{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T22:37:19Z","timestamp":1769726239544,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765756800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurosurg Case Lessons"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nail gun injuries are rare forms of penetrating brain injuries that can be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Management strategies differ greatly in previously reported cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBSERVATIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A male in his 40s presented with an accidental, work-related nail gun injury to the left parietal lobe with no focal neurological deficits. Noncontrast CT imaging of the head and vessel imaging including CT angiography and venography were performed that demonstrated the retained nail with trace surrounding intraparenchymal hemorrhage but no obvious vascular injury. The patient underwent a preoperative diagnostic cerebral angiography that confirmed no vascular injury. The patient was then taken to a hybrid operating room\/angiography suite for a burr hole craniotomy for nail removal. Selective left internal carotid artery intraoperative angiography was performed to confirm there was no contrast extravasation after nail removal. The patient was discharged home on postoperative day 1 on prophylactic antibiotics. Follow-up angiography did not demonstrate pseudoaneurysm formation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>LESSONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nail gun injuries require a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach to minimize the risk of complications, particularly related to vascular injury. Judicious use of preoperative and intraoperative catheter-based angiography can facilitate safe, efficient nail removal and is imperative in assessing immediate and delayed sequelae of penetrating trauma.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/thejns.org\/doi\/10.3171\/CASE25476\">https:\/\/thejns.org\/doi\/10.3171\/CASE25476<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/case25476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T11:59:49Z","timestamp":1769083189000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Penetrating brain injury with a nail gun: technical considerations and the role of cerebral angiography. Illustrative case"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3034-3368","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Devan","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sanjida","family":"Riea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander G.","family":"Fritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9847-3601","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jaims","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan M.","family":"Hess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hamid S.","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elad I.","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenneth V.","family":"Snyder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanna N.","family":"Algattas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"bib1","series-title":"Am J Ind Med","first-page":"164","article-title":"Serious injury and fatality investigations involving pneumatic nail guns, 1985-2012","volume":"59","author":"Lowe","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lowe BDAlbers JTHudock SDKrieg EF.Serious injury and fatality investigations involving pneumatic nail guns, 1985-2012. Am J Ind Med. 2016;59(2):164-174."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib2","series-title":"J Int Med Res","first-page":"3000605211049923","article-title":"Survival after multiple nail gun injuries to the brain, lung, and heart: a case report and a review of the literature","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang SHChen MYYan JLHuang TYChang CCChien CY.Survival after multiple nail gun injuries to the brain, lung, and heart: a case report and a review of the literature. J Int Med Res. 2021;49(10):3000605211049923."},{"issue":"14","key":"bib3","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","first-page":"329","article-title":"Nail-gun injuries treated in emergency departments\u2014United States, 2001-2005","volume":"56","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2007","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Nail-gun injuries treated in emergency departments\u2014United States, 2001-2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2007;56(14):329-332."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib4","series-title":"Am J Ind Med","first-page":"880","article-title":"Nail gun injuries treated in U.S emergency departments, 2006-2011: not just a worker safety issue","volume":"58","author":"Lipscomb","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lipscomb HJSchoenfisch AL.Nail gun injuries treated in U.S emergency departments, 2006-2011: not just a worker safety issue. Am J Ind Med. 2015;58(8):880-885."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib5","series-title":"Int J Legal Med","first-page":"217","article-title":"Ballistic parameters and trauma potential of direct-acting, powder-actuated fastening tools (nail guns)","volume":"126","author":"Frank","year":"2012","unstructured":"Frank MFranke ESch\u00f6nekess HCJorczyk JBockholdt BEkkernkamp A.Ballistic parameters and trauma potential of direct-acting, powder-actuated fastening tools (nail guns). Int J Legal Med. 2012;126(2):217-222."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib6","series-title":"Emerg Med Australas","first-page":"254","article-title":"Nail gun-related injuries presenting to the emergency department","volume":"16","author":"Knott","year":"2004","unstructured":"Knott JCMeyer ADKas P.Nail gun-related injuries presenting to the emergency department. Emerg Med Australas. 2004;16(3):254-255."},{"key":"bib7","series-title":"J Med Case Rep","first-page":"58","article-title":"Nail gun injuries to the head with minimal neurological consequences: a case series","volume":"10","author":"Makoshi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Makoshi ZAlKherayf FDa Silva VLesiuk H.Nail gun injuries to the head with minimal neurological consequences: a case series. J Med Case Rep. 2016;10:58."},{"issue":"25","key":"bib8","series-title":"J Neurosurg Case Lessons","first-page":"CASE24522","article-title":"An uncommon cause of penetrating brain injury: two cases of nail gun injuries. 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J Neurosurg. 2011;114(1):53-61."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib10","series-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis","first-page":"e143","article-title":"Penetrating head injury by a nail gun: case report, review of the literature, and management considerations","volume":"26","author":"Awori","year":"2017","unstructured":"Awori JWilkinson DAGemmete JJThompson BGChaudhary NPandey AS.Penetrating head injury by a nail gun: case report, review of the literature, and management considerations. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2017;26(8):e143-e149."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib11","series-title":"RadioGraphics","first-page":"1087","article-title":"Vascular injuries of the neck and thoracic inlet: helical CT-angiographic correlation","volume":"24","author":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez","year":"2004","unstructured":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez DBJrTorres-Le\u00f3n MM\u00fanera F.Vascular injuries of the neck and thoracic inlet: helical CT-angiographic correlation. 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Brain Inj. 2021;35(2):164-172."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib16","series-title":"J Neurol Surg Rep","first-page":"e54","article-title":"Delayed-onset seizures following self-inflicted nail gun injury to the head: a case report and literature review","volume":"83","author":"Hoey","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hoey ATroy CBauerle WXia AHoey B.Delayed-onset seizures following self-inflicted nail gun injury to the head: a case report and literature review. J Neurol Surg Rep. 2022;83(2):e54-e62."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib17","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"905","article-title":"Penetrating stab wounds to the brain: the timing of angiography in patients presenting with the weapon already removed","volume":"31","author":"du Trevou","year":"1992","unstructured":"du Trevou MDvan Dellen JR.Penetrating stab wounds to the brain: the timing of angiography in patients presenting with the weapon already removed. Neurosurgery. 1992;31(5):905-912."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib18","series-title":"Korean J Neurotrauma","first-page":"124","article-title":"Clinical analysis of traumatic cerebral pseudoaneurysms","volume":"11","author":"Moon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Moon THKim SHLee JWHuh SK.Clinical analysis of traumatic cerebral pseudoaneurysms. Korean J Neurotrauma. 2015;11(2):124-130."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib19","series-title":"J Neurosurg Case Lessons","first-page":"CASE24745","article-title":"Delayed presentation and rupture of an intracranial pseudoaneurysm following penetrating trauma: illustrative case","volume":"9","author":"Asad","year":"2025","unstructured":"Asad SBindra GSRobinow ZRiordan M.Delayed presentation and rupture of an intracranial pseudoaneurysm following penetrating trauma: illustrative case. J Neurosurg Case Lessons. 2025;9(10):CASE24745."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib20","series-title":"JAMA Neurol","first-page":"507","article-title":"Early seizure prophylaxis in mild and moderate traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"81","author":"Pease","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pease MMittal AMerkaj SEarly seizure prophylaxis in mild and moderate traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol. 2024;81(5):507-514."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib21","series-title":"Neurocrit Care","first-page":"819","article-title":"Guidelines for seizure prophylaxis in adults hospitalized with moderate-severe traumatic brain injury: a clinical practice guideline for health care professionals from the neurocritical care society","volume":"40","author":"Frontera","year":"2024","unstructured":"Frontera JAGilmore EJJohnson ELGuidelines for seizure prophylaxis in adults hospitalized with moderate-severe traumatic brain injury: a clinical practice guideline for health care professionals from the neurocritical care society. Neurocrit Care. 2024;40(3):819-844."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib22","series-title":"Ann Emerg Med","first-page":"305","article-title":"Tetanus immunity and physician compliance with tetanus prophylaxis practices among emergency department patients presenting with wounds","volume":"43","author":"Talan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Talan DAAbrahamian FMMoran GJTetanus immunity and physician compliance with tetanus prophylaxis practices among emergency department patients presenting with wounds. Ann Emerg Med. 2004;43(3):305-314."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib23","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"303","article-title":"Antibiotic prophylaxis in penetrating traumatic brain injury: analysis of a single-center series and systematic review of the literature","volume":"165","author":"Ganga","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ganga ALeary OPSastry RAAntibiotic prophylaxis in penetrating traumatic brain injury: analysis of a single-center series and systematic review of the literature. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2023;165(2):303-313."},{"issue":"9217","key":"bib24","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1813","article-title":"Use of antibiotics in penetrating craniocerebral injuries. \u201cInfection in Neurosurgery\u201d Working Party of British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy","volume":"355","author":"Bayston","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bayston Rde Louvois JBrown EMJohnston RALees PPople IK.Use of antibiotics in penetrating craniocerebral injuries. \u201cInfection in Neurosurgery\u201d Working Party of British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. Lancet. 2000;355(9217):1813-1817."},{"key":"bib25","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","first-page":"105777","article-title":"Evaluation of prophylactic antibiotics in penetrating brain injuries at an academic level 1 trauma center","volume":"193","author":"Marut","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marut DShammassian BMcKenzie CAdamski JTraeger J.Evaluation of prophylactic antibiotics in penetrating brain injuries at an academic level 1 trauma center. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2020;193:105777."},{"key":"bib26","series-title":"J Clin Imaging Sci","first-page":"44","article-title":"Vascular trauma in the head and neck and endovascular neurointerventional management","volume":"10","author":"Patel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Patel JHuynh TJRao DBrzezicki G.Vascular trauma in the head and neck and endovascular neurointerventional management. J Clin Imaging Sci. 2020;10:44."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib27","series-title":"Neurocrit Care","first-page":"357","article-title":"A nail in the brain: delayed traumatic pseudoaneurysm","volume":"32","author":"Vadamalai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vadamalai KHirzallah MIChou SH.A nail in the brain: delayed traumatic pseudoaneurysm. Neurocrit Care. 2020;32(1):357-358."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib28","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","first-page":"609","article-title":"Traumatic intracranial aneurysm: a brief review","volume":"15","author":"Dubey","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dubey ASung WSChen YYTraumatic intracranial aneurysm: a brief review. J Clin Neurosci. 2008;15(6):609-612."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib29","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"e4","article-title":"Traumatic intracranial aneurysms","volume":"8","author":"Larson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Larson PSReisner AMorassutti DJAbdulhadi BHarpring JE.Traumatic intracranial aneurysms. Neurosurg Focus. 2000;8(1):e4."},{"key":"bib30","series-title":"Case Rep Neurol Med","first-page":"4371367","article-title":"Management of a low-energy penetrating brain injury caused by a nail","volume":"2016","author":"Ferraz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ferraz VRAguiar GBVitorino-Araujo JLBadke GLVeiga JC.Management of a low-energy penetrating brain injury caused by a nail. Case Rep Neurol Med. 2016;2016:4371367."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib1","series-title":"Am J Ind Med","first-page":"164","article-title":"Serious injury and fatality investigations involving pneumatic nail guns, 1985-2012","volume":"59","author":"Lowe","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lowe BDAlbers JTHudock SDKrieg EF.Serious injury and fatality investigations involving pneumatic nail guns, 1985-2012. Am J Ind Med. 2016;59(2):164-174."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib2","series-title":"J Int Med Res","first-page":"3000605211049923","article-title":"Survival after multiple nail gun injuries to the brain, lung, and heart: a case report and a review of the literature","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang SHChen MYYan JLHuang TYChang CCChien CY.Survival after multiple nail gun injuries to the brain, lung, and heart: a case report and a review of the literature. J Int Med Res. 2021;49(10):3000605211049923."},{"issue":"14","key":"bib3","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","first-page":"329","article-title":"Nail-gun injuries treated in emergency departments\u2014United States, 2001-2005","volume":"56","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2007","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Nail-gun injuries treated in emergency departments\u2014United States, 2001-2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2007;56(14):329-332."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib4","series-title":"Am J Ind Med","first-page":"880","article-title":"Nail gun injuries treated in U.S emergency departments, 2006-2011: not just a worker safety issue","volume":"58","author":"Lipscomb","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lipscomb HJSchoenfisch AL.Nail gun injuries treated in U.S emergency departments, 2006-2011: not just a worker safety issue. Am J Ind Med. 2015;58(8):880-885."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib5","series-title":"Int J Legal Med","first-page":"217","article-title":"Ballistic parameters and trauma potential of direct-acting, powder-actuated fastening tools (nail guns)","volume":"126","author":"Frank","year":"2012","unstructured":"Frank MFranke ESch\u00f6nekess HCJorczyk JBockholdt BEkkernkamp A.Ballistic parameters and trauma potential of direct-acting, powder-actuated fastening tools (nail guns). Int J Legal Med. 2012;126(2):217-222."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib6","series-title":"Emerg Med Australas","first-page":"254","article-title":"Nail gun-related injuries presenting to the emergency department","volume":"16","author":"Knott","year":"2004","unstructured":"Knott JCMeyer ADKas P.Nail gun-related injuries presenting to the emergency department. Emerg Med Australas. 2004;16(3):254-255."},{"key":"bib7","series-title":"J Med Case Rep","first-page":"58","article-title":"Nail gun injuries to the head with minimal neurological consequences: a case series","volume":"10","author":"Makoshi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Makoshi ZAlKherayf FDa Silva VLesiuk H.Nail gun injuries to the head with minimal neurological consequences: a case series. J Med Case Rep. 2016;10:58."},{"issue":"25","key":"bib8","series-title":"J Neurosurg Case Lessons","first-page":"CASE24522","article-title":"An uncommon cause of penetrating brain injury: two cases of nail gun injuries. 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J Neurosurg. 2011;114(1):53-61."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib10","series-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis","first-page":"e143","article-title":"Penetrating head injury by a nail gun: case report, review of the literature, and management considerations","volume":"26","author":"Awori","year":"2017","unstructured":"Awori JWilkinson DAGemmete JJThompson BGChaudhary NPandey AS.Penetrating head injury by a nail gun: case report, review of the literature, and management considerations. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2017;26(8):e143-e149."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib11","series-title":"RadioGraphics","first-page":"1087","article-title":"Vascular injuries of the neck and thoracic inlet: helical CT-angiographic correlation","volume":"24","author":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez","year":"2004","unstructured":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez DBJrTorres-Le\u00f3n MM\u00fanera F.Vascular injuries of the neck and thoracic inlet: helical CT-angiographic correlation. RadioGraphics. 2004;24(4):1087-1100."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib12","series-title":"Br J Neurosurg","first-page":"448","article-title":"Repair of the superior sagittal sinus following penetrating intracranial injury caused by nail gun accident: case report and technical note","volume":"37","author":"Nussbaum","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nussbaum ESGraupman PPatel PD.Repair of the superior sagittal sinus following penetrating intracranial injury caused by nail gun accident: case report and technical note. Br J Neurosurg. 2023;37(3):448-452."},{"key":"bib13","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"143","article-title":"Management of penetrating brain injury caused by a nail gun: three case reports and literature review","volume":"112","author":"Wu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wu RYe YLiu CYang CQin H.Management of penetrating brain injury caused by a nail gun: three case reports and literature review. 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Brain Inj. 2021;35(2):164-172."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib16","series-title":"J Neurol Surg Rep","first-page":"e54","article-title":"Delayed-onset seizures following self-inflicted nail gun injury to the head: a case report and literature review","volume":"83","author":"Hoey","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hoey ATroy CBauerle WXia AHoey B.Delayed-onset seizures following self-inflicted nail gun injury to the head: a case report and literature review. J Neurol Surg Rep. 2022;83(2):e54-e62."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib17","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"905","article-title":"Penetrating stab wounds to the brain: the timing of angiography in patients presenting with the weapon already removed","volume":"31","author":"du Trevou","year":"1992","unstructured":"du Trevou MDvan Dellen JR.Penetrating stab wounds to the brain: the timing of angiography in patients presenting with the weapon already removed. 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J Neurosurg Case Lessons. 2025;9(10):CASE24745."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib20","series-title":"JAMA Neurol","first-page":"507","article-title":"Early seizure prophylaxis in mild and moderate traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"81","author":"Pease","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pease MMittal AMerkaj SEarly seizure prophylaxis in mild and moderate traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 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