{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T16:49:12Z","timestamp":1781714952113,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762732800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurosurg Case Lessons"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pure T1 radiculopathy is very rare. Furthermore, it is difficult to differentiate between C8 radiculopathy and T1 radiculopathy because the C8 and T1 nerve roots are joined at the lower brachial plexus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBSERVATIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The authors report on 2 cases of T1 radiculopathy. Case 1 involved a 47-year-old man with a herniated disc at T1\u20132 whose symptoms improved after conservative treatment. Case 2 involved a 20-year-old woman with a schwannoma in the T1\u20132 intervertebral foramen whose symptoms improved after surgical treatment. Both patients presented with numbness, radiating pain, and decreased grip strength in the left upper limb.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>LESSONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Weakness of the flexor digitorum profundus (first digit) that is innervated by the median nerve is characteristic of T1 radiculopathy and may be used to differentiate T1 radiculopathy from C8 radiculopathy.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/thejns.org\/doi\/10.3171\/CASE25599\">https:\/\/thejns.org\/doi\/10.3171\/CASE25599<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/case25599","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T11:12:00Z","timestamp":1769685120000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Hand motor functional deficits due to pure T1 radiculopathy: illustrative cases"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Koki","family":"Satake","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Saiseikai Yahata General Hospital, Kitakyushyu, Fukuoka"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hisaaki","family":"Uchikado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uchikado NeuroSpine Clinic, Hakata, Fukuoka"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Niwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takayasu","family":"Ando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Saiseikai Yahata General Hospital, Kitakyushyu, Fukuoka"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Kikuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takehiro","family":"Makizono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7179-1258","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Motohiro","family":"Morioka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"56","key":"bib1","series-title":"Surg Neurol Int","first-page":"56","article-title":"T1-T2 disc herniation: report of four cases and review of the literature","volume":"10","author":"Rahimizadeh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rahimizadeh AZohrevand AHKabir NMAsgari N.T1-T2 disc herniation: report of four cases and review of the literature. Surg Neurol Int. 2019;10(56):56."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib2","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"148","article-title":"Disc herniation at T1-2: report of four cases and literature review","volume":"88","author":"Morgan","year":"1998","unstructured":"Morgan HAbood C.Disc herniation at T1-2: report of four cases and literature review. J Neurosurg. 1998;88(1):148-150."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib3","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"1149","article-title":"Neurologic manifestations of compressive radiculopathy of the first thoracic root","volume":"53","author":"Levin","year":"1999","unstructured":"Levin KH.Neurologic manifestations of compressive radiculopathy of the first thoracic root. Neurology. 1999;53(5):1149-1151."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib4","series-title":"J Pediatr Rehabil Med","first-page":"107","article-title":"Anatomy of the brachial plexus","volume":"4","author":"Kattan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kattan AEBorschel GH.Anatomy of the brachial plexus. J Pediatr Rehabil Med. 2011;4(2):107-111."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib5","series-title":"Global Spine J","first-page":"1","article-title":"Differentiating C8-T1 radiculopathy from ulnar neuropathy: a survey of 24 spine surgeons","volume":"4","author":"Stoker","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stoker GEKim HJRiew KD.Differentiating C8-T1 radiculopathy from ulnar neuropathy: a survey of 24 spine surgeons. Global Spine J. 2014;4(1):1-6."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib6","series-title":"Clin Neurophysiol","first-page":"837","article-title":"C8 and T1 innervation of forearm muscles","volume":"126","author":"Chiba","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chiba TKonoeda FHigashihara MC8 and T1 innervation of forearm muscles. Clin Neurophysiol. 2015;126(4):837-842."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib7","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","first-page":"643","article-title":"Recent advances in neuroanatomy: the myotome update","volume":"94","author":"Sonoo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sonoo M.Recent advances in neuroanatomy: the myotome update. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2023;94(8):643-648."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib8","series-title":"Asian Spine J","first-page":"199","article-title":"Cervical radiculopathy caused by disc herniation at the C7\u2013T1 level: report of two cases and review of the literature","volume":"6","author":"Chiba","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chiba KToyama YMatsumoto M.Cervical radiculopathy caused by disc herniation at the C7\u2013T1 level: report of two cases and review of the literature. Asian Spine J. 2012;6(3):199-202."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib13","series-title":"Asian Spine J.","first-page":"199","article-title":"Surgical treatment of T1-2 disc herniation with T1 radiculopathy: a case report with review of the literature","author":"Son","year":"2012","unstructured":"Son ESLee SHPark SYKim KTKang CHSurgical treatment of T1-2 disc herniation with T1 radiculopathy: a case report with review of the literature. Asian Spine J. 2012;6(3):199-202."},{"key":"bib9","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","first-page":"108842","article-title":"The medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve in thoracic outlet syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"252","author":"Shehaj","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shehaj AShaheen SKray KZhu JRizk E.The medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve in thoracic outlet syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2025;252:108842."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib10","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown)","first-page":"260","article-title":"A case series of surgically treated spinal dumbbell tumors of critical parent nerve roots: to cut or not to cut?","volume":"20","author":"Butenschoen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Butenschoen VMK\u00f6gl NMeyer BThom\u00e9 CWostrack M.A case series of surgically treated spinal dumbbell tumors of critical parent nerve roots: to cut or not to cut? Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2021;20(3):260-267."},{"issue":"11","key":"bib11","series-title":"Spine J","first-page":"1900","article-title":"Intraoperative electromyographic techniques for the decision-making of tumor-involved nerve root resection for treating spinal schwannomas","volume":"21","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zheng CSong JLiu SIntraoperative electromyographic techniques for the decision-making of tumor-involved nerve root resection for treating spinal schwannomas. Spine J. 2021;21(11):1900-1907."},{"issue":"56","key":"bib1","series-title":"Surg Neurol Int","first-page":"56","article-title":"T1-T2 disc herniation: report of four cases and review of the literature","volume":"10","author":"Rahimizadeh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rahimizadeh AZohrevand AHKabir NMAsgari N.T1-T2 disc herniation: report of four cases and review of the literature. Surg Neurol Int. 2019;10(56):56."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib2","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"148","article-title":"Disc herniation at T1-2: report of four cases and literature review","volume":"88","author":"Morgan","year":"1998","unstructured":"Morgan HAbood C.Disc herniation at T1-2: report of four cases and literature review. J Neurosurg. 1998;88(1):148-150."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib3","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"1149","article-title":"Neurologic manifestations of compressive radiculopathy of the first thoracic root","volume":"53","author":"Levin","year":"1999","unstructured":"Levin KH.Neurologic manifestations of compressive radiculopathy of the first thoracic root. Neurology. 1999;53(5):1149-1151."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib4","series-title":"J Pediatr Rehabil Med","first-page":"107","article-title":"Anatomy of the brachial plexus","volume":"4","author":"Kattan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kattan AEBorschel GH.Anatomy of the brachial plexus. J Pediatr Rehabil Med. 2011;4(2):107-111."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib5","series-title":"Global Spine J","first-page":"1","article-title":"Differentiating C8-T1 radiculopathy from ulnar neuropathy: a survey of 24 spine surgeons","volume":"4","author":"Stoker","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stoker GEKim HJRiew KD.Differentiating C8-T1 radiculopathy from ulnar neuropathy: a survey of 24 spine surgeons. Global Spine J. 2014;4(1):1-6."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib6","series-title":"Clin Neurophysiol","first-page":"837","article-title":"C8 and T1 innervation of forearm muscles","volume":"126","author":"Chiba","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chiba TKonoeda FHigashihara MC8 and T1 innervation of forearm muscles. Clin Neurophysiol. 2015;126(4):837-842."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib7","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","first-page":"643","article-title":"Recent advances in neuroanatomy: the myotome update","volume":"94","author":"Sonoo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sonoo M.Recent advances in neuroanatomy: the myotome update. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2023;94(8):643-648."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib8","series-title":"Asian Spine J","first-page":"199","article-title":"Cervical radiculopathy caused by disc herniation at the C7\u2013T1 level: report of two cases and review of the literature","volume":"6","author":"Chiba","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chiba KToyama YMatsumoto M.Cervical radiculopathy caused by disc herniation at the C7\u2013T1 level: report of two cases and review of the literature. Asian Spine J. 2012;6(3):199-202."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib13","series-title":"Asian Spine J.","first-page":"199","article-title":"Surgical treatment of T1-2 disc herniation with T1 radiculopathy: a case report with review of the literature","author":"Son","year":"2012","unstructured":"Son ESLee SHPark SYKim KTKang CHSurgical treatment of T1-2 disc herniation with T1 radiculopathy: a case report with review of the literature. Asian Spine J. 2012;6(3):199-202."},{"key":"bib9","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","first-page":"108842","article-title":"The medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve in thoracic outlet syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"252","author":"Shehaj","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shehaj AShaheen SKray KZhu JRizk E.The medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve in thoracic outlet syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2025;252:108842."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib10","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown)","first-page":"260","article-title":"A case series of surgically treated spinal dumbbell tumors of critical parent nerve roots: to cut or not to cut?","volume":"20","author":"Butenschoen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Butenschoen VMK\u00f6gl NMeyer BThom\u00e9 CWostrack M.A case series of surgically treated spinal dumbbell tumors of critical parent nerve roots: to cut or not to cut? Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2021;20(3):260-267."},{"issue":"11","key":"bib11","series-title":"Spine J","first-page":"1900","article-title":"Intraoperative electromyographic techniques for the decision-making of tumor-involved nerve root resection for treating spinal schwannomas","volume":"21","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zheng CSong JLiu SIntraoperative electromyographic techniques for the decision-making of tumor-involved nerve root resection for treating spinal schwannomas. Spine J. 2021;21(11):1900-1907."}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery: Case Lessons"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-case-lessons\/10\/19\/article-CASE25599.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-case-lessons\/10\/19\/article-CASE25599.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-case-lessons\/10\/19\/article-CASE25599.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T11:12:00Z","timestamp":1769685120000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-case-lessons\/10\/19\/article-CASE25599.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/case25599","relation":{},"ISSN":["2694-1902"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2694-1902","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]}}}