{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T22:30:27Z","timestamp":1769725827919,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761523200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurosurg Case Lessons"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Brain metastases from pancreatic adenocarcinoma are extremely rare, particularly when involving the cerebellum or presenting with atypical dural or hemorrhagic lesions. Only 2 other reported cases demonstrate multifocal brain metastases with cerebellar involvement following remission of pancreatic cancer.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBSERVATIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A 55-year-old man with stage IV pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and liver metastases achieved systemic remission following chemotherapy and chemoradiation therapy. Brain MRI 1 year postdiagnosis was negative for metastases. Twenty-seven months postdiagnosis, he developed headaches and an ataxic gait, with imaging revealing multifocal hemorrhagic brain metastases with no evidence of systemic extracranial disease. The cerebellar lesion was resected via suboccipital craniotomy, followed by fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy targeting the resection cavity and remaining supratentorial lesions. Despite neurological recovery postcraniotomy, the patient died 4 months later due to rapid extracranial progression. A literature review of cerebellar metastases from pancreatic cancer reveals only 3 patients surviving beyond 24 months, while the median survival for patients who died was approximately 50 days.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>LESSONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In patients who achieve pancreatic cancer remission considering systemic therapy de-escalation, clinical vigilance remains essential. Lingering brain metastases may remain resistant and signal rapid decline, particularly in aggressive cerebellar lesions. Targeted surgical and radiosurgical approaches support the potential for individualized, lesion-specific therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/thejns.org\/doi\/10.3171\/CASE25624\">https:\/\/thejns.org\/doi\/10.3171\/CASE25624<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/case25624","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T00:05:57Z","timestamp":1762214757000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multifocal hemorrhagic metastases with cerebellar predominance following prolonged remission of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: illustrative case"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"David","family":"John","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3612-661X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David","family":"Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Cote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert G.","family":"Briggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Sisti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9087-6011","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jason C.","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Zada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"bib1","series-title":"Int J Mol Sci","first-page":"4163","article-title":"Brain metastasis in pancreatic cancer","volume":"14","author":"Lemke","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lemke JScheele JKapapa TWirtz CRHenne-Bruns DKornmann M.Brain metastasis in pancreatic cancer. Int J Mol Sci. 2013;14(2):4163-4173."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib2","series-title":"World J Gastroenterol","first-page":"1872","article-title":"Prognostic value of site-specific metastases in pancreatic adenocarcinoma: a Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results database analysis","volume":"23","author":"Oweira","year":"2017","unstructured":"Oweira HPetrausch UHelbling DPrognostic value of site-specific metastases in pancreatic adenocarcinoma: a Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results database analysis. World J Gastroenterol. 2017;23(10):1872-1880."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib3","series-title":"Korean J Pancreas Biliary Tract","first-page":"65","article-title":"Pancreatic cancer with brain metastases: case report with literature review","volume":"23","author":"Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee SJCho CMJung MKCho SHKim GCBae HI.Pancreatic cancer with brain metastases: case report with literature review. Korean J Pancreas Biliary Tract. 2018;23(2):65-70."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib4","series-title":"Oncologist","first-page":"oyae182","article-title":"Clinical and molecular characteristics of patients with brain metastasis secondary to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","volume":"30","author":"Yousef","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yousef MHurd MWYousef AClinical and molecular characteristics of patients with brain metastasis secondary to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Oncologist. 2025;30(1):oyae182."},{"key":"bib5","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e590","article-title":"Brain metastasis from pancreatic cancer: our experience and systematic review","volume":"166","author":"De Stefano","year":"2022","unstructured":"De Stefano FAMorell AMarks KBrain metastasis from pancreatic cancer: our experience and systematic review. World Neurosurg. 2022;166:e590-e598."},{"key":"bib6","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"221","article-title":"Multiple brain metastases from pancreatic adenocarcinoma manifesting with simultaneous intratumoral hemorrhages","volume":"123","author":"Matsuo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Matsuo SAmano TKawauchi SNakamizo A.Multiple brain metastases from pancreatic adenocarcinoma manifesting with simultaneous intratumoral hemorrhages. World Neurosurg. 2019;123:221-225."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib7","series-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)","first-page":"476","article-title":"Brain and skull metastases of hepatic or pancreatic cancer\u2014report of six cases","volume":"30","author":"Kuratsu","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kuratsu JMurakami MUemura SUshio Y.Brain and skull metastases of hepatic or pancreatic cancer\u2014report of six cases. 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J Gastrointest Cancer. 2015;46(1):5-8."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib10","series-title":"Dig Dis Sci","first-page":"188","article-title":"Octreotide uptake in intracranial metastasis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma origin in a patient with a prolonged clinical course","volume":"54","author":"Marepaily","year":"2009","unstructured":"Marepaily RMicheals DSloan AOctreotide uptake in intracranial metastasis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma origin in a patient with a prolonged clinical course. Dig Dis Sci. 2009;54(1):188-190."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib11","series-title":"Asian J Neurosurg","first-page":"35","article-title":"Brain metastasis from pancreatic cancer: a case report and literature review","volume":"10","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2015","unstructured":"Matsumoto HYoshida Y.Brain metastasis from pancreatic cancer: a case report and literature review. 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Surg Case Rep. 2022;8(1):108."},{"key":"bib16","series-title":"AME Case Rep","first-page":"14","article-title":"HER2 amplified pancreatic adenocarcinoma with central nervous system metastasis: a case report of microsatellite instability (MSI)-high","volume":"5","author":"DeVito","year":"2021","unstructured":"DeVito NCKelleher CStrickland KCHER2 amplified pancreatic adenocarcinoma with central nervous system metastasis: a case report of microsatellite instability (MSI)-high. AME Case Rep. 2021;5:14."},{"key":"bib17","series-title":"Front Oncol","first-page":"724815","article-title":"ALK rearrangement-positive pancreatic cancer with brain metastasis has remarkable response to ALK inhibitors: a case report","volume":"11","author":"Ou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ou KLiu XLi WYang YYing JYang L.ALK rearrangement-positive pancreatic cancer with brain metastasis has remarkable response to ALK inhibitors: a case report. 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Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2018;17(2):e315-e321."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib19","series-title":"CNS Oncol","first-page":"111","article-title":"Gamma knife treatment of recurrent CNS metastases of pancreatic origin: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"6","author":"Perni","year":"2017","unstructured":"Perni SWang TJLesser JMandigo CIsaacson SRHorowitz DP.Gamma knife treatment of recurrent CNS metastases of pancreatic origin: a case report and review of the literature. CNS Oncol. 2017;6(2):111-118."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib20","series-title":"Gastrointest Cancer Res","first-page":"90","article-title":"An extremely rare case of pancreatic cancer presenting with leptomeningeal carcinomatosis and synchronous intraparenchymal brain metastasis","volume":"6","author":"Rao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rao RSadashiv SKGoday SMonga D.An extremely rare case of pancreatic cancer presenting with leptomeningeal carcinomatosis and synchronous intraparenchymal brain metastasis. 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J Med Case Rep. 2022;16(1):144."},{"key":"bib26","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e666","article-title":"Prognostic indicators for intracranial metastases from pancreatic cancer: a population-based retrospective surveillance, epidemiology, and end results database analysis","volume":"182","author":"Ladner","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ladner LBhutada ASAdhikari SPrognostic indicators for intracranial metastases from pancreatic cancer: a population-based retrospective surveillance, epidemiology, and end results database analysis. World Neurosurg. 2024;182:e666-e674."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib27","series-title":"BMJ Case Rep","first-page":"e253557","article-title":"Pancreatic adenocarcinoma with brain metastases","volume":"16","author":"Law","year":"2023","unstructured":"Law NCLomma C.Pancreatic adenocarcinoma with brain metastases. BMJ Case Rep. 2023;16(3):e253557."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib28","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e27578","article-title":"A rare case of brain metastases in an elderly patient with primary pancreatic cancer","volume":"14","author":"Rajpal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rajpal STaha HBKvascevicius LBurneikiene S.A rare case of brain metastases in an elderly patient with primary pancreatic cancer. Cureus. 2022;14(8):e27578."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib29","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e79923","article-title":"A rare case of simultaneous brain and leptomeningeal metastases in a patient with pancreatic cancer","volume":"17","author":"Al Zarkali","year":"2025","unstructured":"Al Zarkali OHussaini MKim DWYu HMOtt PAli S.A rare case of simultaneous brain and leptomeningeal metastases in a patient with pancreatic cancer. Cureus. 2025;17(3):e79923."},{"issue":"16","key":"bib30","series-title":"Cancer","first-page":"3630","article-title":"Gastrointestinal cancer and brain metastasis: a rare and ominous sign","volume":"117","author":"Go","year":"2011","unstructured":"Go PHKlaassen ZMeadows MCChamberlain RS.Gastrointestinal cancer and brain metastasis: a rare and ominous sign. Cancer. 2011;117(16):3630-3640."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib1","series-title":"Int J Mol Sci","first-page":"4163","article-title":"Brain metastasis in pancreatic cancer","volume":"14","author":"Lemke","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lemke JScheele JKapapa TWirtz CRHenne-Bruns DKornmann M.Brain metastasis in pancreatic cancer. 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