{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T10:57:26Z","timestamp":1770116246370,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750032000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Cosmet Laser Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Actinomycosis is a rare, globally distributed disease with an annual incidence of 1 case per 300,000 persons. It classically manifests as a cervicofacial disease with sinus tract formation and purulent discharge with or without sulfur granules. Spinal compromise occurs in less than 5% of cases; however, it causes significant morbidity associated with neurological impairment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBSERVATIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This case report presents a patient with thoracic actinomycosis invading the spinal column who presented with symptoms and imaging findings mimicking malignancy. Surgery was performed, and frozen section suggested infectious etiology. Diagnostic workup and targeted management improved the clinical status of the patient at the 3-month follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>LESSONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The differential diagnosis when dealing with spinal column lesions should include infectious etiologies. Intraoperative frozen section and Gram stain can be critical for a timely diagnosis and to avoid jeopardizing the clinical status of patients. Surgical management can be necessary when vertebral body destruction with neural compression is present.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/thejns.org\/doi\/10.3171\/CASE25175\">https:\/\/thejns.org\/doi\/10.3171\/CASE25175<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/case25175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T20:02:02Z","timestamp":1750104122000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Malignant mimic: pulmonary actinomycosis with contiguous vertebral involvement and spinal cord compression. Illustrative case"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5943-0828","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Francisco","family":"Call-Orellana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6342-9152","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Romulo Augusto","family":"Andrade de Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2775-0157","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Esteban","family":"Ramirez-Ferrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan P.","family":"Zuluaga-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria A.","family":"Gubbiotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6757-5595","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Robert Y.","family":"North","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"bib1","series-title":"Eur Respir J","first-page":"545","article-title":"Pulmonary actinomycosis","volume":"21","author":"Mabeza","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mabeza GFMacfarlane J.Pulmonary actinomycosis. Eur Respir J. 2003;21(3):545-551."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib2","series-title":"Korean J Radiol","first-page":"1262","article-title":"Pulmonary actinomycosis imitating lung cancer on (18)F-FDG PET\/CT: a case report and literature review","volume":"16","author":"Qiu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Qiu LLan LFeng YHuang ZChen Y.Pulmonary actinomycosis imitating lung cancer on (18)F-FDG PET\/CT: a case report and literature review. Korean J Radiol. 2015;16(6):1262-1265."},{"issue":"9","key":"bib3","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"3442","article-title":"Genotypic diversity of clinical Actinomyces species: phenotype, source, and disease correlation among genospecies","volume":"40","author":"Clarridge","year":"2002","unstructured":"Clarridge JEZhang Q.Genotypic diversity of clinical Actinomyces species: phenotype, source, and disease correlation among genospecies. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40(9):3442-3448."},{"key":"bib4","series-title":"Case Rep Dent","first-page":"7323268","article-title":"Periapical actinomycosis: a rare subdivision of cervicofacial actinomycosis, review of the literature, and a case report","volume":"2022","author":"Dastgir","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dastgir RSohrabi M.Periapical actinomycosis: a rare subdivision of cervicofacial actinomycosis, review of the literature, and a case report. Case Rep Dent. 2022;2022:7323268."},{"key":"bib5","series-title":"Int J Infect Dis","first-page":"74","article-title":"Invasive actinomycosis: surrogate marker of a poor prognosis in immunocompromised patients","volume":"29","author":"Pierre","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pierre IZarrouk VNoussair LMolina JMFantin B.Invasive actinomycosis: surrogate marker of a poor prognosis in immunocompromised patients. Int J Infect Dis. 2014;29:74-79."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib6","series-title":"AIDS Res Ther","first-page":"16","article-title":"Primary cutaneous actinomycosis: a diagnosis consideration in people living with HIV\/AIDS","volume":"16","author":"Khadka","year":"2019","unstructured":"Khadka PKoirala S.Primary cutaneous actinomycosis: a diagnosis consideration in people living with HIV\/AIDS. AIDS Res Ther. 2019;16(1):16."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib7","series-title":"Dent J (Basel)","first-page":"85","article-title":"Microbiological and clinical aspects of cervicofacial Actinomyces infections: an overview","volume":"7","author":"Gajd\u00e1cs","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gajd\u00e1cs MUrb\u00e1n ETerhes G.Microbiological and clinical aspects of cervicofacial Actinomyces infections: an overview. Dent J (Basel). 2019;7(3):85."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib8","series-title":"Radiol Case Rep","first-page":"3334","article-title":"Pulmonary mediastinal actinomycosis with \u201cpound cake sign\u201d on magnetic resonance imaging mimicking an infiltrative malignant tumor: a case report","volume":"19","author":"Yan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yan NSugihara FHayashi NPulmonary mediastinal actinomycosis with \u201cpound cake sign\u201d on magnetic resonance imaging mimicking an infiltrative malignant tumor: a case report. Radiol Case Rep. 2024;19(8):3334-3338."},{"key":"bib9","series-title":"Respir Med Case Rep","first-page":"102050","article-title":"Pulmonary actinomycosis masquerading as lung cancer","volume":"51","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zheng MWei YBorkar NAPulmonary actinomycosis masquerading as lung cancer. Respir Med Case Rep. 2024;51:102050."},{"issue":"7-8","key":"bib10","series-title":"ANZ J Surg","first-page":"966","article-title":"Pulmonary actinomycosis masquerading as lung cancer: keep it in mind","volume":"89","author":"Papakonstantinou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Papakonstantinou NAVlachou GVourlakou CZisis C.Pulmonary actinomycosis masquerading as lung cancer: keep it in mind. ANZ J Surg. 2019;89(7-8):966-968."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib11","series-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis","first-page":"133","article-title":"The epidemiology, clinical presentation and treatment outcomes in CNS actinomycosis: a systematic review of reported cases","volume":"18","author":"Meena","year":"2023","unstructured":"Meena DSKumar DSharma MThe epidemiology, clinical presentation and treatment outcomes in CNS actinomycosis: a systematic review of reported cases. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2023;18(1):133."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib12","series-title":"J Infect Public Health","first-page":"490","article-title":"The diagnosis and management of pulmonary actinomycosis","volume":"16","author":"Boot","year":"2023","unstructured":"Boot MArcher JAli I.The diagnosis and management of pulmonary actinomycosis. J Infect Public Health. 2023;16(4):490-500."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib13","series-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol","first-page":"1007","article-title":"Actinomycosis involving the chest wall: CT findings","volume":"139","author":"Webb","year":"1982","unstructured":"Webb WRSagel SS.Actinomycosis involving the chest wall: CT findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1982;139(5):1007-1009."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib14","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"189","article-title":"Thoracic actinomycosis: CT findings in eight patients","volume":"183","author":"Kwong","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kwong JSM\u00fcller NLGodwin JDAberle DGrymaloski MR.Thoracic actinomycosis: CT findings in eight patients. Radiology. 1992;183(1):189-192."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib15","series-title":"Tanaffos","first-page":"52","article-title":"Pulmonary actinomycosis with endobronchial involvement: a case report and literature review","volume":"13","author":"Farrokh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Farrokh DRezaitalab FBakhshoudeh B.Pulmonary actinomycosis with endobronchial involvement: a case report and literature review. Tanaffos. 2014;13(1):52-56."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib16","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e35118","article-title":"Pulmonary actinomycosis: a diagnostic challenge","volume":"15","author":"Ferreira","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ferreira MFerreira LAmorim Pereira ISantos Silva AHenriques Ferreira I.Pulmonary actinomycosis: a diagnostic challenge. Cureus. 2023;15(2):e35118."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib17","series-title":"Respir Med Extra","first-page":"44","article-title":"Pulmonary actinomycosis with spinal cord compression: a case report","volume":"3","author":"Alves dos Santos","year":"2007","unstructured":"Alves dos Santos JWDalcin TCNascimento DZPulmonary actinomycosis with spinal cord compression: a case report. Respir Med Extra. 2007;3(1):44-47."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib18","series-title":"Spine","first-page":"745","article-title":"Aggressive thoracic actinomycosis complicated by vertebral osteomyelitis and epidural abscess leading to spinal cord compression","volume":"25","author":"Yung","year":"2000","unstructured":"Yung BCCheng JCChan TTLoke TKLo JLau PY.Aggressive thoracic actinomycosis complicated by vertebral osteomyelitis and epidural abscess leading to spinal cord compression. Spine. 2000;25(6):745-748."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib19","series-title":"Spine","first-page":"487","article-title":"Spinal abscess and spondylitis due to actinomycosis","volume":"23","author":"Voisin","year":"1998","unstructured":"Voisin LVittecoq OMejjad OSpinal abscess and spondylitis due to actinomycosis. Spine. 1998;23(4):487-490."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib20","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"202","article-title":"Spinal epidural abscess due to Actinomyces israelii","volume":"31","author":"Kannangara","year":"1981","unstructured":"Kannangara DWTanaka TThadepalli H.Spinal epidural abscess due to Actinomyces israelii. Neurology. 1981;31(2):202-204."},{"issue":"3-4","key":"bib21","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"159","article-title":"Spinal intrathecal empyema due to Actinomyces israelii","volume":"101","author":"Alday","year":"1989","unstructured":"Alday RLopez-Ferro MOFernandez-Guerrero MRuiz-Barn\u00e9s P.Spinal intrathecal empyema due to Actinomyces israelii. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1989;101(3-4):159-162."},{"key":"bib22","series-title":"Clin Radiol","first-page":"175","article-title":"Actinomycosis with involvement of the vertebral column: case report and review of the literature","volume":"11","author":"Young","year":"1960","unstructured":"Young WB.Actinomycosis with involvement of the vertebral column: case report and review of the literature. Clin Radiol. 1960;11:175-182."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib23","series-title":"J Comput Assist Tomogr","first-page":"770","article-title":"MRI of thoracic actinomycosis","volume":"20","author":"Wand","year":"1996","unstructured":"Wand AGilbert HMLitvack BMarkisz JA.MRI of thoracic actinomycosis. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1996;20(5):770-772."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib24","series-title":"Paraplegia","first-page":"390","article-title":"Actinomycosis as a cause of spinal cord compression: a case report and review","volume":"27","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"1989","unstructured":"M\u00fcller PG.Actinomycosis as a cause of spinal cord compression: a case report and review. Paraplegia. 1989;27(5):390-393."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib25","series-title":"J Pediatr Hematol Oncol","first-page":"468","article-title":"Thoracic actinomycosis with infiltration of the spine: an oncological pitfall","volume":"40","author":"Ronceray","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ronceray LFriesenbichler WHutter CThoracic actinomycosis with infiltration of the spine: an oncological pitfall. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2018;40(6):468-471."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib26","series-title":"J Spinal Disord Tech","first-page":"61","article-title":"The use of external fixation for the treatment of spine infection with Actinomyces bacillus","volume":"19","author":"Fenichel","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fenichel ICaspi I.The use of external fixation for the treatment of spine infection with Actinomyces bacillus. J Spinal Disord Tech. 2006;19(1):61-64."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib27","series-title":"Can Respir J","first-page":"77","article-title":"Unexpected positron emission tomography-positive Actinomyces-related mass of the bronchial stump","volume":"19","author":"Andreani","year":"2012","unstructured":"Andreani ARossi GGiovannini MCappiello GF.Unexpected positron emission tomography-positive Actinomyces-related mass of the bronchial stump. Can Respir J. 2012;19(2):77-79."},{"key":"bib28","series-title":"Infect Drug Resist","first-page":"183","article-title":"Actinomycosis: etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and management","volume":"7","author":"Valour","year":"2014","unstructured":"Valour FS\u00e9n\u00e9chal ADupieux CActinomycosis: etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and management. Infect Drug Resist. 2014;7:183-197."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib29","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"444","article-title":"Short-term treatment of actinomycosis: two cases and a review","volume":"38","author":"Sudhakar","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sudhakar SSRoss JJ.Short-term treatment of actinomycosis: two cases and a review. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38(3):444-447."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib30","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"e26","article-title":"2015 Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of native vertebral osteomyelitis in adults","volume":"61","author":"Berbari","year":"2015","unstructured":"Berbari EFKanj SSKowalski TJ2015 Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of native vertebral osteomyelitis in adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61(6):e26-e46."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib31","series-title":"Int J Infect Dis","first-page":"358","article-title":"Actinomycosis: a great pretender. Case reports of unusual presentations and a review of the literature","volume":"12","author":"Acevedo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Acevedo FBaudrand RLetelier LMGaete P.Actinomycosis: a great pretender. Case reports of unusual presentations and a review of the literature. Int J Infect Dis. 2008;12(4):358-362."},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"bib32","series-title":"J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg","first-page":"e188","article-title":"Vertebral and pulmonary actinomycosis mimicking metastatic lung cancer","volume":"74","author":"Fichte","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fichte SBrodhun MG\u00f6ttinger SRosahl SKlisch JGerlach R.Vertebral and pulmonary actinomycosis mimicking metastatic lung cancer. J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg. 2013;74(suppl 1):e188-e192."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib33","series-title":"J Infect","first-page":"193","article-title":"Actinomycotic osteomyelitis of the thoracic spine in a penicillin-sensitive patient","volume":"19","author":"Birley","year":"1989","unstructured":"Birley HDTeare ELUtting JA.Actinomycotic osteomyelitis of the thoracic spine in a penicillin-sensitive patient. J Infect. 1989;19(2):193-194."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib1","series-title":"Eur Respir J","first-page":"545","article-title":"Pulmonary actinomycosis","volume":"21","author":"Mabeza","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mabeza GFMacfarlane J.Pulmonary actinomycosis. Eur Respir J. 2003;21(3):545-551."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib2","series-title":"Korean J Radiol","first-page":"1262","article-title":"Pulmonary actinomycosis imitating lung cancer on (18)F-FDG PET\/CT: a case report and literature review","volume":"16","author":"Qiu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Qiu LLan LFeng YHuang ZChen Y.Pulmonary actinomycosis imitating lung cancer on (18)F-FDG PET\/CT: a case report and literature review. Korean J Radiol. 2015;16(6):1262-1265."},{"issue":"9","key":"bib3","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"3442","article-title":"Genotypic diversity of clinical Actinomyces species: phenotype, source, and disease correlation among genospecies","volume":"40","author":"Clarridge","year":"2002","unstructured":"Clarridge JEZhang Q.Genotypic diversity of clinical Actinomyces species: phenotype, source, and disease correlation among genospecies. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40(9):3442-3448."},{"key":"bib4","series-title":"Case Rep Dent","first-page":"7323268","article-title":"Periapical actinomycosis: a rare subdivision of cervicofacial actinomycosis, review of the literature, and a case report","volume":"2022","author":"Dastgir","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dastgir RSohrabi M.Periapical actinomycosis: a rare subdivision of cervicofacial actinomycosis, review of the literature, and a case report. Case Rep Dent. 2022;2022:7323268."},{"key":"bib5","series-title":"Int J Infect Dis","first-page":"74","article-title":"Invasive actinomycosis: surrogate marker of a poor prognosis in immunocompromised patients","volume":"29","author":"Pierre","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pierre IZarrouk VNoussair LMolina JMFantin B.Invasive actinomycosis: surrogate marker of a poor prognosis in immunocompromised patients. Int J Infect Dis. 2014;29:74-79."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib6","series-title":"AIDS Res Ther","first-page":"16","article-title":"Primary cutaneous actinomycosis: a diagnosis consideration in people living with HIV\/AIDS","volume":"16","author":"Khadka","year":"2019","unstructured":"Khadka PKoirala S.Primary cutaneous actinomycosis: a diagnosis consideration in people living with HIV\/AIDS. AIDS Res Ther. 2019;16(1):16."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib7","series-title":"Dent J (Basel)","first-page":"85","article-title":"Microbiological and clinical aspects of cervicofacial Actinomyces infections: an overview","volume":"7","author":"Gajd\u00e1cs","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gajd\u00e1cs MUrb\u00e1n ETerhes G.Microbiological and clinical aspects of cervicofacial Actinomyces infections: an overview. Dent J (Basel). 2019;7(3):85."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib8","series-title":"Radiol Case Rep","first-page":"3334","article-title":"Pulmonary mediastinal actinomycosis with \u201cpound cake sign\u201d on magnetic resonance imaging mimicking an infiltrative malignant tumor: a case report","volume":"19","author":"Yan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yan NSugihara FHayashi NPulmonary mediastinal actinomycosis with \u201cpound cake sign\u201d on magnetic resonance imaging mimicking an infiltrative malignant tumor: a case report. Radiol Case Rep. 2024;19(8):3334-3338."},{"key":"bib9","series-title":"Respir Med Case Rep","first-page":"102050","article-title":"Pulmonary actinomycosis masquerading as lung cancer","volume":"51","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zheng MWei YBorkar NAPulmonary actinomycosis masquerading as lung cancer. Respir Med Case Rep. 2024;51:102050."},{"issue":"7-8","key":"bib10","series-title":"ANZ J Surg","first-page":"966","article-title":"Pulmonary actinomycosis masquerading as lung cancer: keep it in mind","volume":"89","author":"Papakonstantinou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Papakonstantinou NAVlachou GVourlakou CZisis C.Pulmonary actinomycosis masquerading as lung cancer: keep it in mind. ANZ J Surg. 2019;89(7-8):966-968."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib11","series-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis","first-page":"133","article-title":"The epidemiology, clinical presentation and treatment outcomes in CNS actinomycosis: a systematic review of reported cases","volume":"18","author":"Meena","year":"2023","unstructured":"Meena DSKumar DSharma MThe epidemiology, clinical presentation and treatment outcomes in CNS actinomycosis: a systematic review of reported cases. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2023;18(1):133."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib12","series-title":"J Infect Public Health","first-page":"490","article-title":"The diagnosis and management of pulmonary actinomycosis","volume":"16","author":"Boot","year":"2023","unstructured":"Boot MArcher JAli I.The diagnosis and management of pulmonary actinomycosis. J Infect Public Health. 2023;16(4):490-500."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib13","series-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol","first-page":"1007","article-title":"Actinomycosis involving the chest wall: CT findings","volume":"139","author":"Webb","year":"1982","unstructured":"Webb WRSagel SS.Actinomycosis involving the chest wall: CT findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1982;139(5):1007-1009."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib14","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"189","article-title":"Thoracic actinomycosis: CT findings in eight patients","volume":"183","author":"Kwong","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kwong JSM\u00fcller NLGodwin JDAberle DGrymaloski MR.Thoracic actinomycosis: CT findings in eight patients. Radiology. 1992;183(1):189-192."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib15","series-title":"Tanaffos","first-page":"52","article-title":"Pulmonary actinomycosis with endobronchial involvement: a case report and literature review","volume":"13","author":"Farrokh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Farrokh DRezaitalab FBakhshoudeh B.Pulmonary actinomycosis with endobronchial involvement: a case report and literature review. Tanaffos. 2014;13(1):52-56."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib16","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e35118","article-title":"Pulmonary actinomycosis: a diagnostic challenge","volume":"15","author":"Ferreira","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ferreira MFerreira LAmorim Pereira ISantos Silva AHenriques Ferreira I.Pulmonary actinomycosis: a diagnostic challenge. Cureus. 2023;15(2):e35118."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib17","series-title":"Respir Med Extra","first-page":"44","article-title":"Pulmonary actinomycosis with spinal cord compression: a case report","volume":"3","author":"Alves dos Santos","year":"2007","unstructured":"Alves dos Santos JWDalcin TCNascimento DZPulmonary actinomycosis with spinal cord compression: a case report. Respir Med Extra. 2007;3(1):44-47."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib18","series-title":"Spine","first-page":"745","article-title":"Aggressive thoracic actinomycosis complicated by vertebral osteomyelitis and epidural abscess leading to spinal cord compression","volume":"25","author":"Yung","year":"2000","unstructured":"Yung BCCheng JCChan TTLoke TKLo JLau PY.Aggressive thoracic actinomycosis complicated by vertebral osteomyelitis and epidural abscess leading to spinal cord compression. Spine. 2000;25(6):745-748."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib19","series-title":"Spine","first-page":"487","article-title":"Spinal abscess and spondylitis due to actinomycosis","volume":"23","author":"Voisin","year":"1998","unstructured":"Voisin LVittecoq OMejjad OSpinal abscess and spondylitis due to actinomycosis. Spine. 1998;23(4):487-490."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib20","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"202","article-title":"Spinal epidural abscess due to Actinomyces israelii","volume":"31","author":"Kannangara","year":"1981","unstructured":"Kannangara DWTanaka TThadepalli H.Spinal epidural abscess due to Actinomyces israelii. Neurology. 1981;31(2):202-204."},{"issue":"3-4","key":"bib21","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"159","article-title":"Spinal intrathecal empyema due to Actinomyces israelii","volume":"101","author":"Alday","year":"1989","unstructured":"Alday RLopez-Ferro MOFernandez-Guerrero MRuiz-Barn\u00e9s P.Spinal intrathecal empyema due to Actinomyces israelii. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1989;101(3-4):159-162."},{"key":"bib22","series-title":"Clin Radiol","first-page":"175","article-title":"Actinomycosis with involvement of the vertebral column: case report and review of the literature","volume":"11","author":"Young","year":"1960","unstructured":"Young WB.Actinomycosis with involvement of the vertebral column: case report and review of the literature. Clin Radiol. 1960;11:175-182."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib23","series-title":"J Comput Assist Tomogr","first-page":"770","article-title":"MRI of thoracic actinomycosis","volume":"20","author":"Wand","year":"1996","unstructured":"Wand AGilbert HMLitvack BMarkisz JA.MRI of thoracic actinomycosis. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1996;20(5):770-772."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib24","series-title":"Paraplegia","first-page":"390","article-title":"Actinomycosis as a cause of spinal cord compression: a case report and review","volume":"27","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"1989","unstructured":"M\u00fcller PG.Actinomycosis as a cause of spinal cord compression: a case report and review. Paraplegia. 1989;27(5):390-393."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib25","series-title":"J Pediatr Hematol Oncol","first-page":"468","article-title":"Thoracic actinomycosis with infiltration of the spine: an oncological pitfall","volume":"40","author":"Ronceray","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ronceray LFriesenbichler WHutter CThoracic actinomycosis with infiltration of the spine: an oncological pitfall. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2018;40(6):468-471."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib26","series-title":"J Spinal Disord Tech","first-page":"61","article-title":"The use of external fixation for the treatment of spine infection with Actinomyces bacillus","volume":"19","author":"Fenichel","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fenichel ICaspi I.The use of external fixation for the treatment of spine infection with Actinomyces bacillus. 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