":"e129","article-title":"Microsurgical resection of optic chiasm cavernous malformations: 2-dimensional operative video","volume":"23","author":"Patra","year":"2022","unstructured":"Patra DPTurcotte ELTurkmani AHKrishna CBendok BR.Microsurgical resection of optic chiasm cavernous malformations: 2-dimensional operative video. 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J Clin Neurosci. 2015;22(2):258-267."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib19","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"1753","article-title":"Cavernous malformation of the optic pathway mimicking optic glioma: a case report","volume":"30","author":"Mano","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mano YKumabe TSaito RWatanabe MTominaga T.Cavernous malformation of the optic pathway mimicking optic glioma: a case report. Childs Nerv Syst. 2014;30(10):1753-1758."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib20","series-title":"J Neuroophthalmol","first-page":"108","article-title":"Cavernous malformation of the optic nerve and chiasm: prompt suspicion and surgery matter","volume":"42","author":"Kostic","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kostic MSubramanian PSFalcone SFCavernous malformation of the optic nerve and chiasm: prompt suspicion and surgery matter. J Neuroophthalmol. 2022;42(1):108-114."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib21","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"1190","article-title":"Long-term results after stereotactic radiosurgery for patients with cavernous malformations","volume":"50","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hasegawa TMcInerney JKondziolka DLee JYKFlickinger JCLunsford LD.Long-term results after stereotactic radiosurgery for patients with cavernous malformations. Neurosurgery. 2002;50(6):1190-1198."},{"key":"bib1","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","first-page":"106439","article-title":"Opto-chiasmatic apoplexy as a compartment syndrome? Anatomical and surgical considerations on two bleeding cavernous malformations","volume":"201","author":"Fiorindi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fiorindi AGallinaro PMarton ECanova GFontanella MMLongatti P.Opto-chiasmatic apoplexy as a compartment syndrome? Anatomical and surgical considerations on two bleeding cavernous malformations. 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Radiol Case Rep. 2024;19(1):190-199."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib4","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown)","first-page":"291","article-title":"Cavernous malformations of the optic nerve and optic pathway: a case series and systematic review of the literature","volume":"21","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Srinivasan VMKoester SWWang MSCavernous malformations of the optic nerve and optic pathway: a case series and systematic review of the literature. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2021;21(5):291-302."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib5","series-title":"J Cerebrovasc Endovasc Neurosurg","first-page":"257","article-title":"Unusual presentation of cerebral cavernous malformation","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim WHLim DJChoi JIHa SKKim SDKim SH.Unusual presentation of cerebral cavernous malformation. J Cerebrovasc Endovasc Neurosurg. 2015;17(3):257-262."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib6","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"820","article-title":"The natural history of cerebral cavernous malformations","volume":"83","author":"Kondziolka","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kondziolka DLunsford LDKestle JR.The natural history of cerebral cavernous malformations. J Neurosurg. 1995;83(5):820-824."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib7","series-title":"J Neurosurg Sci","first-page":"211","article-title":"Genetics of cerebral cavernous malformations: current status and future prospects","volume":"59","author":"Choquet","year":"2015","unstructured":"Choquet HPawlikowska LLawton MTKim H.Genetics of cerebral cavernous malformations: current status and future prospects. J Neurosurg Sci. 2015;59(3):211-220."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib8","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","first-page":"53","article-title":"Optochiasmatic cavernomas: updated systematic review and proposal of a novel classification with surgical approaches","volume":"47","author":"Ruparelia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ruparelia JPatidar RGosal JSOptochiasmatic cavernomas: updated systematic review and proposal of a novel classification with surgical approaches. Neurosurg Rev. 2024;47(1):53."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib9","series-title":"J Neuroophthalmol","first-page":"160","article-title":"Cavernous angiomas of the anterior visual pathways","volume":"9","author":"Hassler","year":"1989","unstructured":"Hassler WZentner JWilhelm H.Cavernous angiomas of the anterior visual pathways. J Neuroophthalmol. 1989;9(3):160-164."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib10","series-title":"ScientificWorldJournal","article-title":"Management of cerebral cavernous malformations: from diagnosis to treatment","volume":"2015","author":"Mouchtouris","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mouchtouris NChalouhi NChitale AManagement of cerebral cavernous malformations: from diagnosis to treatment. ScientificWorldJournal. 2015;2015(1):808314."},{"issue":"12","key":"bib11","series-title":"Nat Rev Neurol","first-page":"659","article-title":"Cavernous malformations: natural history, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"5","author":"Batra","year":"2009","unstructured":"Batra SLin DRecinos PFZhang JRigamonti D.Cavernous malformations: natural history, diagnosis and treatment. Nat Rev Neurol. 2009;5(12):659-670."},{"issue":"9","key":"bib12","series-title":"J Neurosurg Case Lessons","first-page":"CASE23746","article-title":"Acute management of ruptured cavernous malformation of the optic nerve: illustrative case","volume":"7","author":"Kawalec","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kawalec PDel Bigio MRKaufmann AM.Acute management of ruptured cavernous malformation of the optic nerve: illustrative case. J Neurosurg Case Lessons. 2024;7(9):CASE23746."},{"key":"bib13","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"159","article-title":"Awake microsurgical resection for optochiasmatic cavernous malformation","volume":"157","author":"Alejandro","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alejandro SASerrato-Avila JLPaganelli SLAwake microsurgical resection for optochiasmatic cavernous malformation. World Neurosurg. 2022;157:159."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib14","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown)","first-page":"E46","article-title":"Microsurgical resection of a chiasmatic cavernoma: 3-dimensional operative video","volume":"21","author":"Campero","year":"2021","unstructured":"Campero ACasas-Parera IVillalonga JFBaldoncini M.Microsurgical resection of a chiasmatic cavernoma: 3-dimensional operative video. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2021;21(1):E46-E47."},{"key":"bib15","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"152","article-title":"Minipterional transsylvian approach for resection of a cavernous malformation in the optic chiasm","volume":"152","author":"Singh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Singh RSrinivasan VMLawton MT.Minipterional transsylvian approach for resection of a cavernous malformation in the optic chiasm. World Neurosurg. 2021;152:152-153."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib16","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown)","first-page":"e129","article-title":"Microsurgical resection of optic chiasm cavernous malformations: 2-dimensional operative video","volume":"23","author":"Patra","year":"2022","unstructured":"Patra DPTurcotte ELTurkmani AHKrishna CBendok BR.Microsurgical resection of optic chiasm cavernous malformations: 2-dimensional operative video. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2022;23(2):e129-e129."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib17","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"31","article-title":"Optic nerve cavernous venous malformation","volume":"96","author":"Anglaret","year":"2021","unstructured":"Anglaret SLecler A.Optic nerve cavernous venous malformation. 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