{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T06:02:01Z","timestamp":1791525721003,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurosurg Case Lessons"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CSF-venous fistulas (CVFs) are an increasingly recognized cause of spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH). Cases of SIH can present with symptoms ranging from orthostatic headache to severe debilitating headaches, vertigo, back pain, vision changes, and cognitive impairment. CVFs are an aberrant direct fistulous connection between a spinal nerve root sleeve and adjacent paraspinal veins. Treatment options may include blood patch, surgical ligation, or transvenous embolization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBSERVATIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A 67-year-old male presented with severe positional headaches following minor head trauma. MRI of the brain demonstrated pachymeningeal enhancement, and dynamic CT myelography demonstrated a CVF at the right T4 nerve root. Transvenous CVF embolization was attempted, but there was no suitable target for embolization despite extensive exploration of the azygos, paraspinal, and vertebral veins above and below the fistula. The patient underwent percutaneous puncture of the right T4 paraspinal vein using an 18-gauge Chiba needle under fluoroscopic guidance. Onyx 34 was carefully injected into the CVF under continuous fluoroscopic guidance to embolize the fistula and associated paraspinal venous complex.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>LESSONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In cases of challenging or difficult-to-access venous anatomy in which transvenous access to the fistulous site is not feasible, percutaneous needle puncture with direct transvenous embolization may be an option.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/thejns.org\/doi\/10.3171\/CASE2558\">https:\/\/thejns.org\/doi\/10.3171\/CASE2558<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/case2558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T23:49:14Z","timestamp":1756770554000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Percutaneous CT-guided Onyx embolization of CSF-venous fistula: illustrative case"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"David K.","family":"Ziayee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6179-8461","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ari D.","family":"Kappel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David I.","family":"Bass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah H.","family":"Feroze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s National Medical Center, Washington, DC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahin","family":"Hanalioglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neel","family":"Madan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad A.","family":"Aziz-Sultan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"bib1","series-title":"Curr Treat Options Neurol","first-page":"3","article-title":"Spontaneous intracranial hypotension: the syndrome and its complications","volume":"10","author":"Couch","year":"2008","unstructured":"Couch JR.Spontaneous intracranial hypotension: the syndrome and its complications. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2008;10(1):3-11."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib2","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"853","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for spontaneous spinal CSF leaks and intracranial hypotension","volume":"29","author":"Schievink","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schievink WIMaya MMLouy CMoser FGTourje J.Diagnostic criteria for spontaneous spinal CSF leaks and intracranial hypotension. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2008;29(5):853-856."},{"issue":"27-28","key":"bib3","series-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int","first-page":"480","article-title":"Spontaneous intracranial hypotension","volume":"117","author":"Urbach","year":"2020","unstructured":"Urbach HFung CDovi-Akue PL\u00fctzen NBeck J.Spontaneous intracranial hypotension. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2020;117(27-28):480-487."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib4","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"472","article-title":"CSF-venous fistula in spontaneous intracranial hypotension","volume":"83","author":"Schievink","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schievink WIMoser FGMaya MM.CSF-venous fistula in spontaneous intracranial hypotension. Neurology. 2014;83(5):472-473."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib5","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"673","article-title":"A classification system of spontaneous spinal CSF leaks","volume":"87","author":"Schievink","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schievink WIMaya MMJean-Pierre SNu\u00f1o MPrasad RSMoser FG.A classification system of spontaneous spinal CSF leaks. Neurology. 2016;87(7):673-679."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib6","series-title":"JAMA Neurol","first-page":"580","article-title":"Assessing spinal cerebrospinal fluid leaks in spontaneous intracranial hypotension with a scoring system based on brain magnetic resonance imaging findings","volume":"76","author":"Dobrocky","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dobrocky TGrunder LBreiding PSAssessing spinal cerebrospinal fluid leaks in spontaneous intracranial hypotension with a scoring system based on brain magnetic resonance imaging findings. JAMA Neurol. 2019;76(5):580-587."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib7","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"1309","article-title":"Spine MRI in spontaneous intracranial hypotension for CSF leak detection: nonsuperiority of intrathecal gadolinium to heavily T2-weighted fat-saturated sequences","volume":"41","author":"Dobrocky","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dobrocky TWinklehner ABreiding PSSpine MRI in spontaneous intracranial hypotension for CSF leak detection: nonsuperiority of intrathecal gadolinium to heavily T2-weighted fat-saturated sequences. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2020;41(7):1309-1315."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib8","series-title":"JAMA Neurol","first-page":"1275","article-title":"Computed tomography vs heavily T2-weighted magnetic resonance myelography for the initial evaluation of patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension","volume":"78","author":"Tay","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tay ASSMaya MMoser FGNu\u00f1o MSchievink WI.Computed tomography vs heavily T2-weighted magnetic resonance myelography for the initial evaluation of patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension. JAMA Neurol. 2021;78(10):1275-1276."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib9","series-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol","first-page":"1418","article-title":"CSF-venous fistulas: anatomy and diagnostic imaging","volume":"217","author":"Kranz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kranz PGGray LMalinzak MDHouk JLKim DKAmrhein TJ.CSF-venous fistulas: anatomy and diagnostic imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2021;217(6):1418-1429."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib10","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"1379","article-title":"The \u201chyperdense paraspinal vein\u201d sign: a marker of CSF-venous fistula","volume":"37","author":"Kranz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kranz PGAmrhein TJSchievink WIKarikari IOGray L.The \u201chyperdense paraspinal vein\u201d sign: a marker of CSF-venous fistula. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2016;37(7):1379-1381."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib11","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"745","article-title":"Spontaneous intracranial hypotension: a systematic imaging approach for CSF leak localization and management based on MRI and digital subtraction myelography","volume":"40","author":"Farb","year":"2019","unstructured":"Farb RINicholson PJPeng PWSpontaneous intracranial hypotension: a systematic imaging approach for CSF leak localization and management based on MRI and digital subtraction myelography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2019;40(4):745-753."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib12","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"931","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid-venous fistulas: a systematic review and examination of individual patient data","volume":"88","author":"Shlobin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shlobin NAShah VNChin CTDillon WPTan LA.Cerebrospinal fluid-venous fistulas: a systematic review and examination of individual patient data. Neurosurgery. 2021;88(5):931-941."},{"issue":"18","key":"bib13","series-title":"J Neurosurg Case Lessons","first-page":"CASE21730","article-title":"Minimally invasive surgery for spinal cerebrospinal fluid-venous fistula ligation: patient series","volume":"3","author":"Lohkamp","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lohkamp LNMarathe NNicholson PFarb RIMassicotte EM.Minimally invasive surgery for spinal cerebrospinal fluid-venous fistula ligation: patient series. J Neurosurg Case Lessons. 2022;3(18):CASE21730."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib14","series-title":"Neurol Clin Pract","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of spontaneous intracranial hypotension: role of epidural blood patching","volume":"14","author":"Callen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Callen ALFriedman DIParikh SDiagnosis and treatment of spontaneous intracranial hypotension: role of epidural blood patching. Neurol Clin Pract. 2024;14(3):e200290."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib15","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"409","article-title":"CT-guided fibrin glue occlusion of cerebrospinal fluid-venous fistulas","volume":"299","author":"Mamlouk","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mamlouk MDShen PYSedrak MFDillon WP.CT-guided fibrin glue occlusion of cerebrospinal fluid-venous fistulas. Radiology. 2021;299(2):409-418."},{"issue":"9","key":"bib16","series-title":"J Neurointervent Surg","first-page":"948","article-title":"Transvenous embolization of a cerebrospinal fluid\u2013venous fistula for the treatment of spontaneous intracranial hypotension","volume":"14","author":"Borg","year":"2022","unstructured":"Borg NOushy SSavastano LBrinjikji W.Transvenous embolization of a cerebrospinal fluid\u2013venous fistula for the treatment of spontaneous intracranial hypotension. J Neurointervent Surg. 2022;14(9):948-948."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib17","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"882","article-title":"A novel endovascular therapy for CSF hypotension secondary to CSF-venous fistulas","volume":"42","author":"Brinjikji","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brinjikji WSavastano LEAtkinson JLDGarza IFarb RCutsforth-Gregory JK.A novel endovascular therapy for CSF hypotension secondary to CSF-venous fistulas. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2021;42(5):882-887."},{"issue":"12","key":"bib18","series-title":"J Neurointervent Surg","first-page":"1256","article-title":"Clinical and imaging outcomes of 100 patients with cerebrospinal fluid-venous fistulas treated by transvenous embolization","volume":"16","author":"Brinjikji","year":"2024","unstructured":"Brinjikji WMadhavan AGarza IClinical and imaging outcomes of 100 patients with cerebrospinal fluid-venous fistulas treated by transvenous embolization. J Neurointervent Surg. 2024;16(12):1256-1263."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib19","series-title":"J Neurointerv Surg","first-page":"953","article-title":"Clinical and imaging outcomes of cerebrospinal fluid-venous fistula embolization","volume":"14","author":"Brinjikji","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brinjikji WGarza IWhealy MClinical and imaging outcomes of cerebrospinal fluid-venous fistula embolization. J Neurointerv Surg. 2022;14(10):953-956."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib20","series-title":"Gels","first-page":"378","article-title":"Liquid embolic agents for endovascular embolization: a review","volume":"9","author":"Pal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pal ABlanzy JG\u00f3mez KJRPreul MCVernon BL.Liquid embolic agents for endovascular embolization: a review. Gels. 2023;9(5):378."},{"key":"bib21","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e613","article-title":"Transvenous embolization for cerebrospinal fluid-venous fistula. A case series from a single community-academic center","volume":"168","author":"Noufal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Noufal MLiang CWNegus J.Transvenous embolization for cerebrospinal fluid-venous fistula. A case series from a single community-academic center. World Neurosurg. 2022;168:e613-e620."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib22","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","first-page":"28","article-title":"Endovascular embolization of cerebrospinal fluid-venous fistula: a comprehensive systematic review on its efficacy and safety for the management of spontaneous intracranial hypotension","volume":"47","author":"Orscelik","year":"2024","unstructured":"Orscelik ASenol YCMusmar BEndovascular embolization of cerebrospinal fluid-venous fistula: a comprehensive systematic review on its efficacy and safety for the management of spontaneous intracranial hypotension. Neurosurg Rev. 2024;47(1):28."},{"issue":"11","key":"bib23","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"1332","article-title":"Factors predictive of treatment success in CT-guided fibrin occlusion of CSF-venous fistulas: a multicenter retrospective cross-sectional study","volume":"44","author":"Callen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Callen ALCarlton Jones LCTimpone VMFactors predictive of treatment success in CT-guided fibrin occlusion of CSF-venous fistulas: a multicenter retrospective cross-sectional study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2023;44(11):1332-1338."},{"key":"bib24","series-title":"ISRN Surg","article-title":"Fibrin sealant: the only approved hemostat, sealant, and adhesive\u2014a laboratory and clinical perspective","volume":"2014","author":"Spotnitz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Spotnitz WD.Fibrin sealant: the only approved hemostat, sealant, and adhesive\u2014a laboratory and clinical perspective. ISRN Surg. 2014;2014:203943."},{"issue":"19","key":"bib25","series-title":"Curr Top Med Chem","first-page":"1712","article-title":"Recent advances in the application of podophyllotoxin derivatives to fight against multidrug-resistant cancer cells","volume":"21","author":"Guo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guo QJiang E.Recent advances in the application of podophyllotoxin derivatives to fight against multidrug-resistant cancer cells. Curr Top Med Chem. 2021;21(19):1712-1724."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib26","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"517","article-title":"Anatomy of spinal venous drainage for the neurointerventionalist: from puncture site to intervertebral foramen","volume":"43","author":"Borg","year":"2022","unstructured":"Borg NCutsforth-Gregory JOushy SAnatomy of spinal venous drainage for the neurointerventionalist: from puncture site to intervertebral foramen. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2022;43(4):517-525."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib1","series-title":"Curr Treat Options Neurol","first-page":"3","article-title":"Spontaneous intracranial hypotension: the syndrome and its complications","volume":"10","author":"Couch","year":"2008","unstructured":"Couch JR.Spontaneous intracranial hypotension: the syndrome and its complications. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2008;10(1):3-11."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib2","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"853","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for spontaneous spinal CSF leaks and intracranial hypotension","volume":"29","author":"Schievink","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schievink WIMaya MMLouy CMoser FGTourje J.Diagnostic criteria for spontaneous spinal CSF leaks and intracranial hypotension. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2008;29(5):853-856."},{"issue":"27-28","key":"bib3","series-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int","first-page":"480","article-title":"Spontaneous intracranial hypotension","volume":"117","author":"Urbach","year":"2020","unstructured":"Urbach HFung CDovi-Akue PL\u00fctzen NBeck J.Spontaneous intracranial hypotension. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2020;117(27-28):480-487."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib4","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"472","article-title":"CSF-venous fistula in spontaneous intracranial hypotension","volume":"83","author":"Schievink","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schievink WIMoser FGMaya MM.CSF-venous fistula in spontaneous intracranial hypotension. Neurology. 2014;83(5):472-473."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib5","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"673","article-title":"A classification system of spontaneous spinal CSF leaks","volume":"87","author":"Schievink","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schievink WIMaya MMJean-Pierre SNu\u00f1o MPrasad RSMoser FG.A classification system of spontaneous spinal CSF leaks. Neurology. 2016;87(7):673-679."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib6","series-title":"JAMA Neurol","first-page":"580","article-title":"Assessing spinal cerebrospinal fluid leaks in spontaneous intracranial hypotension with a scoring system based on brain magnetic resonance imaging findings","volume":"76","author":"Dobrocky","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dobrocky TGrunder LBreiding PSAssessing spinal cerebrospinal fluid leaks in spontaneous intracranial hypotension with a scoring system based on brain magnetic resonance imaging findings. JAMA Neurol. 2019;76(5):580-587."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib7","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"1309","article-title":"Spine MRI in spontaneous intracranial hypotension for CSF leak detection: nonsuperiority of intrathecal gadolinium to heavily T2-weighted fat-saturated sequences","volume":"41","author":"Dobrocky","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dobrocky TWinklehner ABreiding PSSpine MRI in spontaneous intracranial hypotension for CSF leak detection: nonsuperiority of intrathecal gadolinium to heavily T2-weighted fat-saturated sequences. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2020;41(7):1309-1315."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib8","series-title":"JAMA Neurol","first-page":"1275","article-title":"Computed tomography vs heavily T2-weighted magnetic resonance myelography for the initial evaluation of patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension","volume":"78","author":"Tay","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tay ASSMaya MMoser FGNu\u00f1o MSchievink WI.Computed tomography vs heavily T2-weighted magnetic resonance myelography for the initial evaluation of patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension. JAMA Neurol. 2021;78(10):1275-1276."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib9","series-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol","first-page":"1418","article-title":"CSF-venous fistulas: anatomy and diagnostic imaging","volume":"217","author":"Kranz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kranz PGGray LMalinzak MDHouk JLKim DKAmrhein TJ.CSF-venous fistulas: anatomy and diagnostic imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2021;217(6):1418-1429."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib10","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"1379","article-title":"The \u201chyperdense paraspinal vein\u201d sign: a marker of CSF-venous fistula","volume":"37","author":"Kranz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kranz PGAmrhein TJSchievink WIKarikari IOGray L.The \u201chyperdense paraspinal vein\u201d sign: a marker of CSF-venous fistula. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2016;37(7):1379-1381."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib11","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"745","article-title":"Spontaneous intracranial hypotension: a systematic imaging approach for CSF leak localization and management based on MRI and digital subtraction myelography","volume":"40","author":"Farb","year":"2019","unstructured":"Farb RINicholson PJPeng PWSpontaneous intracranial hypotension: a systematic imaging approach for CSF leak localization and management based on MRI and digital subtraction myelography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2019;40(4):745-753."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib12","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"931","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid-venous fistulas: a systematic review and examination of individual patient data","volume":"88","author":"Shlobin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shlobin NAShah VNChin CTDillon WPTan LA.Cerebrospinal fluid-venous fistulas: a systematic review and examination of individual patient data. Neurosurgery. 2021;88(5):931-941."},{"issue":"18","key":"bib13","series-title":"J Neurosurg Case Lessons","first-page":"CASE21730","article-title":"Minimally invasive surgery for spinal cerebrospinal fluid-venous fistula ligation: patient series","volume":"3","author":"Lohkamp","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lohkamp LNMarathe NNicholson PFarb RIMassicotte EM.Minimally invasive surgery for spinal cerebrospinal fluid-venous fistula ligation: patient series. J Neurosurg Case Lessons. 2022;3(18):CASE21730."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib14","series-title":"Neurol Clin Pract","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of spontaneous intracranial hypotension: role of epidural blood patching","volume":"14","author":"Callen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Callen ALFriedman DIParikh SDiagnosis and treatment of spontaneous intracranial hypotension: role of epidural blood patching. Neurol Clin Pract. 2024;14(3):e200290."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib15","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"409","article-title":"CT-guided fibrin glue occlusion of cerebrospinal fluid-venous fistulas","volume":"299","author":"Mamlouk","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mamlouk MDShen PYSedrak MFDillon WP.CT-guided fibrin glue occlusion of cerebrospinal fluid-venous fistulas. Radiology. 2021;299(2):409-418."},{"issue":"9","key":"bib16","series-title":"J Neurointervent Surg","first-page":"948","article-title":"Transvenous embolization of a cerebrospinal fluid\u2013venous fistula for the treatment of spontaneous intracranial hypotension","volume":"14","author":"Borg","year":"2022","unstructured":"Borg NOushy SSavastano LBrinjikji W.Transvenous embolization of a cerebrospinal fluid\u2013venous fistula for the treatment of spontaneous intracranial hypotension. J Neurointervent Surg. 2022;14(9):948-948."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib17","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"882","article-title":"A novel endovascular therapy for CSF hypotension secondary to CSF-venous fistulas","volume":"42","author":"Brinjikji","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brinjikji WSavastano LEAtkinson JLDGarza IFarb RCutsforth-Gregory JK.A novel endovascular therapy for CSF hypotension secondary to CSF-venous fistulas. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2021;42(5):882-887."},{"issue":"12","key":"bib18","series-title":"J Neurointervent Surg","first-page":"1256","article-title":"Clinical and imaging outcomes of 100 patients with cerebrospinal fluid-venous fistulas treated by transvenous embolization","volume":"16","author":"Brinjikji","year":"2024","unstructured":"Brinjikji WMadhavan AGarza IClinical and imaging outcomes of 100 patients with cerebrospinal fluid-venous fistulas treated by transvenous embolization. J Neurointervent Surg. 2024;16(12):1256-1263."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib19","series-title":"J Neurointerv Surg","first-page":"953","article-title":"Clinical and imaging outcomes of cerebrospinal fluid-venous fistula embolization","volume":"14","author":"Brinjikji","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brinjikji WGarza IWhealy MClinical and imaging outcomes of cerebrospinal fluid-venous fistula embolization. J Neurointerv Surg. 2022;14(10):953-956."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib20","series-title":"Gels","first-page":"378","article-title":"Liquid embolic agents for endovascular embolization: a review","volume":"9","author":"Pal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pal ABlanzy JG\u00f3mez KJRPreul MCVernon BL.Liquid embolic agents for endovascular embolization: a review. Gels. 2023;9(5):378."},{"key":"bib21","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e613","article-title":"Transvenous embolization for cerebrospinal fluid-venous fistula. A case series from a single community-academic center","volume":"168","author":"Noufal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Noufal MLiang CWNegus J.Transvenous embolization for cerebrospinal fluid-venous fistula. A case series from a single community-academic center. World Neurosurg. 2022;168:e613-e620."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib22","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","first-page":"28","article-title":"Endovascular embolization of cerebrospinal fluid-venous fistula: a comprehensive systematic review on its efficacy and safety for the management of spontaneous intracranial hypotension","volume":"47","author":"Orscelik","year":"2024","unstructured":"Orscelik ASenol YCMusmar BEndovascular embolization of cerebrospinal fluid-venous fistula: a comprehensive systematic review on its efficacy and safety for the management of spontaneous intracranial hypotension. 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