{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T22:12:52Z","timestamp":1769724772469,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762128000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurosurg Case Lessons"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"abstract":"\n BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n Epidemiologically, hypothalamic neurosarcoidosis occurs in middle-aged individuals with pituitary dysfunction. Older patients rarely develop hypothalamic neurosarcoidosis with incomplete hemiparesis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n OBSERVATIONS<\/jats:title>\n MRI in a 75-year-old man with incomplete left hemiparesis revealed an enhanced mass lesion in the hypothalamus and tuber cinereum, with enhanced satellite nodules in the right basal ganglia. Transcortical neuroendoscopic biopsy was performed to confirm the pathological diagnosis. Narrow-band imaging (NBI) of the mass lesion revealed an abnormal vascular structure with a cyan color. A biopsy was successfully performed, and pathological evaluation and additional analyses led to a final diagnosis of sarcoidosis. Steroid treatment was administered, and follow-up MRI revealed that almost all lesions had disappeared, with resolution of the left hemiparesis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n LESSONS<\/jats:title>\n Neurosarcoidosis should be considered as a differential diagnosis of multiple solid cerebral mass lesions in older patients. Detecting characteristic vascular constructions using NBI allows for the accurate identification of lesions.<\/jats:p>\n \n https:\/\/thejns.org\/doi\/10.3171\/CASE25578<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/case25578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T00:06:54Z","timestamp":1762214814000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hypothalamic sarcoidosis in an older patient diagnosed by narrow band imaging\u2013guided transcortical neuroendoscopic biopsy: illustrative case"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Sho","family":"Tamai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasuo","family":"Sasagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takuya","family":"Furuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8454-6155","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kenjiro","family":"Ono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9419-6101","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mitsutoshi","family":"Nakada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"bib1","series-title":"Lancet Neurol","first-page":"397","article-title":"Neurosarcoidosis: a clinical dilemma","volume":"3","author":"Hoitsma","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hoitsma EFaber CGDrent MSharma OP.Neurosarcoidosis: a clinical dilemma. Lancet Neurol. 2004;3(7):397-407."},{"issue":"12","key":"bib2","series-title":"JAMA Neurol","first-page":"1546","article-title":"Definition and consensus diagnostic criteria for neurosarcoidosis: from the neurosarcoidosis consortium consensus group","volume":"75","author":"Stern","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stern BJRoyal WIIIGelfand JMDefinition and consensus diagnostic criteria for neurosarcoidosis: from the neurosarcoidosis consortium consensus group. JAMA Neurol. 2018;75(12):1546-1553."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib3","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"ONS337","article-title":"Introduction of the Videoscope in neurosurgery","volume":"62","author":"Oka","year":"2008","unstructured":"Oka K.Introduction of the Videoscope in neurosurgery. Neurosurgery. 2008;62(5)(suppl 2):ONS337-ONS341."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib4","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"681","article-title":"Narrow band imaging-guided endoscopic biopsy for intraventricular and paraventricular brain tumors: clinical experience with 14 cases","volume":"156","author":"Sasagawa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sasagawa YAkai TNakada SNarrow band imaging-guided endoscopic biopsy for intraventricular and paraventricular brain tumors: clinical experience with 14 cases. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2014;156(4):681-687."},{"key":"bib5","series-title":"Am J Med Sci","first-page":"456","article-title":"Hypopituitarism due to hypothalamic sarcoidosis","volume":"238","author":"Selenkow","year":"1959","unstructured":"Selenkow HATyler HRMatson DDNelson DH.Hypopituitarism due to hypothalamic sarcoidosis. Am J Med Sci. 1959;238:456-463."},{"key":"bib6","series-title":"Arch Pathol","first-page":"527","article-title":"Hypothalamic-pituitary sarcoidosis. A clinical and pathological entity: report of a case","volume":"74","author":"Plair","year":"1962","unstructured":"Plair CMPerry S.Hypothalamic-pituitary sarcoidosis. A clinical and pathological entity: report of a case. Arch Pathol. 1962;74:527-535."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib7","series-title":"Hormones","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sarcoidosis of the hypothalamus. A case report with a review of the literature","volume":"2","author":"Heffernan","year":"1971","unstructured":"Heffernan ACullen MTowers RO\u2019Donovan DK.Sarcoidosis of the hypothalamus. A case report with a review of the literature. Hormones. 1971;2(1):1-12."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib8","series-title":"Brain Cogn","first-page":"189","article-title":"A case of subcortical dementia due to sarcoidosis of the hypothalamus and fornices","volume":"2","author":"Hier","year":"1983","unstructured":"Hier DBThomas CShindler AG.A case of subcortical dementia due to sarcoidosis of the hypothalamus and fornices. Brain Cogn. 1983;2(2):189-198."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib9","series-title":"Chest","first-page":"205","article-title":"Neurosarcoidosis associated with hypersomnolence treated with corticosteroids and brain irradiation","volume":"94","author":"Rubinstein","year":"1988","unstructured":"Rubinstein IGray TAMoldofsky HHoffstein V.Neurosarcoidosis associated with hypersomnolence treated with corticosteroids and brain irradiation. Chest. 1988;94(1):205-206."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib10","series-title":"South Med J","first-page":"758","article-title":"Hypothalamic sarcoidosis: a new cause of morbid obesity","volume":"82","author":"Vesely","year":"1989","unstructured":"Vesely DL.Hypothalamic sarcoidosis: a new cause of morbid obesity. South Med J. 1989;82(6):758-761."},{"issue":"9","key":"bib11","series-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"321","article-title":"Hypothalamic-pituitary sarcoidosis","volume":"3","author":"Freda","year":"1992","unstructured":"Freda PUSilverberg SJPost KDWardlaw SL.Hypothalamic-pituitary sarcoidosis. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 1992;3(9):321-325."},{"key":"bib12","series-title":"Prog Brain Res","first-page":"31","article-title":"Neurologic manifestations of hypothalamic disease","volume":"93","author":"Martin","year":"1992","unstructured":"Martin JBRiskind PN.Neurologic manifestations of hypothalamic disease. Prog Brain Res. 1992;93:31-42."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib13","series-title":"Neurol Res","first-page":"93","article-title":"Neurosarcoidosis presenting as a tumour of the basal ganglia and brainstem: sequential MRI","volume":"15","author":"Gizzi","year":"1993","unstructured":"Gizzi MSLidov MRosenbaum D.Neurosarcoidosis presenting as a tumour of the basal ganglia and brainstem: sequential MRI. Neurol Res. 1993;15(2):93-96."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib14","series-title":"J Adolesc Health","first-page":"464","article-title":"Neurosarcoidosis presenting as secondary amenorrhea in a teenager","volume":"14","author":"Lipnick","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lipnick RNHung WPandian MR.Neurosarcoidosis presenting as secondary amenorrhea in a teenager. J Adolesc Health. 1993;14(6):464-467."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib15","series-title":"Arch Ophthalmol","first-page":"669","article-title":"Sarcoidosis involving the optic nerve and hypothalamus","volume":"113","author":"Westlake","year":"1995","unstructured":"Westlake HJDHeath JDSpalton DJ.Sarcoidosis involving the optic nerve and hypothalamus. Arch Ophthalmol. 1995;113(5):669-670."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib16","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"1182","article-title":"Cystic pituitary mass in neurosarcoidosis","volume":"18","author":"Sato","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sato NSze GKim JH.Cystic pituitary mass in neurosarcoidosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1997;18(6):1182-1185."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib17","series-title":"Clin Imaging","first-page":"323","article-title":"Neurosarcoidosis presenting as a large suprasellar mass. Magnetic resonance imaging findings","volume":"22","author":"Bakshi","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bakshi RFenstermaker RABates VERavichandran TPGoodloe SJrKinkel WR.Neurosarcoidosis presenting as a large suprasellar mass. Magnetic resonance imaging findings. Clin Imaging. 1998;22(5):323-326."},{"issue":"11","key":"bib18","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"1597","article-title":"Hypothalamic amnesia with spontaneous confabulations: a clinicopathologic study","volume":"56","author":"Ptak","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ptak RBirtoli BImboden HHauser CWeis JSchnider A.Hypothalamic amnesia with spontaneous confabulations: a clinicopathologic study. Neurology. 2001;56(11):1597-1600."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib19","series-title":"Ann Ital Med Int","first-page":"260","article-title":"Amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome as an uncommon manifestation of isolated neurosarcoidosis","volume":"16","author":"Tamagno","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tamagno GMurialdo G.Amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome as an uncommon manifestation of isolated neurosarcoidosis. Ann Ital Med Int. 2001;16(4):260-266."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib20","series-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol","first-page":"48","article-title":"Sudden unexpected death resulting from hypothalamic sarcoidosis","volume":"23","author":"Gleckman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gleckman AMPatalas EDJoseph JT.Sudden unexpected death resulting from hypothalamic sarcoidosis. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. March 2002;23(1):48-51."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib21","series-title":"J Endocrinol Invest","first-page":"650","article-title":"Endocrine aspects of neurosarcoidosis","volume":"25","author":"Murialdo","year":"2002","unstructured":"Murialdo GTamagno G.Endocrine aspects of neurosarcoidosis. J Endocrinol Invest. 2002;25(7):650-662."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib22","series-title":"Endocrine","first-page":"241","article-title":"Isolated neurosarcoidosis\u2014a diagnostic enigma: case report and discussion","volume":"17","author":"Randeva","year":"2002","unstructured":"Randeva HSDavison RChamoun VBouloux PM.Isolated neurosarcoidosis\u2014a diagnostic enigma: case report and discussion. Endocrine. 2002;17(3):241-247."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib23","series-title":"J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol","first-page":"622","article-title":"Stereotactic radiotherapy for the treatment of neurosarcoidosis involving the pituitary gland and hypothalamus","volume":"52","author":"Sundaresan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sundaresan PJayamohan J.Stereotactic radiotherapy for the treatment of neurosarcoidosis involving the pituitary gland and hypothalamus. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 2008;52(6):622-626."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib24","series-title":"Obstet Gynecol Surv","first-page":"482","article-title":"Infiltrative neurosarcoidosis presenting as secondary amenorrhea: case report and review of the literature","volume":"68","author":"Aghajanova","year":"2013","unstructured":"Aghajanova LJaffe RBHerndon CN.Infiltrative neurosarcoidosis presenting as secondary amenorrhea: case report and review of the literature. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2013;68(6):482-488."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib25","series-title":"Cephalalgia","first-page":"421","article-title":"Cluster-like headache and a cystic hypothalamic tumour as first presentation of sarcoidosis","volume":"33","author":"van der Vlist","year":"2013","unstructured":"van der Vlist SHMHummelink BJCMWesterga JBoogerd W.Cluster-like headache and a cystic hypothalamic tumour as first presentation of sarcoidosis. Cephalalgia. 2013;33(6):421-424."},{"issue":"9","key":"bib26","series-title":"J Clin Sleep Med","first-page":"1063","article-title":"Hypocretin deficiency associated with narcolepsy Type 1 and central hypoventilation syndrome in neurosarcoidosis of the hypothalamus","volume":"11","author":"Mayo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mayo MCDeng JCAlbores JZeidler MHarper RMAvidan AY.Hypocretin deficiency associated with narcolepsy Type 1 and central hypoventilation syndrome in neurosarcoidosis of the hypothalamus. J Clin Sleep Med. 2015;11(9):1063-1065."},{"issue":"12","key":"bib27","series-title":"Clin Case Rep","first-page":"2472","article-title":"Neurosarcoidosis manifesting as panhypopituitarism","volume":"7","author":"Oye","year":"2019","unstructured":"Oye MChahin MKrishnan NReddy P.Neurosarcoidosis manifesting as panhypopituitarism. Clin Case Rep. 2019;7(12):2472-2475."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib28","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e11119","article-title":"A case of central diabetes insipidus secondary to neurosarcoidosis","volume":"12","author":"Johns","year":"2020","unstructured":"Johns CEJohns CS.A case of central diabetes insipidus secondary to neurosarcoidosis. Cureus. 2020;12(10):e11119."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib29","series-title":"Ethiop J Health Sci","first-page":"661","article-title":"Imaging findings of concomitant pulmonary and central nervous system sarcoidosis: a case report","volume":"32","author":"Balcha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Balcha TEWoldeyohannes AMAboye AG.Imaging findings of concomitant pulmonary and central nervous system sarcoidosis: a case report. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2022;32(3):661-664."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib30","series-title":"Acta Endocrinol (Buchar)","first-page":"244","article-title":"Pathologically-confirmed isolated hypothalamo-pituitary sarcoidosis refractory to pulse-dose glucocorticoids and successfully treated with methotrexate","volume":"18","author":"Borawski","year":"2022","unstructured":"Borawski BKuca PZieli\u0144ski GMaksymowicz MWitek P.Pathologically-confirmed isolated hypothalamo-pituitary sarcoidosis refractory to pulse-dose glucocorticoids and successfully treated with methotrexate. Acta Endocrinol (Buchar). 2022;18(2):244-249."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib31","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e43169","article-title":"Neurosarcoidosis-induced panhypopituitarism","volume":"15","author":"Alfares","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alfares KHan HJ.Neurosarcoidosis-induced panhypopituitarism. Cureus. 2023;15(8):e43169."},{"issue":"9923","key":"bib32","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1155","article-title":"Sarcoidosis","volume":"383","author":"Valeyre","year":"2014","unstructured":"Valeyre DPrasse ANunes HUzunhan YBrillet PYM\u00fcller-Quernheim J.Sarcoidosis. Lancet. 2014;383(9923):1155-1167."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib33","series-title":"Med (Baltim)","first-page":"137","article-title":"Late-onset sarcoidosis: a comparative study","volume":"91","author":"Varron","year":"2012","unstructured":"Varron LCottin VSchott AMBroussolle CS\u00e8ve P.Late-onset sarcoidosis: a comparative study. Med (Baltim). 2012;91(3):137-143."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib34","series-title":"Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis","first-page":"e2021016","article-title":"Retrospective study of elderly onset sarcoidosis in Tunisian patients","volume":"38","author":"Chebbi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chebbi DMarzouk SSnoussi MRetrospective study of elderly onset sarcoidosis in Tunisian patients. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis. 2021;38(2):e2021016."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib35","series-title":"Chest","first-page":"471","article-title":"Markers of sarcoidosis activity","volume":"90","author":"Sharma","year":"1986","unstructured":"Sharma OP.Markers of sarcoidosis activity. Chest. 1986;90(4):471-473."},{"issue":"12","key":"bib36","series-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol","first-page":"1352","article-title":"Diagnostic value of serum-soluble interleukin 2 receptor levels vs angiotensin-converting enzyme in patients with sarcoidosis-associated uveitis","volume":"135","author":"Groen-Hakan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Groen-Hakan FEurelings Lten Berge JCDiagnostic value of serum-soluble interleukin 2 receptor levels vs angiotensin-converting enzyme in patients with sarcoidosis-associated uveitis. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2017;135(12):1352-1358."},{"issue":"21","key":"bib37","series-title":"J Clin Oncol","first-page":"2410","article-title":"Primary CNS lymphoma","volume":"35","author":"Grommes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Grommes CDeAngelis LM.Primary CNS lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35(21):2410-2418."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib38","series-title":"Br J Haematol","first-page":"384","article-title":"Diagnostic markers for CNS lymphoma in blood and cerebrospinal fluid: a systematic review","volume":"182","author":"van Westrhenen","year":"2018","unstructured":"van Westrhenen ASmidt LCASeute TDiagnostic markers for CNS lymphoma in blood and cerebrospinal fluid: a systematic review. Br J Haematol. August 2018;182(3):384-403."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib39","series-title":"Qjm","first-page":"981","article-title":"Hypothalamo-pituitary sarcoidosis: a multicenter study of 24 patients","volume":"105","author":"Langrand","year":"2012","unstructured":"Langrand CBihan HRaverot GHypothalamo-pituitary sarcoidosis: a multicenter study of 24 patients. Qjm. October 2012;105(10):981-995."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib40","series-title":"Endokrynol Pol","first-page":"430","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging and symptoms in patients with neurosarcoidosis and central diabetes insipidus","volume":"70","author":"Kakehi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kakehi EAdachi SFukuyasu YMagnetic resonance imaging and symptoms in patients with neurosarcoidosis and central diabetes insipidus. Endokrynol Pol. 2019;70(5):430-437."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib41","series-title":"Neuroradiology","first-page":"995","article-title":"Neuroimaging of central diabetes insipidus-when, how and findings","volume":"60","author":"Adams","year":"2018","unstructured":"Adams NCFarrell TPO\u2019Shea ANeuroimaging of central diabetes insipidus-when, how and findings. Neuroradiology. 2018;60(10):995-1012."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib42","series-title":"Nihon Kyobu Shikkan Gakkai Zasshi","first-page":"215","article-title":"Bronchial involvement in sarcoidosis, retinalization of vessels in bronchial mucosa","volume":"23","author":"Ichikawa","year":"1985","unstructured":"Ichikawa YHayashi SMitsutake YFujino KTanaka FKaji M.Bronchial involvement in sarcoidosis, retinalization of vessels in bronchial mucosa. Article in Japanese. Nihon Kyobu Shikkan Gakkai Zasshi. 1985;23(2):215-219."},{"issue":"12","key":"bib43","series-title":"Endoscopy","first-page":"1094","article-title":"Narrow-band imaging in the diagnosis of colorectal mucosal lesions: a pilot study","volume":"36","author":"Machida","year":"2004","unstructured":"Machida HSano YHamamoto YNarrow-band imaging in the diagnosis of colorectal mucosal lesions: a pilot study. Endoscopy. 2004;36(12):1094-1098."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib44","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"1977","article-title":"Visualization of the normal pituitary gland during the endoscopic endonasal removal of pituitary adenoma by narrow band imaging","volume":"158","author":"Akutsu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Akutsu NTaniguchi MKohmura E.Visualization of the normal pituitary gland during the endoscopic endonasal removal of pituitary adenoma by narrow band imaging. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2016;158(10):1977-1981."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib45","series-title":"Chest","first-page":"109","article-title":"Endobronchial biopsy for sarcoidosis: a prospective study","volume":"120","author":"Shorr","year":"2001","unstructured":"Shorr AFTorrington KGHnatiuk OW.Endobronchial biopsy for sarcoidosis: a prospective study. Chest. 2001;120(1):109-114."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib1","series-title":"Lancet Neurol","first-page":"397","article-title":"Neurosarcoidosis: a clinical dilemma","volume":"3","author":"Hoitsma","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hoitsma EFaber CGDrent MSharma OP.Neurosarcoidosis: a clinical dilemma. Lancet Neurol. 2004;3(7):397-407."},{"issue":"12","key":"bib2","series-title":"JAMA Neurol","first-page":"1546","article-title":"Definition and consensus diagnostic criteria for neurosarcoidosis: from the neurosarcoidosis consortium consensus group","volume":"75","author":"Stern","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stern BJRoyal WIIIGelfand JMDefinition and consensus diagnostic criteria for neurosarcoidosis: from the neurosarcoidosis consortium consensus group. JAMA Neurol. 2018;75(12):1546-1553."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib3","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"ONS337","article-title":"Introduction of the Videoscope in neurosurgery","volume":"62","author":"Oka","year":"2008","unstructured":"Oka K.Introduction of the Videoscope in neurosurgery. Neurosurgery. 2008;62(5)(suppl 2):ONS337-ONS341."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib4","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"681","article-title":"Narrow band imaging-guided endoscopic biopsy for intraventricular and paraventricular brain tumors: clinical experience with 14 cases","volume":"156","author":"Sasagawa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sasagawa YAkai TNakada SNarrow band imaging-guided endoscopic biopsy for intraventricular and paraventricular brain tumors: clinical experience with 14 cases. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2014;156(4):681-687."},{"key":"bib5","series-title":"Am J Med Sci","first-page":"456","article-title":"Hypopituitarism due to hypothalamic sarcoidosis","volume":"238","author":"Selenkow","year":"1959","unstructured":"Selenkow HATyler HRMatson DDNelson DH.Hypopituitarism due to hypothalamic sarcoidosis. Am J Med Sci. 1959;238:456-463."},{"key":"bib6","series-title":"Arch Pathol","first-page":"527","article-title":"Hypothalamic-pituitary sarcoidosis. A clinical and pathological entity: report of a case","volume":"74","author":"Plair","year":"1962","unstructured":"Plair CMPerry S.Hypothalamic-pituitary sarcoidosis. A clinical and pathological entity: report of a case. Arch Pathol. 1962;74:527-535."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib7","series-title":"Hormones","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sarcoidosis of the hypothalamus. A case report with a review of the literature","volume":"2","author":"Heffernan","year":"1971","unstructured":"Heffernan ACullen MTowers RO\u2019Donovan DK.Sarcoidosis of the hypothalamus. A case report with a review of the literature. Hormones. 1971;2(1):1-12."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib8","series-title":"Brain Cogn","first-page":"189","article-title":"A case of subcortical dementia due to sarcoidosis of the hypothalamus and fornices","volume":"2","author":"Hier","year":"1983","unstructured":"Hier DBThomas CShindler AG.A case of subcortical dementia due to sarcoidosis of the hypothalamus and fornices. Brain Cogn. 1983;2(2):189-198."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib9","series-title":"Chest","first-page":"205","article-title":"Neurosarcoidosis associated with hypersomnolence treated with corticosteroids and brain irradiation","volume":"94","author":"Rubinstein","year":"1988","unstructured":"Rubinstein IGray TAMoldofsky HHoffstein V.Neurosarcoidosis associated with hypersomnolence treated with corticosteroids and brain irradiation. Chest. 1988;94(1):205-206."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib10","series-title":"South Med J","first-page":"758","article-title":"Hypothalamic sarcoidosis: a new cause of morbid obesity","volume":"82","author":"Vesely","year":"1989","unstructured":"Vesely DL.Hypothalamic sarcoidosis: a new cause of morbid obesity. South Med J. 1989;82(6):758-761."},{"issue":"9","key":"bib11","series-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"321","article-title":"Hypothalamic-pituitary sarcoidosis","volume":"3","author":"Freda","year":"1992","unstructured":"Freda PUSilverberg SJPost KDWardlaw SL.Hypothalamic-pituitary sarcoidosis. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 1992;3(9):321-325."},{"key":"bib12","series-title":"Prog Brain Res","first-page":"31","article-title":"Neurologic manifestations of hypothalamic disease","volume":"93","author":"Martin","year":"1992","unstructured":"Martin JBRiskind PN.Neurologic manifestations of hypothalamic disease. Prog Brain Res. 1992;93:31-42."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib13","series-title":"Neurol Res","first-page":"93","article-title":"Neurosarcoidosis presenting as a tumour of the basal ganglia and brainstem: sequential MRI","volume":"15","author":"Gizzi","year":"1993","unstructured":"Gizzi MSLidov MRosenbaum D.Neurosarcoidosis presenting as a tumour of the basal ganglia and brainstem: sequential MRI. Neurol Res. 1993;15(2):93-96."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib14","series-title":"J Adolesc Health","first-page":"464","article-title":"Neurosarcoidosis presenting as secondary amenorrhea in a teenager","volume":"14","author":"Lipnick","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lipnick RNHung WPandian MR.Neurosarcoidosis presenting as secondary amenorrhea in a teenager. J Adolesc Health. 1993;14(6):464-467."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib15","series-title":"Arch Ophthalmol","first-page":"669","article-title":"Sarcoidosis involving the optic nerve and hypothalamus","volume":"113","author":"Westlake","year":"1995","unstructured":"Westlake HJDHeath JDSpalton DJ.Sarcoidosis involving the optic nerve and hypothalamus. Arch Ophthalmol. 1995;113(5):669-670."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib16","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"1182","article-title":"Cystic pituitary mass in neurosarcoidosis","volume":"18","author":"Sato","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sato NSze GKim JH.Cystic pituitary mass in neurosarcoidosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1997;18(6):1182-1185."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib17","series-title":"Clin Imaging","first-page":"323","article-title":"Neurosarcoidosis presenting as a large suprasellar mass. Magnetic resonance imaging findings","volume":"22","author":"Bakshi","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bakshi RFenstermaker RABates VERavichandran TPGoodloe SJrKinkel WR.Neurosarcoidosis presenting as a large suprasellar mass. Magnetic resonance imaging findings. Clin Imaging. 1998;22(5):323-326."},{"issue":"11","key":"bib18","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"1597","article-title":"Hypothalamic amnesia with spontaneous confabulations: a clinicopathologic study","volume":"56","author":"Ptak","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ptak RBirtoli BImboden HHauser CWeis JSchnider A.Hypothalamic amnesia with spontaneous confabulations: a clinicopathologic study. Neurology. 2001;56(11):1597-1600."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib19","series-title":"Ann Ital Med Int","first-page":"260","article-title":"Amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome as an uncommon manifestation of isolated neurosarcoidosis","volume":"16","author":"Tamagno","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tamagno GMurialdo G.Amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome as an uncommon manifestation of isolated neurosarcoidosis. Ann Ital Med Int. 2001;16(4):260-266."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib20","series-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol","first-page":"48","article-title":"Sudden unexpected death resulting from hypothalamic sarcoidosis","volume":"23","author":"Gleckman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gleckman AMPatalas EDJoseph JT.Sudden unexpected death resulting from hypothalamic sarcoidosis. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. March 2002;23(1):48-51."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib21","series-title":"J Endocrinol Invest","first-page":"650","article-title":"Endocrine aspects of neurosarcoidosis","volume":"25","author":"Murialdo","year":"2002","unstructured":"Murialdo GTamagno G.Endocrine aspects of neurosarcoidosis. J Endocrinol Invest. 2002;25(7):650-662."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib22","series-title":"Endocrine","first-page":"241","article-title":"Isolated neurosarcoidosis\u2014a diagnostic enigma: case report and discussion","volume":"17","author":"Randeva","year":"2002","unstructured":"Randeva HSDavison RChamoun VBouloux PM.Isolated neurosarcoidosis\u2014a diagnostic enigma: case report and discussion. Endocrine. 2002;17(3):241-247."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib23","series-title":"J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol","first-page":"622","article-title":"Stereotactic radiotherapy for the treatment of neurosarcoidosis involving the pituitary gland and hypothalamus","volume":"52","author":"Sundaresan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sundaresan PJayamohan J.Stereotactic radiotherapy for the treatment of neurosarcoidosis involving the pituitary gland and hypothalamus. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 2008;52(6):622-626."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib24","series-title":"Obstet Gynecol Surv","first-page":"482","article-title":"Infiltrative neurosarcoidosis presenting as secondary amenorrhea: case report and review of the literature","volume":"68","author":"Aghajanova","year":"2013","unstructured":"Aghajanova LJaffe RBHerndon CN.Infiltrative neurosarcoidosis presenting as secondary amenorrhea: case report and review of the literature. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2013;68(6):482-488."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib25","series-title":"Cephalalgia","first-page":"421","article-title":"Cluster-like headache and a cystic hypothalamic tumour as first presentation of sarcoidosis","volume":"33","author":"van der Vlist","year":"2013","unstructured":"van der Vlist SHMHummelink BJCMWesterga JBoogerd W.Cluster-like headache and a cystic hypothalamic tumour as first presentation of sarcoidosis. Cephalalgia. 2013;33(6):421-424."},{"issue":"9","key":"bib26","series-title":"J Clin Sleep Med","first-page":"1063","article-title":"Hypocretin deficiency associated with narcolepsy Type 1 and central hypoventilation syndrome in neurosarcoidosis of the hypothalamus","volume":"11","author":"Mayo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mayo MCDeng JCAlbores JZeidler MHarper RMAvidan AY.Hypocretin deficiency associated with narcolepsy Type 1 and central hypoventilation syndrome in neurosarcoidosis of the hypothalamus. J Clin Sleep Med. 2015;11(9):1063-1065."},{"issue":"12","key":"bib27","series-title":"Clin Case Rep","first-page":"2472","article-title":"Neurosarcoidosis manifesting as panhypopituitarism","volume":"7","author":"Oye","year":"2019","unstructured":"Oye MChahin MKrishnan NReddy P.Neurosarcoidosis manifesting as panhypopituitarism. Clin Case Rep. 2019;7(12):2472-2475."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib28","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e11119","article-title":"A case of central diabetes insipidus secondary to neurosarcoidosis","volume":"12","author":"Johns","year":"2020","unstructured":"Johns CEJohns CS.A case of central diabetes insipidus secondary to neurosarcoidosis. Cureus. 2020;12(10):e11119."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib29","series-title":"Ethiop J Health Sci","first-page":"661","article-title":"Imaging findings of concomitant pulmonary and central nervous system sarcoidosis: a case report","volume":"32","author":"Balcha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Balcha TEWoldeyohannes AMAboye AG.Imaging findings of concomitant pulmonary and central nervous system sarcoidosis: a case report. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2022;32(3):661-664."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib30","series-title":"Acta Endocrinol (Buchar)","first-page":"244","article-title":"Pathologically-confirmed isolated hypothalamo-pituitary sarcoidosis refractory to pulse-dose glucocorticoids and successfully treated with methotrexate","volume":"18","author":"Borawski","year":"2022","unstructured":"Borawski BKuca PZieli\u0144ski GMaksymowicz MWitek P.Pathologically-confirmed isolated hypothalamo-pituitary sarcoidosis refractory to pulse-dose glucocorticoids and successfully treated with methotrexate. Acta Endocrinol (Buchar). 2022;18(2):244-249."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib31","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e43169","article-title":"Neurosarcoidosis-induced panhypopituitarism","volume":"15","author":"Alfares","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alfares KHan HJ.Neurosarcoidosis-induced panhypopituitarism. Cureus. 2023;15(8):e43169."},{"issue":"9923","key":"bib32","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1155","article-title":"Sarcoidosis","volume":"383","author":"Valeyre","year":"2014","unstructured":"Valeyre DPrasse ANunes HUzunhan YBrillet PYM\u00fcller-Quernheim J.Sarcoidosis. Lancet. 2014;383(9923):1155-1167."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib33","series-title":"Med (Baltim)","first-page":"137","article-title":"Late-onset sarcoidosis: a comparative study","volume":"91","author":"Varron","year":"2012","unstructured":"Varron LCottin VSchott AMBroussolle CS\u00e8ve P.Late-onset sarcoidosis: a comparative study. Med (Baltim). 2012;91(3):137-143."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib34","series-title":"Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis","first-page":"e2021016","article-title":"Retrospective study of elderly onset sarcoidosis in Tunisian patients","volume":"38","author":"Chebbi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chebbi DMarzouk SSnoussi MRetrospective study of elderly onset sarcoidosis in Tunisian patients. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis. 2021;38(2):e2021016."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib35","series-title":"Chest","first-page":"471","article-title":"Markers of sarcoidosis activity","volume":"90","author":"Sharma","year":"1986","unstructured":"Sharma OP.Markers of sarcoidosis activity. Chest. 1986;90(4):471-473."},{"issue":"12","key":"bib36","series-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol","first-page":"1352","article-title":"Diagnostic value of serum-soluble interleukin 2 receptor levels vs angiotensin-converting enzyme in patients with sarcoidosis-associated uveitis","volume":"135","author":"Groen-Hakan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Groen-Hakan FEurelings Lten Berge JCDiagnostic value of serum-soluble interleukin 2 receptor levels vs angiotensin-converting enzyme in patients with sarcoidosis-associated uveitis. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2017;135(12):1352-1358."},{"issue":"21","key":"bib37","series-title":"J Clin Oncol","first-page":"2410","article-title":"Primary CNS lymphoma","volume":"35","author":"Grommes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Grommes CDeAngelis LM.Primary CNS lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35(21):2410-2418."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib38","series-title":"Br J Haematol","first-page":"384","article-title":"Diagnostic markers for CNS lymphoma in blood and cerebrospinal fluid: a systematic review","volume":"182","author":"van Westrhenen","year":"2018","unstructured":"van Westrhenen ASmidt LCASeute TDiagnostic markers for CNS lymphoma in blood and cerebrospinal fluid: a systematic review. Br J Haematol. August 2018;182(3):384-403."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib39","series-title":"Qjm","first-page":"981","article-title":"Hypothalamo-pituitary sarcoidosis: a multicenter study of 24 patients","volume":"105","author":"Langrand","year":"2012","unstructured":"Langrand CBihan HRaverot GHypothalamo-pituitary sarcoidosis: a multicenter study of 24 patients. Qjm. October 2012;105(10):981-995."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib40","series-title":"Endokrynol Pol","first-page":"430","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging and symptoms in patients with neurosarcoidosis and central diabetes insipidus","volume":"70","author":"Kakehi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kakehi EAdachi SFukuyasu YMagnetic resonance imaging and symptoms in patients with neurosarcoidosis and central diabetes insipidus. Endokrynol Pol. 2019;70(5):430-437."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib41","series-title":"Neuroradiology","first-page":"995","article-title":"Neuroimaging of central diabetes insipidus-when, how and findings","volume":"60","author":"Adams","year":"2018","unstructured":"Adams NCFarrell TPO\u2019Shea ANeuroimaging of central diabetes insipidus-when, how and findings. Neuroradiology. 2018;60(10):995-1012."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib42","series-title":"Nihon Kyobu Shikkan Gakkai Zasshi","first-page":"215","article-title":"Bronchial involvement in sarcoidosis, retinalization of vessels in bronchial mucosa","volume":"23","author":"Ichikawa","year":"1985","unstructured":"Ichikawa YHayashi SMitsutake YFujino KTanaka FKaji M.Bronchial involvement in sarcoidosis, retinalization of vessels in bronchial mucosa. Article in Japanese. Nihon Kyobu Shikkan Gakkai Zasshi. 1985;23(2):215-219."},{"issue":"12","key":"bib43","series-title":"Endoscopy","first-page":"1094","article-title":"Narrow-band imaging in the diagnosis of colorectal mucosal lesions: a pilot study","volume":"36","author":"Machida","year":"2004","unstructured":"Machida HSano YHamamoto YNarrow-band imaging in the diagnosis of colorectal mucosal lesions: a pilot study. Endoscopy. 2004;36(12):1094-1098."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib44","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"1977","article-title":"Visualization of the normal pituitary gland during the endoscopic endonasal removal of pituitary adenoma by narrow band imaging","volume":"158","author":"Akutsu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Akutsu NTaniguchi MKohmura E.Visualization of the normal pituitary gland during the endoscopic endonasal removal of pituitary adenoma by narrow band imaging. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2016;158(10):1977-1981."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib45","series-title":"Chest","first-page":"109","article-title":"Endobronchial biopsy for sarcoidosis: a prospective study","volume":"120","author":"Shorr","year":"2001","unstructured":"Shorr AFTorrington KGHnatiuk OW.Endobronchial biopsy for sarcoidosis: a prospective study. Chest. 2001;120(1):109-114."}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery: Case Lessons"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-case-lessons\/10\/18\/article-CASE25578.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-case-lessons\/10\/18\/article-CASE25578.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-case-lessons\/10\/18\/article-CASE25578.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T11:11:30Z","timestamp":1769685090000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-case-lessons\/10\/18\/article-CASE25578.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/case25578","relation":{},"ISSN":["2694-1902"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2694-1902","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]}}}