{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T10:37:52Z","timestamp":1770115072048,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743379200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Cosmet Laser Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"abstract":"\n BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n Cerebral cavernous malformations are low-flow vascular lesions and the most common of all vascular pathologies encountered by neurosurgeons. The location of these lesions is critically important in determining the symptomatology and whether intervention is indicated. Cavernous malformations localized to the brainstem are often the most complex of these to manage given the density of critical structures and tracts found within the brainstem.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n OBSERVATIONS<\/jats:title>\n Here, the authors present the case of a 3-year-old male who presented with hemiparesis and eventually developed hydrocephalus from a giant brainstem cavernous malformation. The patient initially did well on steroids but had a recurrent hemorrhage that led to worsening hemiparesis and hydrocephalus. The authors then elected to resect the cavernous malformation via a supracerebellar infratentorial approach utilizing intraoperative MRI to ensure complete resection. Postoperatively, the patient returned to near baseline neurological function.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n LESSONS<\/jats:title>\n The authors describe an uncommon approach to the management of a pediatric patient with a giant brainstem cavernous malformation by carefully examining the potential approaches and utilizing available technologies to ensure an excellent outcome for the patient.<\/jats:p>\n \n https:\/\/thejns.org\/doi\/10.3171\/CASE24814<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/case24814","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T23:42:25Z","timestamp":1743464545000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Giant pediatric brainstem cavernoma: illustrative case"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Andrew L.","family":"DeGroot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Randall W.","family":"Treffy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin"},{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Children\u2019s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0322-3093","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Omar","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin"},{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Children\u2019s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin"},{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Children\u2019s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elsa","family":"Arocho-Quinones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin"},{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Children\u2019s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hirad","family":"Hedayat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin"},{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Children\u2019s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"bib1","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1079","article-title":"Hemorrhage from cerebral cavernous malformations: a systematic pooled analysis","volume":"126","author":"Gross","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gross BADu R.Hemorrhage from cerebral cavernous malformations: a systematic pooled analysis. 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J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2012;9(2):198-205."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"bib4","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"89","article-title":"Brainstem cavernous malformations: 1390 surgical cases from the literature","volume":"80","author":"Gross","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gross BABatjer HHAwad IABendok BRDu R.Brainstem cavernous malformations: 1390 surgical cases from the literature. World Neurosurg. 2013;80(1-2):89-93."},{"key":"bib5","series-title":"Pediatr Neurol","first-page":"74","article-title":"Pediatric cerebral cavernous malformations","volume":"116","author":"Paddock","year":"2021","unstructured":"Paddock MLanham SGill KSinha SConnolly DJA.Pediatric cerebral cavernous malformations. 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Childs Nerv Syst. 2024;40(6):1957-1960."},{"key":"bib28","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown)","article-title":"Giant brainstem cavernoma in children: microsurgical strategies and neuroanatomical implications: 2-dimensional operative video","author":"da Trindade","year":"2025","unstructured":"da Trindade \u00c9SGGSarti THMJim\u00e9nez L\u00c1CGiant brainstem cavernoma in children: microsurgical strategies and neuroanatomical implications: 2-dimensional operative video. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). Published online January 6, 2025. doi:10.1227\/ons.0000000000001490"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib29","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"230","article-title":"Giant cerebellar hemangioma in an infant","volume":"1","author":"Hayashi","year":"1985","unstructured":"Hayashi TFukui MShyojima KUtsunomiya HKawasaki K.Giant cerebellar hemangioma in an infant. Childs Nerv Syst. 1985;1(4):230-233."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib30","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"429","article-title":"Cavernous malformations of the brainstem in infants. Report of two cases and review of the literature","volume":"104","author":"Braga","year":"2006","unstructured":"Braga BPCosta LBJrLemos SVilela MD.Cavernous malformations of the brainstem in infants. Report of two cases and review of the literature. J Neurosurg. 2006;104(6suppl):429-433."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib31","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E18","article-title":"Giant posterior fossa cavernous malformations in 2 infants with familial cerebral cavernomatosis: the case for early screening","volume":"29","author":"Lew","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lew SM.Giant posterior fossa cavernous malformations in 2 infants with familial cerebral cavernomatosis: the case for early screening. Neurosurg Focus. 2010;29(3):E18."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib32","series-title":"Neurol Neurochir Pol","first-page":"596","article-title":"Giant cerebellar cavernous malformation in 4-month-old boy. Case report and review of the literature","volume":"47","author":"Jurkiewicz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jurkiewicz EMarcinska BMalczyk KGrajkowska WDaszkiewicz PRoszkowski M.Giant cerebellar cavernous malformation in 4-month-old boy. Case report and review of the literature. Neurol Neurochir Pol. 2013;47(6):596-600."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib1","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1079","article-title":"Hemorrhage from cerebral cavernous malformations: a systematic pooled analysis","volume":"126","author":"Gross","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gross BADu R.Hemorrhage from cerebral cavernous malformations: a systematic pooled analysis. 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