{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T17:09:47Z","timestamp":1790356187081,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749427200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Cosmet Laser Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intraorbital arteriovenous fistulas (ioAVFs) represent a rare but distinct entity of arteriovenous shunts, separate from the more common carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCFs). There is currently no consensus on the optimal treatment approach for ioAVFs, necessitating analysis of available cases to guide clinical decision-making and establish effective management strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBSERVATIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic literature review revealed a total of 28 ioAVF cases reported since 1978. An additional illustrative case is included. Intraorbital AVFs present with similar symptoms as the CCFs such as skin changes (chemosis, ecchymosis, erythema; 86.2%), proptosis (72.4%), and headaches (34.5%). Visual impairment was observed in 12 cases (41.4%); ophthalmoplegia occurred in 8 cases (27.6%). Five patients (17.2%) presented with an afferent pupillary defect. All patients underwent catheter angiography for their diagnostic workup. The ophthalmic artery (OA) was a direct feeder to the fistula in almost all patients (96.6%). Additional feeding vessels included the facial artery, sphenopalatine artery, middle meningeal artery, internal maxillary artery, and superficial temporal artery. Venous drainage was mainly via the superior ophthalmic vein (SOV). Other draining veins involved the inferior ophthalmic vein, facial vein, superior temporal vein, basal vein of Rosenthal, and superior sagittal sinus. Spontaneous resolution occurred in 5 cases (&lt; 20%). Treatment was reported in 21 cases and included embolization (66.7%), resection (14.3%), or combined techniques (19.0%). Embolization was performed most often transvenously (14 cases). Three cases were embolized via direct puncture. A transarterial approach was selected in 6 cases. The OA was embolized directly (distal to the central retinal artery) in 2 cases, including the illustrative case. The average follow-up was 7.8 months (range 3 days\u20133 years). Overall, treatment was successful with a high cure rate (85.7%). Complications included extensive hemorrhage during transvenous embolization in 1 case and profound thrombosis of the SOV in 2 cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>LESSONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intraorbital AVFs are characterized by direct inflow via the OA. Treatment can be challenging. A multimodal approach, including observation, can result in high cure rates. Transvenous embolization is the most commonly performed intervention. Embolization via the OA is an option, but carries the risk of permanent visual deficit.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/thejns.org\/doi\/10.3171\/CASE24857\">https:\/\/thejns.org\/doi\/10.3171\/CASE24857<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/case24857","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T19:49:25Z","timestamp":1749498565000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Intraorbital arteriovenous fistulas: illustrative case"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5380-1862","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marharyta","family":"Krylova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1710-2746","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Erik F.","family":"Hauck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"bib1","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"248","article-title":"Classification and treatment of spontaneous carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas","volume":"62","author":"Barrow","year":"1985","unstructured":"Barrow DLSpector RHBraun IFLandman JATindall SCTindall GT.Classification and treatment of spontaneous carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas. J Neurosurg. 1985;62(2):248-256."},{"key":"bib2","series-title":"StatPearls Publishing","article-title":"Intraocular pressure","author":"Machiele","year":"2024","unstructured":"Machiele RMotlagh MZeppieri MPatel BC.Intraocular pressure. In: StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; 2024."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib3","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"35","article-title":"Intraorbital ophthalmic aneurysms and arteriovenous fistulae","volume":"9","author":"Rengachary","year":"1978","unstructured":"Rengachary SSKishore PR.Intraorbital ophthalmic aneurysms and arteriovenous fistulae. Surg Neurol. 1978;9(1):35-41."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib4","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"102","article-title":"Traumatic ophthalmic fistula simulating carotid-cavernous fistula","volume":"12","author":"Freitas","year":"1983","unstructured":"Freitas MAFilho CALima RMarchiori E.Traumatic ophthalmic fistula simulating carotid-cavernous fistula. Neurosurgery. 1983;12(1):102-104."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib5","series-title":"No Shinkei Geka","first-page":"291","article-title":"Traumatic ophthalmic artery-superior ophthalmic vein fistula: a case report","volume":"17","author":"Tabuse","year":"1989","unstructured":"Tabuse JTane KOhta TIwata T.Traumatic ophthalmic artery-superior ophthalmic vein fistula: a case report. Article in Japanese. No Shinkei Geka. 1989;17(3):291-295."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib6","series-title":"Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"245","article-title":"Spontaneous resolution of intraorbital arteriovenous fistulas","volume":"25","author":"Cheng","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cheng KCChang CHLin WC.Spontaneous resolution of intraorbital arteriovenous fistulas. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009;25(3):245-247."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib7","series-title":"Br J Ophthalmol","first-page":"771","article-title":"Orbital arteriovenous malformation mimicking cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous malformation","volume":"84","author":"Huna-Baron","year":"2000","unstructured":"Huna-Baron RSetton AKupersmith MJBerenstein A.Orbital arteriovenous malformation mimicking cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous malformation. Br J Ophthalmol. 2000;84(7):771-774."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib8","series-title":"Orbit","first-page":"417","article-title":"Dural arteriovenous fistula of the optic nerve sheath","volume":"28","author":"van den Berg","year":"2009","unstructured":"van den Berg RSmagge LESaeed PMajoie CB.Dural arteriovenous fistula of the optic nerve sheath. Orbit. 2009;28(6):417-419."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib9","series-title":"Am J Ophthalmol","first-page":"736","article-title":"Clinical findings in a patient with spontaneous arteriovenous fistulas of the orbit","volume":"127","author":"Ohtsuka","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ohtsuka KHashimoto M.Clinical findings in a patient with spontaneous arteriovenous fistulas of the orbit. Am J Ophthalmol. 1999;127(6):736-737."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib10","series-title":"J Radiol Case Rep","first-page":"1","article-title":"Optic nerve sheath dural arteriovenous fistula misdiagnosed as a carotid cavernous fistula","volume":"12","author":"Downs","year":"2018","unstructured":"Downs E.Optic nerve sheath dural arteriovenous fistula misdiagnosed as a carotid cavernous fistula. J Radiol Case Rep. 2018;12(2):1-10."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib11","series-title":"Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"275","article-title":"Intraorbital arteriovenous fistula secondary to penetrating injury","volume":"23","author":"Yazici","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yazici BYazici ZErdogan CRootman J.Intraorbital arteriovenous fistula secondary to penetrating injury. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007;23(4):275-278."},{"issue":"9","key":"bib12","series-title":"Ophthalmology","first-page":"1440","article-title":"Multidisciplinary approaches to complicated vascular lesions of the orbit","volume":"99","author":"Rootman","year":"1992","unstructured":"Rootman JKao SCGraeb DA.Multidisciplinary approaches to complicated vascular lesions of the orbit. Ophthalmology. 1992;99(9):1440-1446."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib13","series-title":"Neurosurgery","article-title":"Intraorbital arteriovenous fistulae of the ophthalmic veins treated by transvenous endovascular occlusion: technical case report","volume":"58","author":"Caragine","year":"2006","unstructured":"Caragine LPHalbach VVDowd CFHigashida RT.Intraorbital arteriovenous fistulae of the ophthalmic veins treated by transvenous endovascular occlusion: technical case report. Neurosurgery. 2006;58(1suppl):ONS-E170."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib14","series-title":"Neuroradiology","first-page":"62","article-title":"Cook detachable coil embolization of a symptomatic, isolated orbital arteriovenous fistula via a superior ophthalmic vein approach","volume":"47","author":"Subramanian","year":"2005","unstructured":"Subramanian PSGailloud PHHeck DVTamargo RJMurphy KJMiller NR.Cook detachable coil embolization of a symptomatic, isolated orbital arteriovenous fistula via a superior ophthalmic vein approach. Neuroradiology. 2005;47(1):62-65."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib15","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"756","article-title":"Transvenous embolization for a purely intraorbital arteriovenous fistula. Case report","volume":"103","author":"Deguchi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Deguchi JYamada MOgawa RKuroiwa T.Transvenous embolization for a purely intraorbital arteriovenous fistula. Case report. J Neurosurg. 2005;103(4):756-759."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib16","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","first-page":"783","article-title":"Transvenous embolization of an intraorbital arteriovenous fistula using Onyx","volume":"17","author":"Lin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lin CJBlanc RClaren\u00e7on FTransvenous embolization of an intraorbital arteriovenous fistula using Onyx. J Clin Neurosci. 2010;17(6):783-785."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib17","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"E130","article-title":"Transvenous coil embolization of an intraorbital arteriovenous fistula: case report and review of the literature","volume":"72","author":"Williamson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Williamson RWDucruet AFCrowley RWMcDougall CGAlbuquerque FC.Transvenous coil embolization of an intraorbital arteriovenous fistula: case report and review of the literature. Neurosurgery. 2013;72(1):E130-E134."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib18","series-title":"Orbit","first-page":"124","article-title":"A case of a spontaneous intraorbital arteriovenous fistula: clinico-radiological findings and treatment by transvenous embolisation via the superior ophthalmic vein","volume":"32","author":"Naqvi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Naqvi JLaitt RLeatherbarrow BHerwadkar A.A case of a spontaneous intraorbital arteriovenous fistula: clinico-radiological findings and treatment by transvenous embolisation via the superior ophthalmic vein. Orbit. 2013;32(2):124-126."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib19","series-title":"Interv Neuroradiol","first-page":"357","article-title":"Direct percutaneous transorbital puncture under fluoroscopic guidance with a 3D skull reconstruction overlay for embolisation of intraorbital and cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistulas","volume":"21","author":"Lv","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lv MJiang CLiu DNing ZYang JWu Z.Direct percutaneous transorbital puncture under fluoroscopic guidance with a 3D skull reconstruction overlay for embolisation of intraorbital and cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistulas. Interv Neuroradiol. 2015;21(3):357-361."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib20","series-title":"Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"e63","article-title":"Transarterial embolization of a spontaneous intraorbital arteriovenous fistula with n-BCA glue","volume":"33","author":"Konstas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Konstas AARootman DBQuiros PARoss IB.Transarterial embolization of a spontaneous intraorbital arteriovenous fistula with n-BCA glue. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;33(3):e63-e64."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib21","series-title":"Surv Ophthalmol","first-page":"248","article-title":"Not the usual suspect","volume":"64","author":"Lee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee AGShader JDVickers ADiaz OMBilyk JR.Not the usual suspect. Surv Ophthalmol. 2019;64(2):248-253."},{"key":"bib22","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"287","article-title":"Orbital arteriovenous fistula coexistent with an arteriovenous hemangioma: a rare occurrence and review of literature","volume":"122","author":"Tsutsumi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tsutsumi SOishi HNonaka SOrbital arteriovenous fistula coexistent with an arteriovenous hemangioma: a rare occurrence and review of literature. World Neurosurg. 2019;122:287-292."},{"key":"bib23","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"15","article-title":"Combined surgical and endovascular treatment of an intraorbital arteriovenous fistula drained into a basal vein of Rosenthal: a technical case report","volume":"141","author":"Akamatsu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Akamatsu YKubo YChida KMatsumoto YOgasawara K.Combined surgical and endovascular treatment of an intraorbital arteriovenous fistula drained into a basal vein of Rosenthal: a technical case report. World Neurosurg. 2020;141:15-19."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib24","series-title":"J Neurointerv Surg","article-title":"Stereotactic-guided direct orbital puncture for treatment of orbital arteriovenous fistula","volume":"16","author":"Robledo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Robledo AFrank TSKaras PJStereotactic-guided direct orbital puncture for treatment of orbital arteriovenous fistula. J Neurointerv Surg. 2024;16(4):429."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib25","series-title":"Orbit","first-page":"181","article-title":"Combined radiological intervention and surgical excision of a periorbital arteriovenous fistula","volume":"32","author":"Tan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tan BRootman JSeah LL.Combined radiological intervention and surgical excision of a periorbital arteriovenous fistula. Orbit. 2013;32(3):181-183."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib26","series-title":"Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"e39","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of an intraorbital vascular fistula","volume":"28","author":"Wigton","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wigton EHWells JRHarrigan MRLong JAVicinanzo MG.Diagnosis and management of an intraorbital vascular fistula. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2012;28(2):e39-e41."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib27","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"55","article-title":"Spontaneous arteriovenous fistula of the orbit: case report","volume":"65","author":"Hamada","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hamada JIMorioka MKai YSakurama TKuratsu JI.Spontaneous arteriovenous fistula of the orbit: case report. Surg Neurol. 2006;65(1):55-57."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib1","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"248","article-title":"Classification and treatment of spontaneous carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas","volume":"62","author":"Barrow","year":"1985","unstructured":"Barrow DLSpector RHBraun IFLandman JATindall SCTindall GT.Classification and treatment of spontaneous carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas. J Neurosurg. 1985;62(2):248-256."},{"key":"bib2","series-title":"StatPearls Publishing","article-title":"Intraocular pressure","author":"Machiele","year":"2024","unstructured":"Machiele RMotlagh MZeppieri MPatel BC.Intraocular pressure. In: StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; 2024."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib3","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"35","article-title":"Intraorbital ophthalmic aneurysms and arteriovenous fistulae","volume":"9","author":"Rengachary","year":"1978","unstructured":"Rengachary SSKishore PR.Intraorbital ophthalmic aneurysms and arteriovenous fistulae. Surg Neurol. 1978;9(1):35-41."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib4","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"102","article-title":"Traumatic ophthalmic fistula simulating carotid-cavernous fistula","volume":"12","author":"Freitas","year":"1983","unstructured":"Freitas MAFilho CALima RMarchiori E.Traumatic ophthalmic fistula simulating carotid-cavernous fistula. Neurosurgery. 1983;12(1):102-104."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib5","series-title":"No Shinkei Geka","first-page":"291","article-title":"Traumatic ophthalmic artery-superior ophthalmic vein fistula: a case report","volume":"17","author":"Tabuse","year":"1989","unstructured":"Tabuse JTane KOhta TIwata T.Traumatic ophthalmic artery-superior ophthalmic vein fistula: a case report. Article in Japanese. No Shinkei Geka. 1989;17(3):291-295."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib6","series-title":"Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"245","article-title":"Spontaneous resolution of intraorbital arteriovenous fistulas","volume":"25","author":"Cheng","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cheng KCChang CHLin WC.Spontaneous resolution of intraorbital arteriovenous fistulas. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009;25(3):245-247."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib7","series-title":"Br J Ophthalmol","first-page":"771","article-title":"Orbital arteriovenous malformation mimicking cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous malformation","volume":"84","author":"Huna-Baron","year":"2000","unstructured":"Huna-Baron RSetton AKupersmith MJBerenstein A.Orbital arteriovenous malformation mimicking cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous malformation. Br J Ophthalmol. 2000;84(7):771-774."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib8","series-title":"Orbit","first-page":"417","article-title":"Dural arteriovenous fistula of the optic nerve sheath","volume":"28","author":"van den Berg","year":"2009","unstructured":"van den Berg RSmagge LESaeed PMajoie CB.Dural arteriovenous fistula of the optic nerve sheath. Orbit. 2009;28(6):417-419."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib9","series-title":"Am J Ophthalmol","first-page":"736","article-title":"Clinical findings in a patient with spontaneous arteriovenous fistulas of the orbit","volume":"127","author":"Ohtsuka","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ohtsuka KHashimoto M.Clinical findings in a patient with spontaneous arteriovenous fistulas of the orbit. Am J Ophthalmol. 1999;127(6):736-737."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib10","series-title":"J Radiol Case Rep","first-page":"1","article-title":"Optic nerve sheath dural arteriovenous fistula misdiagnosed as a carotid cavernous fistula","volume":"12","author":"Downs","year":"2018","unstructured":"Downs E.Optic nerve sheath dural arteriovenous fistula misdiagnosed as a carotid cavernous fistula. J Radiol Case Rep. 2018;12(2):1-10."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib11","series-title":"Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"275","article-title":"Intraorbital arteriovenous fistula secondary to penetrating injury","volume":"23","author":"Yazici","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yazici BYazici ZErdogan CRootman J.Intraorbital arteriovenous fistula secondary to penetrating injury. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007;23(4):275-278."},{"issue":"9","key":"bib12","series-title":"Ophthalmology","first-page":"1440","article-title":"Multidisciplinary approaches to complicated vascular lesions of the orbit","volume":"99","author":"Rootman","year":"1992","unstructured":"Rootman JKao SCGraeb DA.Multidisciplinary approaches to complicated vascular lesions of the orbit. Ophthalmology. 1992;99(9):1440-1446."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib13","series-title":"Neurosurgery","article-title":"Intraorbital arteriovenous fistulae of the ophthalmic veins treated by transvenous endovascular occlusion: technical case report","volume":"58","author":"Caragine","year":"2006","unstructured":"Caragine LPHalbach VVDowd CFHigashida RT.Intraorbital arteriovenous fistulae of the ophthalmic veins treated by transvenous endovascular occlusion: technical case report. Neurosurgery. 2006;58(1suppl):ONS-E170."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib14","series-title":"Neuroradiology","first-page":"62","article-title":"Cook detachable coil embolization of a symptomatic, isolated orbital arteriovenous fistula via a superior ophthalmic vein approach","volume":"47","author":"Subramanian","year":"2005","unstructured":"Subramanian PSGailloud PHHeck DVTamargo RJMurphy KJMiller NR.Cook detachable coil embolization of a symptomatic, isolated orbital arteriovenous fistula via a superior ophthalmic vein approach. Neuroradiology. 2005;47(1):62-65."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib15","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"756","article-title":"Transvenous embolization for a purely intraorbital arteriovenous fistula. Case report","volume":"103","author":"Deguchi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Deguchi JYamada MOgawa RKuroiwa T.Transvenous embolization for a purely intraorbital arteriovenous fistula. Case report. J Neurosurg. 2005;103(4):756-759."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib16","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","first-page":"783","article-title":"Transvenous embolization of an intraorbital arteriovenous fistula using Onyx","volume":"17","author":"Lin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lin CJBlanc RClaren\u00e7on FTransvenous embolization of an intraorbital arteriovenous fistula using Onyx. J Clin Neurosci. 2010;17(6):783-785."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib17","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"E130","article-title":"Transvenous coil embolization of an intraorbital arteriovenous fistula: case report and review of the literature","volume":"72","author":"Williamson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Williamson RWDucruet AFCrowley RWMcDougall CGAlbuquerque FC.Transvenous coil embolization of an intraorbital arteriovenous fistula: case report and review of the literature. Neurosurgery. 2013;72(1):E130-E134."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib18","series-title":"Orbit","first-page":"124","article-title":"A case of a spontaneous intraorbital arteriovenous fistula: clinico-radiological findings and treatment by transvenous embolisation via the superior ophthalmic vein","volume":"32","author":"Naqvi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Naqvi JLaitt RLeatherbarrow BHerwadkar A.A case of a spontaneous intraorbital arteriovenous fistula: clinico-radiological findings and treatment by transvenous embolisation via the superior ophthalmic vein. Orbit. 2013;32(2):124-126."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib19","series-title":"Interv Neuroradiol","first-page":"357","article-title":"Direct percutaneous transorbital puncture under fluoroscopic guidance with a 3D skull reconstruction overlay for embolisation of intraorbital and cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistulas","volume":"21","author":"Lv","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lv MJiang CLiu DNing ZYang JWu Z.Direct percutaneous transorbital puncture under fluoroscopic guidance with a 3D skull reconstruction overlay for embolisation of intraorbital and cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistulas. Interv Neuroradiol. 2015;21(3):357-361."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib20","series-title":"Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"e63","article-title":"Transarterial embolization of a spontaneous intraorbital arteriovenous fistula with n-BCA glue","volume":"33","author":"Konstas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Konstas AARootman DBQuiros PARoss IB.Transarterial embolization of a spontaneous intraorbital arteriovenous fistula with n-BCA glue. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;33(3):e63-e64."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib21","series-title":"Surv Ophthalmol","first-page":"248","article-title":"Not the usual suspect","volume":"64","author":"Lee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee AGShader JDVickers ADiaz OMBilyk JR.Not the usual suspect. Surv Ophthalmol. 2019;64(2):248-253."},{"key":"bib22","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"287","article-title":"Orbital arteriovenous fistula coexistent with an arteriovenous hemangioma: a rare occurrence and review of literature","volume":"122","author":"Tsutsumi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tsutsumi SOishi HNonaka SOrbital arteriovenous fistula coexistent with an arteriovenous hemangioma: a rare occurrence and review of literature. World Neurosurg. 2019;122:287-292."},{"key":"bib23","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"15","article-title":"Combined surgical and endovascular treatment of an intraorbital arteriovenous fistula drained into a basal vein of Rosenthal: a technical case report","volume":"141","author":"Akamatsu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Akamatsu YKubo YChida KMatsumoto YOgasawara K.Combined surgical and endovascular treatment of an intraorbital arteriovenous fistula drained into a basal vein of Rosenthal: a technical case report. World Neurosurg. 2020;141:15-19."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib24","series-title":"J Neurointerv Surg","article-title":"Stereotactic-guided direct orbital puncture for treatment of orbital arteriovenous fistula","volume":"16","author":"Robledo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Robledo AFrank TSKaras PJStereotactic-guided direct orbital puncture for treatment of orbital arteriovenous fistula. J Neurointerv Surg. 2024;16(4):429."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib25","series-title":"Orbit","first-page":"181","article-title":"Combined radiological intervention and surgical excision of a periorbital arteriovenous fistula","volume":"32","author":"Tan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tan BRootman JSeah LL.Combined radiological intervention and surgical excision of a periorbital arteriovenous fistula. Orbit. 2013;32(3):181-183."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib26","series-title":"Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"e39","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of an intraorbital vascular fistula","volume":"28","author":"Wigton","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wigton EHWells JRHarrigan MRLong JAVicinanzo MG.Diagnosis and management of an intraorbital vascular fistula. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2012;28(2):e39-e41."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib27","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"55","article-title":"Spontaneous arteriovenous fistula of the orbit: case report","volume":"65","author":"Hamada","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hamada JIMorioka MKai YSakurama TKuratsu JI.Spontaneous arteriovenous fistula of the orbit: case report. 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