{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:23:42Z","timestamp":1784679822241,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742774400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Cosmet Laser Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]]},"abstract":"\n BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n Peripheral nerve injuries in the lower extremities impose significant functional and quality-of-life challenges. Loss of plantar flexion is a major deficit. Novel nerve transfers are being introduced to restore function. A novel nerve transfer\u2014partial superficial peroneal to a gastrocnemius branch of the tibial nerve\u2014aimed at restoring plantar flexion is presented in a patient with an incomplete proximal thigh-level sciatic nerve injury.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n OBSERVATIONS<\/jats:title>\n The case of a 27-year-old policeman with a right sciatic nerve injury from a gunshot wound sustained 11 months earlier, characterized by intact dorsiflexion and eversion but with complete loss of plantar flexion and inversion, is presented. The patient underwent a nerve transfer from the superficial peroneal nerve to the lateral gastrocnemius branch of the tibial nerve at 10 months postinjury. At the 2-year follow-up, the patient achieved M4 strength in plantar flexion while maintaining M5 strength in ankle eversion, dorsiflexion, and toe extension, with ongoing signs of reinnervation to the lateral gastrocnemius on electromyography.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n LESSONS<\/jats:title>\n Partial transfer of the superficial peroneal nerve to the lateral gastrocnemius branch of the tibial nerve offers a promising solution for restoring plantar flexion in partial sciatic nerve injuries affecting the tibial division. Tailored distal nerve transfers can enhance recovery, underscoring the importance of surgical innovation in treating complex peripheral nerve injuries.<\/jats:p>\n \n https:\/\/thejns.org\/doi\/10.3171\/CASE24888<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/case24888","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T16:27:29Z","timestamp":1742920049000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Superficial peroneal to tibial nerve transfer for restoring plantar flexion in partial sciatic nerve injuries: illustrative case"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2616-5853","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ken","family":"Porche","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kitty Y.","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Spinner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"bib1","series-title":"Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc","first-page":"48","article-title":"The results of surgical repair of sciatic nerve injuries","volume":"44","author":"Aydin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Aydin AOzkan TAydin HUThe results of surgical repair of sciatic nerve injuries. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc. 2010;44(1):48-53."},{"issue":"9-10","key":"bib2","series-title":"Mil Med","first-page":"e434","article-title":"Combat injury of the sciatic nerve\u2014an institutional experience","volume":"183","author":"Jones","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jones PEMeyer RMFaillace WJCombat injury of the sciatic nerve\u2014an institutional experience. Mil Med. 2018;183(9-10):e434-e441."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib3","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1024","article-title":"Femoral nerve transfers for restoring tibial nerve function: an anatomical study and clinical correlation: a report of 2 cases","volume":"129","author":"Moore","year":"2018","unstructured":"Moore AMKrauss EMParikh RPFranco MJTung TH.Femoral nerve transfers for restoring tibial nerve function: an anatomical study and clinical correlation: a report of 2 cases. J Neurosurg. 2018;129(4):1024-1033."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib4","series-title":"J Reconstr Microsurg","first-page":"451","article-title":"Deep peroneal nerve transfer for established plantar sensory loss","volume":"19","author":"Koshima","year":"2003","unstructured":"Koshima INanba YTsutsui TTakahashi Y.Deep peroneal nerve transfer for established plantar sensory loss. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2003;19(7):451-454."},{"issue":"11","key":"bib5","series-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg","first-page":"1512","article-title":"Superficial peroneal and sural nerve transfer to tibial nerve for restoration of plantar sensation after complex injuries of the tibial nerve: cadaver feasibility study","volume":"64","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Lorenzo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Lorenzo AGago BPineda AFBhatti MAudolfsson T.Superficial peroneal and sural nerve transfer to tibial nerve for restoration of plantar sensation after complex injuries of the tibial nerve: cadaver feasibility study. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2011;64(11):1512-1516."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib6","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"218","article-title":"Proximal motor branches from the tibial nerve as direct donors to restore function of the deep fibular nerve for treatment of high sciatic nerve injuries: a cadaveric feasibility study","volume":"65","author":"Flores","year":"2009","unstructured":"Flores LP.Proximal motor branches from the tibial nerve as direct donors to restore function of the deep fibular nerve for treatment of high sciatic nerve injuries: a cadaveric feasibility study. Neurosurgery. 2009;65(6suppl):218-225."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib7","series-title":"J Reconstr Microsurg","first-page":"203","article-title":"Interosseous nerve transfers for tibialis anterior muscle paralysis (foot drop): a human cadaver-based feasibility study","volume":"25","author":"Pirela-Cruz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pirela-Cruz MAHansen UTerreros DARossum AWest P.Interosseous nerve transfers for tibialis anterior muscle paralysis (foot drop): a human cadaver-based feasibility study. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2009;25(3):203-211."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib8","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"609","article-title":"Clinical results of transferring a motor branch of the tibial nerve to the deep peroneal nerve for treatment of foot drop","volume":"73","author":"Flores","year":"2013","unstructured":"Flores LPMartins RSSiqueira MG.Clinical results of transferring a motor branch of the tibial nerve to the deep peroneal nerve for treatment of foot drop. Neurosurgery. 2013;73(4):609-616."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib9","series-title":"Clin Anat","first-page":"201","article-title":"Restoration of motor function of the deep fibular (peroneal) nerve by direct nerve transfer of branches from the tibial nerve: an anatomical study","volume":"17","author":"Bodily","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bodily KDSpinner RJBishop AT.Restoration of motor function of the deep fibular (peroneal) nerve by direct nerve transfer of branches from the tibial nerve: an anatomical study. Clin Anat. 2004;17(3):201-205."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib10","series-title":"Ann Plast Surg","first-page":"48","article-title":"Surgical technique of a partial tibial nerve transfer to the tibialis anterior motor branch for the treatment of peroneal nerve injury","volume":"69","author":"Giuffre","year":"2012","unstructured":"Giuffre JLBishop ATSpinner RJShin AY.Surgical technique of a partial tibial nerve transfer to the tibialis anterior motor branch for the treatment of peroneal nerve injury. Ann Plast Surg. 2012;69(1):48-53."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib11","series-title":"J Reconstr Microsurg","first-page":"57","article-title":"Contribution of the distal nerve sheath to nerve and muscle preservation following denervation and sensory protection","volume":"21","author":"Veltri","year":"2005","unstructured":"Veltri KKwiecien JMMinet WFahnestock MBain JR.Contribution of the distal nerve sheath to nerve and muscle preservation following denervation and sensory protection. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2005;21(1):57-74."},{"key":"bib12","series-title":"Front Physiol","first-page":"795623","article-title":"Studies on the manner of collateral regeneration from nerve stem to motor endplate","volume":"12","author":"Qi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Qi ZLi DLi LStudies on the manner of collateral regeneration from nerve stem to motor endplate. Front Physiol. 2021;12:795623."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib13","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","article-title":"Reinnervated split-muscle technique for creating additional myoelectric sites in an animal model","volume":"138","author":"Deslivia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Deslivia MFLee HJZulkarnain RFReinnervated split-muscle technique for creating additional myoelectric sites in an animal model. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016;138(6):997e-1010e."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib14","series-title":"J Reconstr Microsurg","first-page":"95","article-title":"The effect of split nerve on electromyography signal pattern in a rat model","volume":"34","author":"Deslivia","year":"2018","unstructured":"Deslivia MFLee HJZulkarnain RFThe effect of split nerve on electromyography signal pattern in a rat model. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2018;34(2):95-102."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib15","series-title":"Ann Plast Surg","first-page":"532","article-title":"Reinnervation of denervated muscle in a split-nerve transfer model","volume":"49","author":"Ozkan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ozkan OSafak TVargel IDemirci MErdem SErk Y.Reinnervation of denervated muscle in a split-nerve transfer model. Ann Plast Surg. 2002;49(5):532-540."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib16","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"419.e1","article-title":"Effect of reverse end-to-side (supercharging) neurotization in long processed acellular nerve allograft in a rat model","volume":"44","author":"Isaacs","year":"2019","unstructured":"Isaacs JPatel GMallu SEffect of reverse end-to-side (supercharging) neurotization in long processed acellular nerve allograft in a rat model. J Hand Surg Am. 2019;44(5):419.e1-419.e10."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib17","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"78","article-title":"End-to-side neurorrhaphies in a rodent model of peripheral nerve injury: a preliminary report of a novel technique","volume":"101","author":"Adelson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Adelson PDBonaroti EAThompson TPTran MNystrom NA.End-to-side neurorrhaphies in a rodent model of peripheral nerve injury: a preliminary report of a novel technique. J Neurosurg. 2004;101(1suppl):78-84."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib18","series-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol","first-page":"506","article-title":"End-to-side neurorrhaphy resulting in limited sensory axonal regeneration in a rat model","volume":"106","author":"Tarasidis","year":"1997","unstructured":"Tarasidis GWatanabe OMackinnon SEStrasberg SRHaughey BHHunter DA.End-to-side neurorrhaphy resulting in limited sensory axonal regeneration in a rat model. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1997;106(6):506-512."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib19","series-title":"Muscle Nerve","first-page":"243","article-title":"Side-to-side supercharging nerve allograft enhances neurotrophic potential","volume":"61","author":"Isaacs","year":"2020","unstructured":"Isaacs JFeger MAMallu SSide-to-side supercharging nerve allograft enhances neurotrophic potential. Muscle Nerve. 2020;61(2):243-252."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib20","series-title":"J Surg Res","first-page":"350","article-title":"Side-to-side nerve bridges reduce muscle atrophy after peripheral nerve injury in a rodent model","volume":"187","author":"Shea","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shea JEGarlick JWSalama MEMendenhall SDMoran LAAgarwal JP.Side-to-side nerve bridges reduce muscle atrophy after peripheral nerve injury in a rodent model. J Surg Res. 2014;187(1):350-358."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib21","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"466","article-title":"Supercharge nerve transfer to enhance motor recovery: a laboratory study","volume":"38","author":"Farber","year":"2013","unstructured":"Farber SJGlaus SWMoore AMHunter DAMackinnon SEJohnson PJ.Supercharge nerve transfer to enhance motor recovery: a laboratory study. J Hand Surg Am. 2013;38(3):466-477."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib22","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"702","article-title":"Testing the effectiveness and the contribution of experimental supercharge (reversed) end-to-side nerve transfer","volume":"130","author":"Nadi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nadi MRamachandran SIslam AForden JGuo GFMidha R.Testing the effectiveness and the contribution of experimental supercharge (reversed) end-to-side nerve transfer. J Neurosurg. 2019;130(3):702-711."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib23","series-title":"J Reconstr Microsurg","first-page":"489","article-title":"Reverse end-to-side neurotization in a regenerating nerve","volume":"24","author":"Isaacs","year":"2008","unstructured":"Isaacs JECheatham SGagnon EBRazavi AMcDowell CL.Reverse end-to-side neurotization in a regenerating nerve. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2008;24(7):489-496."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib24","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"1631","article-title":"Reverse end-to-side nerve transfer: from animal model to clinical use","volume":"36","author":"Kale","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kale SSGlaus SWYee AReverse end-to-side nerve transfer: from animal model to clinical use. J Hand Surg Am. 2011;36(10):1631-1639.e2."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib25","series-title":"J Hand Surg Br","first-page":"505","article-title":"A comparative electrophysiological study on neurotisation in rats","volume":"16","author":"Chiu","year":"1991","unstructured":"Chiu DTChen LSpielholtz NBeasley RW.A comparative electrophysiological study on neurotisation in rats. J Hand Surg Br. 1991;16(5):505-510."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib26","series-title":"J Reconstr Microsurg","first-page":"237","article-title":"Direct muscle neurotization after end-to-side neurorrhaphy","volume":"17","author":"Papalia","year":"2001","unstructured":"Papalia ILacroix CBrunelli Fd\u2019Alcontres FS.Direct muscle neurotization after end-to-side neurorrhaphy. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2001;17(4):237-246."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib27","series-title":"J Reconstr Microsurg","first-page":"347","article-title":"The fate of neurotization techniques on reinnervation after denervation of the gastrocnemius muscle: an experimental study","volume":"17","author":"Askar","year":"2001","unstructured":"Askar ISabuncuoglu BTYormuk ESaray A.The fate of neurotization techniques on reinnervation after denervation of the gastrocnemius muscle: an experimental study. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2001;17(5):347-356."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib28","series-title":"Gait Posture","first-page":"29","article-title":"The effect of subtalar inversion\/eversion on the dynamic function of the tibialis anterior, soleus, and gastrocnemius during the stance phase of gait","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang RGutierrez-Farewik EM.The effect of subtalar inversion\/eversion on the dynamic function of the tibialis anterior, soleus, and gastrocnemius during the stance phase of gait. Gait Posture. 2011;34(1):29-35."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib1","series-title":"Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc","first-page":"48","article-title":"The results of surgical repair of sciatic nerve injuries","volume":"44","author":"Aydin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Aydin AOzkan TAydin HUThe results of surgical repair of sciatic nerve injuries. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc. 2010;44(1):48-53."},{"issue":"9-10","key":"bib2","series-title":"Mil Med","first-page":"e434","article-title":"Combat injury of the sciatic nerve\u2014an institutional experience","volume":"183","author":"Jones","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jones PEMeyer RMFaillace WJCombat injury of the sciatic nerve\u2014an institutional experience. Mil Med. 2018;183(9-10):e434-e441."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib3","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1024","article-title":"Femoral nerve transfers for restoring tibial nerve function: an anatomical study and clinical correlation: a report of 2 cases","volume":"129","author":"Moore","year":"2018","unstructured":"Moore AMKrauss EMParikh RPFranco MJTung TH.Femoral nerve transfers for restoring tibial nerve function: an anatomical study and clinical correlation: a report of 2 cases. J Neurosurg. 2018;129(4):1024-1033."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib4","series-title":"J Reconstr Microsurg","first-page":"451","article-title":"Deep peroneal nerve transfer for established plantar sensory loss","volume":"19","author":"Koshima","year":"2003","unstructured":"Koshima INanba YTsutsui TTakahashi Y.Deep peroneal nerve transfer for established plantar sensory loss. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2003;19(7):451-454."},{"issue":"11","key":"bib5","series-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg","first-page":"1512","article-title":"Superficial peroneal and sural nerve transfer to tibial nerve for restoration of plantar sensation after complex injuries of the tibial nerve: cadaver feasibility study","volume":"64","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Lorenzo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Lorenzo AGago BPineda AFBhatti MAudolfsson T.Superficial peroneal and sural nerve transfer to tibial nerve for restoration of plantar sensation after complex injuries of the tibial nerve: cadaver feasibility study. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2011;64(11):1512-1516."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib6","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"218","article-title":"Proximal motor branches from the tibial nerve as direct donors to restore function of the deep fibular nerve for treatment of high sciatic nerve injuries: a cadaveric feasibility study","volume":"65","author":"Flores","year":"2009","unstructured":"Flores LP.Proximal motor branches from the tibial nerve as direct donors to restore function of the deep fibular nerve for treatment of high sciatic nerve injuries: a cadaveric feasibility study. Neurosurgery. 2009;65(6suppl):218-225."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib7","series-title":"J Reconstr Microsurg","first-page":"203","article-title":"Interosseous nerve transfers for tibialis anterior muscle paralysis (foot drop): a human cadaver-based feasibility study","volume":"25","author":"Pirela-Cruz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pirela-Cruz MAHansen UTerreros DARossum AWest P.Interosseous nerve transfers for tibialis anterior muscle paralysis (foot drop): a human cadaver-based feasibility study. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2009;25(3):203-211."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib8","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"609","article-title":"Clinical results of transferring a motor branch of the tibial nerve to the deep peroneal nerve for treatment of foot drop","volume":"73","author":"Flores","year":"2013","unstructured":"Flores LPMartins RSSiqueira MG.Clinical results of transferring a motor branch of the tibial nerve to the deep peroneal nerve for treatment of foot drop. Neurosurgery. 2013;73(4):609-616."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib9","series-title":"Clin Anat","first-page":"201","article-title":"Restoration of motor function of the deep fibular (peroneal) nerve by direct nerve transfer of branches from the tibial nerve: an anatomical study","volume":"17","author":"Bodily","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bodily KDSpinner RJBishop AT.Restoration of motor function of the deep fibular (peroneal) nerve by direct nerve transfer of branches from the tibial nerve: an anatomical study. Clin Anat. 2004;17(3):201-205."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib10","series-title":"Ann Plast Surg","first-page":"48","article-title":"Surgical technique of a partial tibial nerve transfer to the tibialis anterior motor branch for the treatment of peroneal nerve injury","volume":"69","author":"Giuffre","year":"2012","unstructured":"Giuffre JLBishop ATSpinner RJShin AY.Surgical technique of a partial tibial nerve transfer to the tibialis anterior motor branch for the treatment of peroneal nerve injury. Ann Plast Surg. 2012;69(1):48-53."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib11","series-title":"J Reconstr Microsurg","first-page":"57","article-title":"Contribution of the distal nerve sheath to nerve and muscle preservation following denervation and sensory protection","volume":"21","author":"Veltri","year":"2005","unstructured":"Veltri KKwiecien JMMinet WFahnestock MBain JR.Contribution of the distal nerve sheath to nerve and muscle preservation following denervation and sensory protection. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2005;21(1):57-74."},{"key":"bib12","series-title":"Front Physiol","first-page":"795623","article-title":"Studies on the manner of collateral regeneration from nerve stem to motor endplate","volume":"12","author":"Qi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Qi ZLi DLi LStudies on the manner of collateral regeneration from nerve stem to motor endplate. Front Physiol. 2021;12:795623."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib13","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","article-title":"Reinnervated split-muscle technique for creating additional myoelectric sites in an animal model","volume":"138","author":"Deslivia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Deslivia MFLee HJZulkarnain RFReinnervated split-muscle technique for creating additional myoelectric sites in an animal model. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016;138(6):997e-1010e."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib14","series-title":"J Reconstr Microsurg","first-page":"95","article-title":"The effect of split nerve on electromyography signal pattern in a rat model","volume":"34","author":"Deslivia","year":"2018","unstructured":"Deslivia MFLee HJZulkarnain RFThe effect of split nerve on electromyography signal pattern in a rat model. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2018;34(2):95-102."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib15","series-title":"Ann Plast Surg","first-page":"532","article-title":"Reinnervation of denervated muscle in a split-nerve transfer model","volume":"49","author":"Ozkan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ozkan OSafak TVargel IDemirci MErdem SErk Y.Reinnervation of denervated muscle in a split-nerve transfer model. Ann Plast Surg. 2002;49(5):532-540."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib16","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"419.e1","article-title":"Effect of reverse end-to-side (supercharging) neurotization in long processed acellular nerve allograft in a rat model","volume":"44","author":"Isaacs","year":"2019","unstructured":"Isaacs JPatel GMallu SEffect of reverse end-to-side (supercharging) neurotization in long processed acellular nerve allograft in a rat model. J Hand Surg Am. 2019;44(5):419.e1-419.e10."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib17","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"78","article-title":"End-to-side neurorrhaphies in a rodent model of peripheral nerve injury: a preliminary report of a novel technique","volume":"101","author":"Adelson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Adelson PDBonaroti EAThompson TPTran MNystrom NA.End-to-side neurorrhaphies in a rodent model of peripheral nerve injury: a preliminary report of a novel technique. J Neurosurg. 2004;101(1suppl):78-84."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib18","series-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol","first-page":"506","article-title":"End-to-side neurorrhaphy resulting in limited sensory axonal regeneration in a rat model","volume":"106","author":"Tarasidis","year":"1997","unstructured":"Tarasidis GWatanabe OMackinnon SEStrasberg SRHaughey BHHunter DA.End-to-side neurorrhaphy resulting in limited sensory axonal regeneration in a rat model. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1997;106(6):506-512."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib19","series-title":"Muscle Nerve","first-page":"243","article-title":"Side-to-side supercharging nerve allograft enhances neurotrophic potential","volume":"61","author":"Isaacs","year":"2020","unstructured":"Isaacs JFeger MAMallu SSide-to-side supercharging nerve allograft enhances neurotrophic potential. Muscle Nerve. 2020;61(2):243-252."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib20","series-title":"J Surg Res","first-page":"350","article-title":"Side-to-side nerve bridges reduce muscle atrophy after peripheral nerve injury in a rodent model","volume":"187","author":"Shea","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shea JEGarlick JWSalama MEMendenhall SDMoran LAAgarwal JP.Side-to-side nerve bridges reduce muscle atrophy after peripheral nerve injury in a rodent model. J Surg Res. 2014;187(1):350-358."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib21","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"466","article-title":"Supercharge nerve transfer to enhance motor recovery: a laboratory study","volume":"38","author":"Farber","year":"2013","unstructured":"Farber SJGlaus SWMoore AMHunter DAMackinnon SEJohnson PJ.Supercharge nerve transfer to enhance motor recovery: a laboratory study. J Hand Surg Am. 2013;38(3):466-477."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib22","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"702","article-title":"Testing the effectiveness and the contribution of experimental supercharge (reversed) end-to-side nerve transfer","volume":"130","author":"Nadi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nadi MRamachandran SIslam AForden JGuo GFMidha R.Testing the effectiveness and the contribution of experimental supercharge (reversed) end-to-side nerve transfer. J Neurosurg. 2019;130(3):702-711."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib23","series-title":"J Reconstr Microsurg","first-page":"489","article-title":"Reverse end-to-side neurotization in a regenerating nerve","volume":"24","author":"Isaacs","year":"2008","unstructured":"Isaacs JECheatham SGagnon EBRazavi AMcDowell CL.Reverse end-to-side neurotization in a regenerating nerve. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2008;24(7):489-496."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib24","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"1631","article-title":"Reverse end-to-side nerve transfer: from animal model to clinical use","volume":"36","author":"Kale","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kale SSGlaus SWYee AReverse end-to-side nerve transfer: from animal model to clinical use. J Hand Surg Am. 2011;36(10):1631-1639.e2."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib25","series-title":"J Hand Surg Br","first-page":"505","article-title":"A comparative electrophysiological study on neurotisation in rats","volume":"16","author":"Chiu","year":"1991","unstructured":"Chiu DTChen LSpielholtz NBeasley RW.A comparative electrophysiological study on neurotisation in rats. J Hand Surg Br. 1991;16(5):505-510."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib26","series-title":"J Reconstr Microsurg","first-page":"237","article-title":"Direct muscle neurotization after end-to-side neurorrhaphy","volume":"17","author":"Papalia","year":"2001","unstructured":"Papalia ILacroix CBrunelli Fd\u2019Alcontres FS.Direct muscle neurotization after end-to-side neurorrhaphy. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2001;17(4):237-246."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib27","series-title":"J Reconstr Microsurg","first-page":"347","article-title":"The fate of neurotization techniques on reinnervation after denervation of the gastrocnemius muscle: an experimental study","volume":"17","author":"Askar","year":"2001","unstructured":"Askar ISabuncuoglu BTYormuk ESaray A.The fate of neurotization techniques on reinnervation after denervation of the gastrocnemius muscle: an experimental study. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2001;17(5):347-356."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib28","series-title":"Gait Posture","first-page":"29","article-title":"The effect of subtalar inversion\/eversion on the dynamic function of the tibialis anterior, soleus, and gastrocnemius during the stance phase of gait","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang RGutierrez-Farewik EM.The effect of subtalar inversion\/eversion on the dynamic function of the tibialis anterior, soleus, and gastrocnemius during the stance phase of gait. 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