{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T16:08:16Z","timestamp":1776096496853,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768176000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurosurg Case Lessons"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"abstract":"\n BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n Proximal ulnar and median nerve injuries with Sunderland grade IV or V disruptions often lead to incomplete recovery of intrinsic hand muscles despite partial sensory and extrinsic motor recovery. However, traditional nerve transfers provide inconsistent intrinsic reinnervation. Persistent intrinsic deficits impair fine motor skills, such as pinch and grasp strength, and may necessitate secondary interventions.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n OBSERVATIONS<\/jats:title>\n Four patients with complete, isolated proximal ulnar or median nerve injuries underwent intrapalm donor nerve transfers. Procedures included transfer of the opponens pollicis motor branch to the terminal division of the deep motor branch of the ulnar nerve and the abductor digiti quinti motor branch to the thenar branch of the median nerve. All patients showed functional improvements in pinch and grip strength postoperatively. None required secondary tendon transfers, and no donor site morbidity was observed. In 3 ulnar nerve cases, Froment\u2019s sign converted from positive to negative. In the median nerve case, visible thumb abduction was restored.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n LESSONS<\/jats:title>\n Intrapalm donor nerve transfers show effective options for restoring intrinsic hand function and improving fine motor skills in patients with isolated proximal ulnar or median nerve injuries.<\/jats:p>\n \n https:\/\/thejns.org\/doi\/10.3171\/CASE25744<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/case25744","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T12:00:00Z","timestamp":1769083200000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Intrapalm nerve transfers to improve intrinsic hand function in isolated ulnar or median nerve injuries: illustrative cases"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8248-7761","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kevin Kuan-I","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ken Kuan-Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johnny","family":"Chuieng-Yi Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"bib1","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"2517","article-title":"The inverted pyramid sign and other eponymous signs of ulnar nerve palsy","volume":"39","author":"Draeger","year":"2014","unstructured":"Draeger RWStern PJ.The inverted pyramid sign and other eponymous signs of ulnar nerve palsy. J Hand Surg Am. 2014;39(12):2517-20."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib2","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"4","article-title":"Extensor carpi radialis brevis tendon transfer for thumb adduction\u2014a study of power pinch","volume":"8","author":"Smith","year":"1983","unstructured":"Smith RJ.Extensor carpi radialis brevis tendon transfer for thumb adduction\u2014a study of power pinch. J Hand Surg Am. 1983;8(1):4-15."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib3","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"13","article-title":"Reappraisal of clinical deficits following high median nerve injuries","volume":"41","author":"Bertelli","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bertelli JASoldado FLehn VLMGhizoni MF.Reappraisal of clinical deficits following high median nerve injuries. J Hand Surg Am. 2016;41(1):13-19."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib4","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"64","article-title":"The contribution of the intrinsic muscles to grip and pinch strength","volume":"24","author":"Kozin","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kozin SHPorter SClark PThoder JJ.The contribution of the intrinsic muscles to grip and pinch strength. J Hand Surg Am. 1999;24(1):64-72."},{"issue":"11","key":"bib5","series-title":"JBJS Rev","first-page":"e24.00150","article-title":"Review of outcomes after peripheral nerve transfers for motor nerve injury in the upper extremity","volume":"12","author":"Fisher","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fisher MHLe ELHWong DEDucic IIorio ML.Review of outcomes after peripheral nerve transfers for motor nerve injury in the upper extremity. JBJS Rev. 2024;12(11):e24.00150."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib6","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"2150","article-title":"Supercharged end-to-side anterior interosseous to ulnar motor nerve transfer for intrinsic musculature reinnervation","volume":"37","author":"Barbour","year":"2012","unstructured":"Barbour JYee AKahn LCMackinnon SE.Supercharged end-to-side anterior interosseous to ulnar motor nerve transfer for intrinsic musculature reinnervation. J Hand Surg Am. 2012;37(10):2150-2159."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib7","series-title":"J Hand Microsurg","first-page":"98","article-title":"Anterior interosseous nerve to ulnar nerve transfers: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Luikart","year":"2021","unstructured":"Luikart MDKistler JMKahan DMcEntee RIlyas AM.Anterior interosseous nerve to ulnar nerve transfers: a systematic review. J Hand Microsurg. 2021;15(2):98-105."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib8","series-title":"Hand (N Y)","first-page":"1216","article-title":"The super-turbocharged end-to-side abductor digiti minimi and anterior interosseous double nerve transfer is associated with improved ulnar intrinsic function","volume":"20","author":"Chi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chi DOrr JJohnson ARThe super-turbocharged end-to-side abductor digiti minimi and anterior interosseous double nerve transfer is associated with improved ulnar intrinsic function. Hand (N Y). 2024;20(8):1216-1224."},{"issue":"2S suppl 1","key":"bib9","series-title":"Ann Plast Surg","first-page":"S102","article-title":"End-to-side anterior interosseous nerve transfer: a valuable alternative for traumatic high ulnar nerve palsy","volume":"86","author":"Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen SHMao SHLan CYEnd-to-side anterior interosseous nerve transfer: a valuable alternative for traumatic high ulnar nerve palsy. Ann Plast Surg. 2021;86(2S suppl 1):S102-S107."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib10","series-title":"J Brachial Plex Peripher Nerve Inj","first-page":"e1","article-title":"Outcomes after anterior interosseous nerve to ulnar motor nerve transfer","volume":"18","author":"Gross","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gross JNDawson SEWu GJLoewenstein SBorschel GHAdkinson JM.Outcomes after anterior interosseous nerve to ulnar motor nerve transfer. J Brachial Plex Peripher Nerve Inj. 2023;18(1):e1-e5."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib11","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"190","article-title":"Brachialis muscle transfer to reconstruct finger flexion or wrist extension in brachial plexus palsy","volume":"31","author":"Bertelli","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bertelli JAGhizoni MF.Brachialis muscle transfer to reconstruct finger flexion or wrist extension in brachial plexus palsy. J Hand Surg Am. 2006;31(2):190-196."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib12","series-title":"Hand (N Y)","first-page":"92","article-title":"Motor nerve transfers to restore extrinsic median nerve function: case report","volume":"4","author":"Hsiao","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hsiao ECFox IKTung THMackinnon SE.Motor nerve transfers to restore extrinsic median nerve function: case report. Hand (N Y). 2009;4(1):92-97."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib13","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"394","article-title":"Transfer of the nerve to the brachioradialis muscle to the anterior interosseous nerve for treatment for lower brachial plexus lesions: case report","volume":"36","author":"Garc\u00eda-L\u00f3pez","year":"2011","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-L\u00f3pez ASebastian PMartinez FPerea D.Transfer of the nerve to the brachioradialis muscle to the anterior interosseous nerve for treatment for lower brachial plexus lesions: case report. J Hand Surg Am. 2011;36(3):394-397."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib14","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"604","article-title":"Clinical outcomes following brachialis to anterior interosseous nerve transfers","volume":"117","author":"Ray","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ray WZYarbrough CKYee AMackinnon SE.Clinical outcomes following brachialis to anterior interosseous nerve transfers. J Neurosurg. 2012;117(3):604-609."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib15","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"351","article-title":"Reconstructing pinch strength after ulnar nerve injury by transferring the opponens pollicis motor branch","volume":"154","author":"Bertelli","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bertelli JA.Reconstructing pinch strength after ulnar nerve injury by transferring the opponens pollicis motor branch. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2024;154(2):351-361."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib16","series-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg","first-page":"703","article-title":"Outcomes of anterior interosseous nerve transfer to restore intrinsic muscle function after high ulnar nerve injury","volume":"75","author":"George","year":"2022","unstructured":"George SCBurahee ASSanders ADPower DM.Outcomes of anterior interosseous nerve transfer to restore intrinsic muscle function after high ulnar nerve injury. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2022;75(2):703-710."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib17","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"502","article-title":"Intrinsic motor recovery\u2014a long-term study of ulnar nerve repair","volume":"7","author":"Gaul","year":"1982","unstructured":"Gaul JSJr.Intrinsic motor recovery\u2014a long-term study of ulnar nerve repair. J Hand Surg Am. 1982;7(5):502-508."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib18","series-title":"Hand Clin","first-page":"291","article-title":"Ulnar nerve laceration and repair","volume":"23","author":"Pfaeffle","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pfaeffle HJWaitayawinyu TTrumble TE.Ulnar nerve laceration and repair. Hand Clin. 2007;23(3):291-299."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib19","series-title":"J Hand Surg Br","first-page":"444","article-title":"The functional results of ulnar nerve repair. Defining the indications for tendon transfer","volume":"20","author":"Trevett","year":"1995","unstructured":"Trevett MCTuson Cde Jager LTJuon JM.The functional results of ulnar nerve repair. Defining the indications for tendon transfer. J Hand Surg Br. 1995;20(4):444-446."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib20","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"552.e1","article-title":"Prior to repair functional deficits in above- and below-elbow ulnar nerve injury","volume":"45","author":"Bertelli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bertelli JA.Prior to repair functional deficits in above- and below-elbow ulnar nerve injury. J Hand Surg Am. 2020;45(6):552.e1-552.e10."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib21","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"265","article-title":"Nerve transfer versus nerve graft for reconstruction of high ulnar nerve injuries","volume":"42","author":"Sallam","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sallam AAEl-Deeb MSImam MA.Nerve transfer versus nerve graft for reconstruction of high ulnar nerve injuries. J Hand Surg Am. 2017;42(4):265-273."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib22","series-title":"J Reconstr Microsurg","first-page":"459","article-title":"Distal anterior interosseous nerve transfer to the deep motor branch of the ulnar nerve for reconstruction of high ulnar nerve injuries","volume":"18","author":"Novak","year":"2002","unstructured":"Novak CBMackinnon SE.Distal anterior interosseous nerve transfer to the deep motor branch of the ulnar nerve for reconstruction of high ulnar nerve injuries. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2002;18(6):459-464."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib23","series-title":"J Hand Surg Eur Vol","first-page":"591","article-title":"Anatomical and histomorphometric observations on the transfer of the anterior interosseous nerve to the deep branch of the ulnar nerve","volume":"40","author":"Schenck","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schenck TLStewart JLin SAichler MMachens HGGiunta RE.Anatomical and histomorphometric observations on the transfer of the anterior interosseous nerve to the deep branch of the ulnar nerve. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2015;40(6):591-596."},{"key":"bib24","series-title":"J Comp Neurol","first-page":"113","article-title":"Metrical and non-metrical features of the muscular branches of the ulnar nerve","volume":"85","author":"Sunderland","year":"1946","unstructured":"Sunderland SHughes ES.Metrical and non-metrical features of the muscular branches of the ulnar nerve. J Comp Neurol. 1946;85:113-125."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib25","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"990","article-title":"Results of spinal accessory to suprascapular nerve transfer in 110 patients with complete palsy of the brachial plexus","volume":"24","author":"Bertelli","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bertelli JAGhizoni MF.Results of spinal accessory to suprascapular nerve transfer in 110 patients with complete palsy of the brachial plexus. J Neurosurg Spine. 2016;24(6):990-995."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib26","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"9","article-title":"Transferring the motor branch of the opponens pollicis to the terminal division of the deep branch of the ulnar nerve for pinch reconstruction","volume":"44","author":"Bertelli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bertelli JASoldado FRodr\u00edgues-Baeza AGhizoni MF.Transferring the motor branch of the opponens pollicis to the terminal division of the deep branch of the ulnar nerve for pinch reconstruction. J Hand Surg Am. 2019;44(1):9-17."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib27","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"8","article-title":"Transfer of the motor branch of the abductor digiti quinti for thenar muscle reinnervation in high median nerve injuries","volume":"43","author":"Bertelli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bertelli JASoldado FRodr\u00edgues-Baeza AGhizoni MF.Transfer of the motor branch of the abductor digiti quinti for thenar muscle reinnervation in high median nerve injuries. J Hand Surg Am. 2018;43(1):8-15."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib28","series-title":"Ann Chir Main","first-page":"67","article-title":"Clinical test of apposition and counter-apposition of the thumb","volume":"5","author":"Kapandji","year":"1986","unstructured":"Kapandji A.Clinical test of apposition and counter-apposition of the thumb. Article in French. Ann Chir Main. 1986;5(1):67-73."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib29","series-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev","first-page":"59","article-title":"Stability of handwriting performance following injury-induced hand-dominance transfer in adults: a pilot study","volume":"48","author":"Yancosek","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yancosek KEMullineaux DR.Stability of handwriting performance following injury-induced hand-dominance transfer in adults: a pilot study. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2011;48(1):59-68."},{"issue":"12","key":"bib1","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"2517","article-title":"The inverted pyramid sign and other eponymous signs of ulnar nerve palsy","volume":"39","author":"Draeger","year":"2014","unstructured":"Draeger RWStern PJ.The inverted pyramid sign and other eponymous signs of ulnar nerve palsy. J Hand Surg Am. 2014;39(12):2517-20."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib2","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"4","article-title":"Extensor carpi radialis brevis tendon transfer for thumb adduction\u2014a study of power pinch","volume":"8","author":"Smith","year":"1983","unstructured":"Smith RJ.Extensor carpi radialis brevis tendon transfer for thumb adduction\u2014a study of power pinch. J Hand Surg Am. 1983;8(1):4-15."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib3","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"13","article-title":"Reappraisal of clinical deficits following high median nerve injuries","volume":"41","author":"Bertelli","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bertelli JASoldado FLehn VLMGhizoni MF.Reappraisal of clinical deficits following high median nerve injuries. J Hand Surg Am. 2016;41(1):13-19."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib4","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"64","article-title":"The contribution of the intrinsic muscles to grip and pinch strength","volume":"24","author":"Kozin","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kozin SHPorter SClark PThoder JJ.The contribution of the intrinsic muscles to grip and pinch strength. J Hand Surg Am. 1999;24(1):64-72."},{"issue":"11","key":"bib5","series-title":"JBJS Rev","first-page":"e24.00150","article-title":"Review of outcomes after peripheral nerve transfers for motor nerve injury in the upper extremity","volume":"12","author":"Fisher","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fisher MHLe ELHWong DEDucic IIorio ML.Review of outcomes after peripheral nerve transfers for motor nerve injury in the upper extremity. JBJS Rev. 2024;12(11):e24.00150."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib6","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"2150","article-title":"Supercharged end-to-side anterior interosseous to ulnar motor nerve transfer for intrinsic musculature reinnervation","volume":"37","author":"Barbour","year":"2012","unstructured":"Barbour JYee AKahn LCMackinnon SE.Supercharged end-to-side anterior interosseous to ulnar motor nerve transfer for intrinsic musculature reinnervation. J Hand Surg Am. 2012;37(10):2150-2159."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib7","series-title":"J Hand Microsurg","first-page":"98","article-title":"Anterior interosseous nerve to ulnar nerve transfers: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Luikart","year":"2021","unstructured":"Luikart MDKistler JMKahan DMcEntee RIlyas AM.Anterior interosseous nerve to ulnar nerve transfers: a systematic review. J Hand Microsurg. 2021;15(2):98-105."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib8","series-title":"Hand (N Y)","first-page":"1216","article-title":"The super-turbocharged end-to-side abductor digiti minimi and anterior interosseous double nerve transfer is associated with improved ulnar intrinsic function","volume":"20","author":"Chi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chi DOrr JJohnson ARThe super-turbocharged end-to-side abductor digiti minimi and anterior interosseous double nerve transfer is associated with improved ulnar intrinsic function. Hand (N Y). 2024;20(8):1216-1224."},{"issue":"2S suppl 1","key":"bib9","series-title":"Ann Plast Surg","first-page":"S102","article-title":"End-to-side anterior interosseous nerve transfer: a valuable alternative for traumatic high ulnar nerve palsy","volume":"86","author":"Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen SHMao SHLan CYEnd-to-side anterior interosseous nerve transfer: a valuable alternative for traumatic high ulnar nerve palsy. Ann Plast Surg. 2021;86(2S suppl 1):S102-S107."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib10","series-title":"J Brachial Plex Peripher Nerve Inj","first-page":"e1","article-title":"Outcomes after anterior interosseous nerve to ulnar motor nerve transfer","volume":"18","author":"Gross","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gross JNDawson SEWu GJLoewenstein SBorschel GHAdkinson JM.Outcomes after anterior interosseous nerve to ulnar motor nerve transfer. J Brachial Plex Peripher Nerve Inj. 2023;18(1):e1-e5."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib11","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"190","article-title":"Brachialis muscle transfer to reconstruct finger flexion or wrist extension in brachial plexus palsy","volume":"31","author":"Bertelli","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bertelli JAGhizoni MF.Brachialis muscle transfer to reconstruct finger flexion or wrist extension in brachial plexus palsy. J Hand Surg Am. 2006;31(2):190-196."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib12","series-title":"Hand (N Y)","first-page":"92","article-title":"Motor nerve transfers to restore extrinsic median nerve function: case report","volume":"4","author":"Hsiao","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hsiao ECFox IKTung THMackinnon SE.Motor nerve transfers to restore extrinsic median nerve function: case report. Hand (N Y). 2009;4(1):92-97."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib13","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"394","article-title":"Transfer of the nerve to the brachioradialis muscle to the anterior interosseous nerve for treatment for lower brachial plexus lesions: case report","volume":"36","author":"Garc\u00eda-L\u00f3pez","year":"2011","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-L\u00f3pez ASebastian PMartinez FPerea D.Transfer of the nerve to the brachioradialis muscle to the anterior interosseous nerve for treatment for lower brachial plexus lesions: case report. J Hand Surg Am. 2011;36(3):394-397."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib14","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"604","article-title":"Clinical outcomes following brachialis to anterior interosseous nerve transfers","volume":"117","author":"Ray","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ray WZYarbrough CKYee AMackinnon SE.Clinical outcomes following brachialis to anterior interosseous nerve transfers. J Neurosurg. 2012;117(3):604-609."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib15","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"351","article-title":"Reconstructing pinch strength after ulnar nerve injury by transferring the opponens pollicis motor branch","volume":"154","author":"Bertelli","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bertelli JA.Reconstructing pinch strength after ulnar nerve injury by transferring the opponens pollicis motor branch. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2024;154(2):351-361."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib16","series-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg","first-page":"703","article-title":"Outcomes of anterior interosseous nerve transfer to restore intrinsic muscle function after high ulnar nerve injury","volume":"75","author":"George","year":"2022","unstructured":"George SCBurahee ASSanders ADPower DM.Outcomes of anterior interosseous nerve transfer to restore intrinsic muscle function after high ulnar nerve injury. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2022;75(2):703-710."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib17","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"502","article-title":"Intrinsic motor recovery\u2014a long-term study of ulnar nerve repair","volume":"7","author":"Gaul","year":"1982","unstructured":"Gaul JSJr.Intrinsic motor recovery\u2014a long-term study of ulnar nerve repair. J Hand Surg Am. 1982;7(5):502-508."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib18","series-title":"Hand Clin","first-page":"291","article-title":"Ulnar nerve laceration and repair","volume":"23","author":"Pfaeffle","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pfaeffle HJWaitayawinyu TTrumble TE.Ulnar nerve laceration and repair. Hand Clin. 2007;23(3):291-299."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib19","series-title":"J Hand Surg Br","first-page":"444","article-title":"The functional results of ulnar nerve repair. Defining the indications for tendon transfer","volume":"20","author":"Trevett","year":"1995","unstructured":"Trevett MCTuson Cde Jager LTJuon JM.The functional results of ulnar nerve repair. Defining the indications for tendon transfer. J Hand Surg Br. 1995;20(4):444-446."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib20","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"552.e1","article-title":"Prior to repair functional deficits in above- and below-elbow ulnar nerve injury","volume":"45","author":"Bertelli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bertelli JA.Prior to repair functional deficits in above- and below-elbow ulnar nerve injury. J Hand Surg Am. 2020;45(6):552.e1-552.e10."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib21","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"265","article-title":"Nerve transfer versus nerve graft for reconstruction of high ulnar nerve injuries","volume":"42","author":"Sallam","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sallam AAEl-Deeb MSImam MA.Nerve transfer versus nerve graft for reconstruction of high ulnar nerve injuries. J Hand Surg Am. 2017;42(4):265-273."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib22","series-title":"J Reconstr Microsurg","first-page":"459","article-title":"Distal anterior interosseous nerve transfer to the deep motor branch of the ulnar nerve for reconstruction of high ulnar nerve injuries","volume":"18","author":"Novak","year":"2002","unstructured":"Novak CBMackinnon SE.Distal anterior interosseous nerve transfer to the deep motor branch of the ulnar nerve for reconstruction of high ulnar nerve injuries. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2002;18(6):459-464."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib23","series-title":"J Hand Surg Eur Vol","first-page":"591","article-title":"Anatomical and histomorphometric observations on the transfer of the anterior interosseous nerve to the deep branch of the ulnar nerve","volume":"40","author":"Schenck","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schenck TLStewart JLin SAichler MMachens HGGiunta RE.Anatomical and histomorphometric observations on the transfer of the anterior interosseous nerve to the deep branch of the ulnar nerve. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2015;40(6):591-596."},{"key":"bib24","series-title":"J Comp Neurol","first-page":"113","article-title":"Metrical and non-metrical features of the muscular branches of the ulnar nerve","volume":"85","author":"Sunderland","year":"1946","unstructured":"Sunderland SHughes ES.Metrical and non-metrical features of the muscular branches of the ulnar nerve. J Comp Neurol. 1946;85:113-125."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib25","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"990","article-title":"Results of spinal accessory to suprascapular nerve transfer in 110 patients with complete palsy of the brachial plexus","volume":"24","author":"Bertelli","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bertelli JAGhizoni MF.Results of spinal accessory to suprascapular nerve transfer in 110 patients with complete palsy of the brachial plexus. J Neurosurg Spine. 2016;24(6):990-995."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib26","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"9","article-title":"Transferring the motor branch of the opponens pollicis to the terminal division of the deep branch of the ulnar nerve for pinch reconstruction","volume":"44","author":"Bertelli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bertelli JASoldado FRodr\u00edgues-Baeza AGhizoni MF.Transferring the motor branch of the opponens pollicis to the terminal division of the deep branch of the ulnar nerve for pinch reconstruction. J Hand Surg Am. 2019;44(1):9-17."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib27","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"8","article-title":"Transfer of the motor branch of the abductor digiti quinti for thenar muscle reinnervation in high median nerve injuries","volume":"43","author":"Bertelli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bertelli JASoldado FRodr\u00edgues-Baeza AGhizoni MF.Transfer of the motor branch of the abductor digiti quinti for thenar muscle reinnervation in high median nerve injuries. J Hand Surg Am. 2018;43(1):8-15."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib28","series-title":"Ann Chir Main","first-page":"67","article-title":"Clinical test of apposition and counter-apposition of the thumb","volume":"5","author":"Kapandji","year":"1986","unstructured":"Kapandji A.Clinical test of apposition and counter-apposition of the thumb. Article in French. Ann Chir Main. 1986;5(1):67-73."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib29","series-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev","first-page":"59","article-title":"Stability of handwriting performance following injury-induced hand-dominance transfer in adults: a pilot study","volume":"48","author":"Yancosek","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yancosek KEMullineaux DR.Stability of handwriting performance following injury-induced hand-dominance transfer in adults: a pilot study. 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