{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T22:36:46Z","timestamp":1769726206090,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762128000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurosurg Case Lessons"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is a common cause of focal, pediatric, drug-resistant epilepsy. For FCDs in the frontal lobe, resection may be hampered by both difficult access and proximal eloquent cortex. Stereo-EEG (sEEG) can help define the boundaries of the suspected seizure onset zone (SOZ); however, subsequent epilepsy resections often rely on lateral approaches, requiring electrode removal before resection. Nevertheless, for some lesions, especially those in the frontopolar region, skull base approaches provide an in-line, minimally invasive trajectory that allows electrodes to remain in situ during resection as both anatomical landmarks and a source of intraoperative, continuous electrocorticography (ECoG).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBSERVATIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A 17-year-old, otherwise healthy male presented with 2 years of epilepsy secondary to a left frontopolar FCD. Left frontal and temporal sEEG confirmed a lesion-confined SOZ. The patient underwent a left supraorbital keyhole craniotomy via eyebrow incision for resection of the identified epileptogenic focus. All sEEG electrodes remained implanted during resection, serving as anatomical and electrophysiological surgical adjuncts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>LESSONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The authors present a case of frontopolar FCD-associated epilepsy resected using a supraorbital craniotomy via eyebrow approach. We highlight the utility of leveraging previously placed sEEG electrodes for intraoperative ECoG, resulting in gross-total resection and seizure freedom a year postoperatively.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/thejns.org\/doi\/10.3171\/CASE25428\">https:\/\/thejns.org\/doi\/10.3171\/CASE25428<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/case25428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T00:06:52Z","timestamp":1762214812000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Supraorbital craniotomy for focal frontal epilepsy via eyebrow incision and guided by in situ stereo-EEG electrodes: illustrative case"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9863-7736","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Karthik","family":"Ravi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuhao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9626-3144","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Olubunmi A.","family":"Fariyike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Uchitel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Albert Y.","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2971-7131","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ann","family":"Hyslop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Child Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California"},{"name":"Pediatric Epilepsy Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William B.","family":"Gallentine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Child Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California"},{"name":"Pediatric Epilepsy Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0512-4590","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"H. Westley","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California"},{"name":"Pediatric Epilepsy Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California"},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children\u2019s Hospital, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"bib1","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"2137","article-title":"Epilepsy surgery in Panama: establishment of a successful hybrid program as a model for small middle-income countries","volume":"59","author":"Kuzniecky","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kuzniecky RBaez CAranda GEpilepsy surgery in Panama: establishment of a successful hybrid program as a model for small middle-income countries. Epilepsia. 2018;59(11):2137-2144."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib2","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"314","article-title":"Early identification of refractory epilepsy","volume":"342","author":"Kwan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kwan PBrodie MJ.Early identification of refractory epilepsy. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(5):314-319."},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"bib3","series-title":"J Child Neurol","first-page":"S4","article-title":"Update on the epidemiology and prognosis of pediatric epilepsy","volume":"17","author":"Shinnar","year":"2002","unstructured":"Shinnar SPellock JM.Update on the epidemiology and prognosis of pediatric epilepsy. J Child Neurol. 2002;17(suppl 1):S4-S17."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib4","series-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med","first-page":"545","article-title":"Surgical pathologic findings of extratemporal-based intractable epilepsy: a study of 133 consecutive resections","volume":"124","author":"Frater","year":"2000","unstructured":"Frater JLPrayson RAMorrisHH IIIBingaman WE.Surgical pathologic findings of extratemporal-based intractable epilepsy: a study of 133 consecutive resections. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2000;124(4):545-549."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib5","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"849","article-title":"Cognitive and behavioral complications of frontal lobe epilepsy in children: a review of the literature","volume":"52","author":"Braakman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Braakman HMHVaessen MJHofman PAMCognitive and behavioral complications of frontal lobe epilepsy in children: a review of the literature. Epilepsia. 2011;52(5):849-856."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib6","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"206","article-title":"Neurosurgical management of frontal lobe epilepsy in children","volume":"10","author":"Vachhrajani","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vachhrajani Sde Ribaupierre SOtsubo HNeurosurgical management of frontal lobe epilepsy in children. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2012;10(3):206-216."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib7","series-title":"Ann Child Neurol","first-page":"102","article-title":"Frontal lobe epilepsy in a pediatric population: characterization of clinical manifestations and semiology","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lee DLee JLee J.Frontal lobe epilepsy in a pediatric population: characterization of clinical manifestations and semiology. Ann Child Neurol. 2022;30(3):102-110."},{"key":"bib8","series-title":"Epilepsy Behav","first-page":"15","article-title":"Neuropsychology of frontal lobe epilepsy in children and adults: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"88","author":"Verche","year":"2018","unstructured":"Verche ESan Luis CHern\u00e1ndez S.Neuropsychology of frontal lobe epilepsy in children and adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. Epilepsy Behav. 2018;88:15-20."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib9","series-title":"Neurosurg Clin N Am","first-page":"19","article-title":"Minimally invasive approaches to the anterior skull base","volume":"24","author":"Ivan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ivan MEJahangiri AEl-Sayed IHAghi MK.Minimally invasive approaches to the anterior skull base. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2013;24(1):19-37."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib10","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"1746","article-title":"Outcome of frontal lobe epilepsy surgery","volume":"53","author":"Lazow","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lazow SPThadani VMGilbert KLOutcome of frontal lobe epilepsy surgery. Epilepsia. 2012;53(10):1746-1755."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib11","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"644","article-title":"The influence of lesion volume, perilesion resection volume, and completeness of resection on seizure outcome after resective epilepsy surgery for cortical dysplasia in children","volume":"15","author":"Oluigbo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Oluigbo COWang JWhitehead MTThe influence of lesion volume, perilesion resection volume, and completeness of resection on seizure outcome after resective epilepsy surgery for cortical dysplasia in children. 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Epilepsy Behav Rep. 2024;27:100680."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib14","series-title":"Epilepsia Open","first-page":"170","article-title":"Long-term seizure outcome after epilepsy surgery in patients with mild malformation of cortical development and focal cortical dysplasia","volume":"4","author":"Veersema","year":"2019","unstructured":"Veersema TJSwampillai BFerrier CHLong-term seizure outcome after epilepsy surgery in patients with mild malformation of cortical development and focal cortical dysplasia. Epilepsia Open. 2019;4(1):170-175."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib15","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1790","article-title":"Localized focal cortical dysplasia type II: seizure freedom with lesionectomy guided by MRI and FDG-PET","volume":"140","author":"Usui","year":"2024","unstructured":"Usui NKondo AMatsuda KLocalized focal cortical dysplasia type II: seizure freedom with lesionectomy guided by MRI and FDG-PET. J Neurosurg. 2024;140(6):1790-1798."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib16","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1042","article-title":"Rates and predictors of long-term seizure freedom after frontal lobe epilepsy surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"116","author":"Englot","year":"2012","unstructured":"Englot DJWang DDRolston JDShih TTChang EF.Rates and predictors of long-term seizure freedom after frontal lobe epilepsy surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurosurg. 2012;116(5):1042-1048."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib17","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"242","article-title":"Ten-year experience with the supraorbital subfrontal approach through an eyebrow skin incision","volume":"57","author":"Reisch","year":"2005","unstructured":"Reisch RPerneczky A.Ten-year experience with the supraorbital subfrontal approach through an eyebrow skin incision. Neurosurgery. 2005;57(4)(suppl):242-255."},{"key":"bib18","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"163","article-title":"Minimally invasive alternative approaches to pterional craniotomy: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"113","author":"Rychen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rychen JCroci DRoethlisberger MMinimally invasive alternative approaches to pterional craniotomy: a systematic review of the literature. World Neurosurg. 2018;113:163-179."},{"issue":"12","key":"bib19","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"3531","article-title":"Applications of supraorbital keyhole craniotomy in pediatric cranial trauma: illustrative series of two cases and systematic literature review","volume":"39","author":"Loya","year":"2023","unstructured":"Loya JJYang CPennington ZBrown NJRae AIWiner JL.Applications of supraorbital keyhole craniotomy in pediatric cranial trauma: illustrative series of two cases and systematic literature review. Childs Nerv Syst. 2023;39(12):3531-3541."},{"key":"bib20","series-title":"Surg Neurol Int","first-page":"566","article-title":"Supraorbital eyebrow approach: a single-center experience","volume":"13","author":"Ndlovu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ndlovu BSattar MOAMkhaliphi MMSupraorbital eyebrow approach: a single-center experience. Surg Neurol Int. 2022;13:566."},{"issue":"13","key":"bib21","series-title":"J Neurosurg Case Lessons","first-page":"CASE23744","article-title":"Supraorbital keyhole approaches in the first 3 years of practice: outcomes and lessons learned. Patient series","volume":"7","author":"Shahid","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shahid AHButler DDyess GSupraorbital keyhole approaches in the first 3 years of practice: outcomes and lessons learned. Patient series. J Neurosurg Case Lessons. 2024;7(13):CASE23744."},{"key":"bib22","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e509","article-title":"Supraorbital keyhole craniotomy via eyebrow incision: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"158","author":"Robinow","year":"2022","unstructured":"Robinow ZMPeterson CWaldau BShahlaie K.Supraorbital keyhole craniotomy via eyebrow incision: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World Neurosurg. 2022;158:e509-e542."},{"key":"bib23","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"70","article-title":"Supraorbital keyhole craniotomy in pediatric neurosurgery: a systematic review of clinical outcomes and cosmetic outcomes","volume":"164","author":"Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang CYFaung BPatel NASupraorbital keyhole craniotomy in pediatric neurosurgery: a systematic review of clinical outcomes and cosmetic outcomes. World Neurosurg. 2022;164:70-78."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib24","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg","first-page":"272","article-title":"Transpalpebral transorbital approach for pediatric temporal epilepsy: 2-dimensional operative video","volume":"28","author":"Hafazalla","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hafazalla KAjmera SKundishora AKatowitz WKennedy BC.Transpalpebral transorbital approach for pediatric temporal epilepsy: 2-dimensional operative video. Oper Neurosurg. 2025;28(2):272."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib25","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1604","article-title":"Utility of minimally invasive endoscopic skull base approaches for the treatment of drug-resistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: a review of current techniques and trends","volume":"139","author":"Phillips","year":"2023","unstructured":"Phillips HWMiller TALiu HYAbel TJMcDowell MM.Utility of minimally invasive endoscopic skull base approaches for the treatment of drug-resistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: a review of current techniques and trends. J Neurosurg. 2023;139(6):1604-1612."},{"key":"bib26","series-title":"Seizure","first-page":"125","article-title":"Invasive epilepsy surgery evaluation","volume":"44","author":"Kovac","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kovac SVakharia VNScott CDiehl B.Invasive epilepsy surgery evaluation. Seizure. 2017;44:125-136."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib27","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg","first-page":"E379","article-title":"Continuous intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring of the motor pathways using depth electrodes during surgical resection of an epileptogenic lesion: a novel technique","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen DFWillie JTCabrera DBullinger KLKarakis I.Continuous intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring of the motor pathways using depth electrodes during surgical resection of an epileptogenic lesion: a novel technique. Oper Neurosurg. 2021;20(5):E379-E385."},{"key":"bib28","series-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol","first-page":"49","article-title":"May intraoperative detection of stereotactically inserted intracerebral electrodes increase precision of resective epilepsy surgery?","volume":"35","author":"Belohlavkova","year":"2021","unstructured":"Belohlavkova AJahodova AKudr MMay intraoperative detection of stereotactically inserted intracerebral electrodes increase precision of resective epilepsy surgery? Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2021;35:49-55."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib29","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"36","article-title":"The feasibility and value of extraoperative and adjuvant intraoperative stereoelectroencephalography in rolandic and perirolandic epilepsies","volume":"27","author":"Aung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aung TPunia VKatagiri MPrayson RWang IGonzalez-Martinez JA.The feasibility and value of extraoperative and adjuvant intraoperative stereoelectroencephalography in rolandic and perirolandic epilepsies. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2021;27(1):36-46."},{"issue":"11","key":"bib1","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"2137","article-title":"Epilepsy surgery in Panama: establishment of a successful hybrid program as a model for small middle-income countries","volume":"59","author":"Kuzniecky","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kuzniecky RBaez CAranda GEpilepsy surgery in Panama: establishment of a successful hybrid program as a model for small middle-income countries. Epilepsia. 2018;59(11):2137-2144."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib2","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"314","article-title":"Early identification of refractory epilepsy","volume":"342","author":"Kwan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kwan PBrodie MJ.Early identification of refractory epilepsy. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(5):314-319."},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"bib3","series-title":"J Child Neurol","first-page":"S4","article-title":"Update on the epidemiology and prognosis of pediatric epilepsy","volume":"17","author":"Shinnar","year":"2002","unstructured":"Shinnar SPellock JM.Update on the epidemiology and prognosis of pediatric epilepsy. J Child Neurol. 2002;17(suppl 1):S4-S17."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib4","series-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med","first-page":"545","article-title":"Surgical pathologic findings of extratemporal-based intractable epilepsy: a study of 133 consecutive resections","volume":"124","author":"Frater","year":"2000","unstructured":"Frater JLPrayson RAMorrisHH IIIBingaman WE.Surgical pathologic findings of extratemporal-based intractable epilepsy: a study of 133 consecutive resections. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2000;124(4):545-549."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib5","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"849","article-title":"Cognitive and behavioral complications of frontal lobe epilepsy in children: a review of the literature","volume":"52","author":"Braakman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Braakman HMHVaessen MJHofman PAMCognitive and behavioral complications of frontal lobe epilepsy in children: a review of the literature. Epilepsia. 2011;52(5):849-856."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib6","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"206","article-title":"Neurosurgical management of frontal lobe epilepsy in children","volume":"10","author":"Vachhrajani","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vachhrajani Sde Ribaupierre SOtsubo HNeurosurgical management of frontal lobe epilepsy in children. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2012;10(3):206-216."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib7","series-title":"Ann Child Neurol","first-page":"102","article-title":"Frontal lobe epilepsy in a pediatric population: characterization of clinical manifestations and semiology","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lee DLee JLee J.Frontal lobe epilepsy in a pediatric population: characterization of clinical manifestations and semiology. Ann Child Neurol. 2022;30(3):102-110."},{"key":"bib8","series-title":"Epilepsy Behav","first-page":"15","article-title":"Neuropsychology of frontal lobe epilepsy in children and adults: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"88","author":"Verche","year":"2018","unstructured":"Verche ESan Luis CHern\u00e1ndez S.Neuropsychology of frontal lobe epilepsy in children and adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. Epilepsy Behav. 2018;88:15-20."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib9","series-title":"Neurosurg Clin N Am","first-page":"19","article-title":"Minimally invasive approaches to the anterior skull base","volume":"24","author":"Ivan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ivan MEJahangiri AEl-Sayed IHAghi MK.Minimally invasive approaches to the anterior skull base. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2013;24(1):19-37."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib10","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"1746","article-title":"Outcome of frontal lobe epilepsy surgery","volume":"53","author":"Lazow","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lazow SPThadani VMGilbert KLOutcome of frontal lobe epilepsy surgery. Epilepsia. 2012;53(10):1746-1755."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib11","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"644","article-title":"The influence of lesion volume, perilesion resection volume, and completeness of resection on seizure outcome after resective epilepsy surgery for cortical dysplasia in children","volume":"15","author":"Oluigbo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Oluigbo COWang JWhitehead MTThe influence of lesion volume, perilesion resection volume, and completeness of resection on seizure outcome after resective epilepsy surgery for cortical dysplasia in children. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2015;15(6):644-650."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib12","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1035","article-title":"A meta-analysis of predictors of seizure freedom in the surgical management of focal cortical dysplasia","volume":"116","author":"Rowland","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rowland NCEnglot DJCage TASughrue MEBarbaro NMChang EF.A meta-analysis of predictors of seizure freedom in the surgical management of focal cortical dysplasia. J Neurosurg. 2012;116(5):1035-1041."},{"key":"bib13","series-title":"Epilepsy Behav Rep","first-page":"100680","article-title":"Predictive factors for seizure freedom after epilepsy surgery for pediatric low-grade tumors and focal cortical dysplasia","volume":"27","author":"Hornak","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hornak ABolton JTsuboyama MPredictive factors for seizure freedom after epilepsy surgery for pediatric low-grade tumors and focal cortical dysplasia. Epilepsy Behav Rep. 2024;27:100680."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib14","series-title":"Epilepsia Open","first-page":"170","article-title":"Long-term seizure outcome after epilepsy surgery in patients with mild malformation of cortical development and focal cortical dysplasia","volume":"4","author":"Veersema","year":"2019","unstructured":"Veersema TJSwampillai BFerrier CHLong-term seizure outcome after epilepsy surgery in patients with mild malformation of cortical development and focal cortical dysplasia. Epilepsia Open. 2019;4(1):170-175."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib15","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1790","article-title":"Localized focal cortical dysplasia type II: seizure freedom with lesionectomy guided by MRI and FDG-PET","volume":"140","author":"Usui","year":"2024","unstructured":"Usui NKondo AMatsuda KLocalized focal cortical dysplasia type II: seizure freedom with lesionectomy guided by MRI and FDG-PET. J Neurosurg. 2024;140(6):1790-1798."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib16","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1042","article-title":"Rates and predictors of long-term seizure freedom after frontal lobe epilepsy surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"116","author":"Englot","year":"2012","unstructured":"Englot DJWang DDRolston JDShih TTChang EF.Rates and predictors of long-term seizure freedom after frontal lobe epilepsy surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurosurg. 2012;116(5):1042-1048."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib17","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"242","article-title":"Ten-year experience with the supraorbital subfrontal approach through an eyebrow skin incision","volume":"57","author":"Reisch","year":"2005","unstructured":"Reisch RPerneczky A.Ten-year experience with the supraorbital subfrontal approach through an eyebrow skin incision. Neurosurgery. 2005;57(4)(suppl):242-255."},{"key":"bib18","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"163","article-title":"Minimally invasive alternative approaches to pterional craniotomy: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"113","author":"Rychen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rychen JCroci DRoethlisberger MMinimally invasive alternative approaches to pterional craniotomy: a systematic review of the literature. World Neurosurg. 2018;113:163-179."},{"issue":"12","key":"bib19","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"3531","article-title":"Applications of supraorbital keyhole craniotomy in pediatric cranial trauma: illustrative series of two cases and systematic literature review","volume":"39","author":"Loya","year":"2023","unstructured":"Loya JJYang CPennington ZBrown NJRae AIWiner JL.Applications of supraorbital keyhole craniotomy in pediatric cranial trauma: illustrative series of two cases and systematic literature review. Childs Nerv Syst. 2023;39(12):3531-3541."},{"key":"bib20","series-title":"Surg Neurol Int","first-page":"566","article-title":"Supraorbital eyebrow approach: a single-center experience","volume":"13","author":"Ndlovu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ndlovu BSattar MOAMkhaliphi MMSupraorbital eyebrow approach: a single-center experience. Surg Neurol Int. 2022;13:566."},{"issue":"13","key":"bib21","series-title":"J Neurosurg Case Lessons","first-page":"CASE23744","article-title":"Supraorbital keyhole approaches in the first 3 years of practice: outcomes and lessons learned. Patient series","volume":"7","author":"Shahid","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shahid AHButler DDyess GSupraorbital keyhole approaches in the first 3 years of practice: outcomes and lessons learned. Patient series. J Neurosurg Case Lessons. 2024;7(13):CASE23744."},{"key":"bib22","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e509","article-title":"Supraorbital keyhole craniotomy via eyebrow incision: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"158","author":"Robinow","year":"2022","unstructured":"Robinow ZMPeterson CWaldau BShahlaie K.Supraorbital keyhole craniotomy via eyebrow incision: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World Neurosurg. 2022;158:e509-e542."},{"key":"bib23","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"70","article-title":"Supraorbital keyhole craniotomy in pediatric neurosurgery: a systematic review of clinical outcomes and cosmetic outcomes","volume":"164","author":"Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang CYFaung BPatel NASupraorbital keyhole craniotomy in pediatric neurosurgery: a systematic review of clinical outcomes and cosmetic outcomes. World Neurosurg. 2022;164:70-78."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib24","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg","first-page":"272","article-title":"Transpalpebral transorbital approach for pediatric temporal epilepsy: 2-dimensional operative video","volume":"28","author":"Hafazalla","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hafazalla KAjmera SKundishora AKatowitz WKennedy BC.Transpalpebral transorbital approach for pediatric temporal epilepsy: 2-dimensional operative video. Oper Neurosurg. 2025;28(2):272."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib25","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1604","article-title":"Utility of minimally invasive endoscopic skull base approaches for the treatment of drug-resistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: a review of current techniques and trends","volume":"139","author":"Phillips","year":"2023","unstructured":"Phillips HWMiller TALiu HYAbel TJMcDowell MM.Utility of minimally invasive endoscopic skull base approaches for the treatment of drug-resistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: a review of current techniques and trends. J Neurosurg. 2023;139(6):1604-1612."},{"key":"bib26","series-title":"Seizure","first-page":"125","article-title":"Invasive epilepsy surgery evaluation","volume":"44","author":"Kovac","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kovac SVakharia VNScott CDiehl B.Invasive epilepsy surgery evaluation. 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