{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T16:06:05Z","timestamp":1776096365741,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774224000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurosurg Case Lessons"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Middle meningeal artery embolization (MMAE) has emerged as a safe and effective minimally invasive alternative to surgical evacuation of chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH), both as adjuvant therapy and as a stand-alone treatment. Despite its advantages, rare complications such as facial nerve palsy (FNP) may occur. Such complications have rarely been reported in the literature in the context of cSDH, with only 7 other cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBSERVATIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The authors present the case of FNP after MMAE for cSDH and highlight the mechanism of injury, management, and preventive strategies that should be considered prior to endovascular interventions, while summarizing the previously reported cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>LESSONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Special attention must be given to the endovascular technique implicated and to the complex anatomy of the middle meningeal artery (MMA) to reduce the incidence of such complications. Management of such complications is extrapolated from the available literature on facial nerve injuries and is mainly supportive through eye moisturization, facial muscle rehabilitation, and steroids. Although no consensus has been reached for prevention, some recommendations have been given throughout the literature, such as distal microcatheter positioning, proximal mechanical blockage with balloon-assisted flow reversal, and the use of coil-only embolization or high-viscosity embolic agents with a particle size \u2265 150 \u03bcm.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/thejns.org\/doi\/10.3171\/CASE25866\">https:\/\/thejns.org\/doi\/10.3171\/CASE25866<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/case25866","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T10:03:57Z","timestamp":1775642637000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Facial nerve palsy after middle meningeal artery embolization for chronic subdural hematoma: illustrative case"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sarah","family":"Kawtharani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5835-3523","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wael","family":"Shouman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aya","family":"Mosleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sally","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Louna","family":"Ftouni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Houssein","family":"Darwish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"bib1","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","first-page":"155","article-title":"The surgical management of chronic subdural hematoma","volume":"35","author":"Ducruet","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ducruet AFGrobelny BTZacharia BEThe surgical management of chronic subdural hematoma. Neurosurg Rev. 2012;35(2):155-69. doi:10.1007\/s10143-011-0349-y"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib2","series-title":"Nat Rev Neurol","first-page":"570","article-title":"Chronic subdural haematoma: modern management and emerging therapies","volume":"10","author":"Kolias","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kolias AGChari ASantarius THutchinson PJ.Chronic subdural haematoma: modern management and emerging therapies. Nat Rev Neurol. 2014;10(10):570-578. doi:10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.163"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib3","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"268","article-title":"Middle meningeal artery embolization for chronic subdural hematoma: a multi-center experience of 154 consecutive embolizations","volume":"88","author":"Kan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kan PMaragkos GASrivatsan AMiddle meningeal artery embolization for chronic subdural hematoma: a multi-center experience of 154 consecutive embolizations. Neurosurgery. 2021;88(2):268-277. doi:10.1093\/neuros\/nyaa379"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib4","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"e222045","article-title":"Middle meningeal artery embolization for chronic subdural hematoma: predictors of clinical and radiographic failure from 636 embolizations","volume":"307","author":"Salem","year":"2023","unstructured":"Salem MMKuybu ONguyen Hoang AMiddle meningeal artery embolization for chronic subdural hematoma: predictors of clinical and radiographic failure from 636 embolizations. Radiology. 2023;307(4):e222045. doi:10.1148\/radiol.222045"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib5","series-title":"J NeuroIntervent Surg","first-page":"471","article-title":"Neuroanatomy of cranial dural vessels: implications for subdural hematoma embolization","volume":"13","author":"Shapiro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shapiro MWalker MCarroll KTNeuroanatomy of cranial dural vessels: implications for subdural hematoma embolization. J NeuroIntervent Surg. 2021;13(5):471-477. doi:10.1136\/neurintsurg-2020-016798"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib6","series-title":"Otolaryngol Clin North Am","first-page":"1423","article-title":"Interventional neuroradiology applications in otolaryngology, head and neck surgery","volume":"45","author":"Jindal","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jindal GGemmete JGandhi D.Interventional neuroradiology applications in otolaryngology, head and neck surgery. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2012;45(6):1423-1449. doi:10.1016\/j.otc.2012.08.010"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib7","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"1459","article-title":"Dangerous extracranial\u2013intracranial anastomoses and supply to the cranial nerves: vessels the neurointerventionalist needs to know","volume":"30","author":"Geibprasert","year":"2009","unstructured":"Geibprasert SPongpech SArmstrong DKrings T.Dangerous extracranial\u2013intracranial anastomoses and supply to the cranial nerves: vessels the neurointerventionalist needs to know. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2009;30(8):1459-1468. doi:10.3174\/ajnr.A1500"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib8","series-title":"Neuroimaging Clin N Am","first-page":"431","article-title":"Arterial vascularization of the cranial nerves","volume":"18","author":"Ozanne","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ozanne APereira VKrings TToulgoat FLasjaunias P.Arterial vascularization of the cranial nerves. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 2008;18(2):431-439. doi:10.1016\/j.nic.2007.12.010"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib9","series-title":"J Neuroendovasc Ther","first-page":"110","article-title":"Differences and advantages of particles versus liquid material for preoperative intracranial tumor embolization: a retrospective multicenter study","volume":"18","author":"Iida","year":"2024","unstructured":"Iida YAkimoto TMiyake SDifferences and advantages of particles versus liquid material for preoperative intracranial tumor embolization: a retrospective multicenter study. J Neuroendovasc Ther. 2024;18(4):110-118. doi:10.5797\/jnet.oa.2023-0083"},{"key":"bib10","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"124128","article-title":"Facial nerve palsy as a complication of middle meningeal artery embolization for chronic subdural hematoma: report of 3 cases and review of literature","volume":"199","author":"Pilawska","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pilawska SAKrzy\u017cewski RMD\u0119bicka MFacial nerve palsy as a complication of middle meningeal artery embolization for chronic subdural hematoma: report of 3 cases and review of literature. World Neurosurg. 2025;199:124128. doi:10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.124128"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib11","series-title":"FASEB J","first-page":"1317","article-title":"Unexpected low-dose toxicity of the universal solvent DMSO","volume":"28","author":"Galvao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Galvao JDavis BTilley MNormando EDuchen MRCordeiro MF.Unexpected low-dose toxicity of the universal solvent DMSO. FASEB J. 2014;28(3):1317-1330. doi:10.1096\/fj.13-235440"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib12","series-title":"Interv Neuroradiol","first-page":"574","article-title":"Quantification of tantalum sedimentation rates in liquid embolic agents","volume":"24","author":"Mason","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mason JRDodge CBenndorf G.Quantification of tantalum sedimentation rates in liquid embolic agents. Interv Neuroradiol. 2018;24(5):574-579. doi:10.1177\/1591019918773443"},{"key":"bib13","series-title":"J NeuroIntervent Surg","first-page":"jnis-2025-023848","article-title":"Coil only middle meningeal artery embolization versus particles or liquid embolic agents for chronic subdural hematoma","author":"Fecker","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fecker AMcIntyre MKChen HCoil only middle meningeal artery embolization versus particles or liquid embolic agents for chronic subdural hematoma. J NeuroIntervent Surg. 2025:jnis-2025-023848. doi:10.1136\/jnis-2025-023848"},{"key":"bib14","series-title":"Interv Neuroradiol","first-page":"15910199231224003","article-title":"Immediate procedural safety of adjunctive proximal coil occlusion in middle meningeal artery embolization for chronic subdural hematomas: experience in 137 cases","author":"Campos","year":"2024","unstructured":"Campos JKMeyer BMZarrin DAImmediate procedural safety of adjunctive proximal coil occlusion in middle meningeal artery embolization for chronic subdural hematomas: experience in 137 cases. Interv Neuroradiol. 2024:15910199231224003. doi:10.1177\/15910199231224003"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib15","series-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol","first-page":"848","article-title":"Facial nerve paralysis following endovascular embolization: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"130","author":"Feng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Feng AYJin MCWong SPepper JPJackler RVaisbuch Y.Facial nerve paralysis following endovascular embolization: a case report and review of the literature. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2021;130(7):848-855. doi:10.1177\/0003489420966611"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib16","series-title":"Brain Inj","first-page":"457","article-title":"Persistent facial nerve palsy after middle meningeal artery embolization for subdural hematoma: a case report","volume":"37","author":"Ferber","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ferber AZhou YGreenwald B.Persistent facial nerve palsy after middle meningeal artery embolization for subdural hematoma: a case report. Brain Inj. 2023;37(5):457-460. doi:10.1080\/02699052.2023.2166116"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib17","series-title":"J Neuroophthalmol","first-page":"e447","article-title":"Oculomotor and facial nerve palsies after middle meningeal artery embolization","volume":"44","author":"Lambert-Cheatham","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lambert-Cheatham NAPasmanter NRNagia L.Oculomotor and facial nerve palsies after middle meningeal artery embolization. J Neuroophthalmol. 2024;44(3):e447-e449. doi:10.1097\/WNO.0000000000001845"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib18","series-title":"Acta Neurochir","first-page":"312","article-title":"Facial nerve palsy after middle meningeal artery embolization for chronic subdural hematoma: a case report","volume":"166","author":"Cristaldi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cristaldi PMFRui CBPiergallini LFacial nerve palsy after middle meningeal artery embolization for chronic subdural hematoma: a case report. Acta Neurochir. 2024;166(1):312. doi:10.1007\/s00701-024-06201-z"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib19","series-title":"Medeni Med J","first-page":"111","article-title":"Comparison of 3 grading systems (House-Brackmann, Sunnybrook, Sydney) for the assessment of facial nerve paralysis and prediction of neural recovery","volume":"38","author":"Mat Lazim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mat Lazim NIsmail HAbdul Halim SNik Othman NAHaron A.Comparison of 3 grading systems (House-Brackmann, Sunnybrook, Sydney) for the assessment of facial nerve paralysis and prediction of neural recovery. Medeni Med J. 2023;38(2):111-119. doi:10.4274\/MMJ.galenos.2023.42383"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib20","series-title":"Laryngoscope","first-page":"E283","article-title":"Etiology, diagnosis, and management of facial palsy: 2000 patients at a facial nerve center","volume":"124","author":"Hohman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hohman MHHadlock TA.Etiology, diagnosis, and management of facial palsy: 2000 patients at a facial nerve center. Laryngoscope. 2014;124(7):E283-E293. doi:10.1002\/lary.24542"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib21","series-title":"Oper Tech Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","first-page":"288","article-title":"Facial rehabilitation","volume":"23","author":"Wernick Robinson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wernick Robinson MBaiungo JHohman MHadlock T.Facial rehabilitation. Oper Tech Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2012;23(4):288-296. doi:10.1016\/j.otot.2012.10.002"},{"issue":"9627","key":"bib22","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1818","article-title":"Steroid and antiviral treatment for Bell\u2019s palsy","volume":"371","author":"Hato","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hato NMurakami SGyo K.Steroid and antiviral treatment for Bell\u2019s palsy. Lancet. 2008;371(9627):1818-1820. doi:10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60776-X"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib23","series-title":"Laryngoscope","first-page":"1177","article-title":"Surgical management of Bell\u2019s palsy","volume":"109","author":"Gantz","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gantz BJRubinstein JTGidley PWoodworth GG.Surgical management of Bell\u2019s palsy. Laryngoscope. 1999;109(8):1177-1188. doi:10.1097\/00005537-199908000-00001"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib24","series-title":"Laryngoscope","first-page":"1385","article-title":"Multimodality approach to management of the paralyzed face","volume":"116","author":"Hadlock","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hadlock TAGreenfield LJWernick-Robinson MCheney ML.Multimodality approach to management of the paralyzed face. Laryngoscope. 2006;116(8):1385-1389. doi:10.1097\/01.mlg.0000225980.38147.c6"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib25","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e58949","article-title":"Predictors of recovery in facial nerve palsy: insights from an observational study in Odisha, India","volume":"16","author":"Misra","year":"2024","unstructured":"Misra IRath BRath IMondal H.Predictors of recovery in facial nerve palsy: insights from an observational study in Odisha, India. Cureus. 2024;16(4):e58949. doi:10.7759\/cureus.58949"},{"key":"bib26","series-title":"Front Neurol","first-page":"64","article-title":"Endovascular embolization of head and neck tumors","volume":"2","author":"Lazzaro","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lazzaro MABadruddin AZaidat OODarkhabani ZPandya DJLynch JR.Endovascular embolization of head and neck tumors. Front Neurol. 2011;2:64. doi:10.3389\/fneur.2011.00064"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib27","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg","first-page":"1","article-title":"The middle meningeal artery: branches, dangerous anastomoses, and implications in neurosurgery and neuroendovascular surgery","volume":"22","author":"Mart\u00ednez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez JLDomingo RASattur MThe middle meningeal artery: branches, dangerous anastomoses, and implications in neurosurgery and neuroendovascular surgery. Oper Neurosurg. 2022;22(1):1-13. doi:10.1227\/ONS.0000000000000010"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib28","series-title":"Interv Neuroradiol","first-page":"683","article-title":"Radiographic and clinical outcomes with particle or liquid embolic agents for middle meningeal artery embolization of nonacute subdural hematomas","volume":"29","author":"Scoville","year":"2023","unstructured":"Scoville JPJoyce EA Tonetti DRadiographic and clinical outcomes with particle or liquid embolic agents for middle meningeal artery embolization of nonacute subdural hematomas. Interv Neuroradiol. 2023;29(6):683-690. doi:10.1177\/15910199221104631"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib29","series-title":"J NeuroIntervent Surg","first-page":"1214","article-title":"Transradial middle meningeal artery embolization for chronic subdural hematoma using Onyx: case series","volume":"12","author":"Rajah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rajah GBWaqas MDossani RHTransradial middle meningeal artery embolization for chronic subdural hematoma using Onyx: case series. J NeuroIntervent Surg. 2020;12(12):1214-1218. doi:10.1136\/neurintsurg-2020-016185"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib30","series-title":"Stroke Vasc Interv Neurol","first-page":"e001814","article-title":"Consensus statement on middle meningeal artery embolization in chronic subdural hematoma treatment: a guideline from the Society of Vascular and Interventional Neurology Guidelines and Practice Standards Committee","volume":"5","author":"Siddiq","year":"2025","unstructured":"Siddiq FShakir MNguyen TNConsensus statement on middle meningeal artery embolization in chronic subdural hematoma treatment: a guideline from the Society of Vascular and Interventional Neurology Guidelines and Practice Standards Committee. Stroke Vasc Interv Neurol. 2025;5(6):e001814. doi:10.1161\/SVIN.125.001814"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib1","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","first-page":"155","article-title":"The surgical management of chronic subdural hematoma","volume":"35","author":"Ducruet","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ducruet AFGrobelny BTZacharia BEThe surgical management of chronic subdural hematoma. Neurosurg Rev. 2012;35(2):155-69. doi:10.1007\/s10143-011-0349-y"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib2","series-title":"Nat Rev Neurol","first-page":"570","article-title":"Chronic subdural haematoma: modern management and emerging therapies","volume":"10","author":"Kolias","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kolias AGChari ASantarius THutchinson PJ.Chronic subdural haematoma: modern management and emerging therapies. Nat Rev Neurol. 2014;10(10):570-578. doi:10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.163"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib3","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"268","article-title":"Middle meningeal artery embolization for chronic subdural hematoma: a multi-center experience of 154 consecutive embolizations","volume":"88","author":"Kan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kan PMaragkos GASrivatsan AMiddle meningeal artery embolization for chronic subdural hematoma: a multi-center experience of 154 consecutive embolizations. Neurosurgery. 2021;88(2):268-277. doi:10.1093\/neuros\/nyaa379"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib4","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"e222045","article-title":"Middle meningeal artery embolization for chronic subdural hematoma: predictors of clinical and radiographic failure from 636 embolizations","volume":"307","author":"Salem","year":"2023","unstructured":"Salem MMKuybu ONguyen Hoang AMiddle meningeal artery embolization for chronic subdural hematoma: predictors of clinical and radiographic failure from 636 embolizations. Radiology. 2023;307(4):e222045. doi:10.1148\/radiol.222045"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib5","series-title":"J NeuroIntervent Surg","first-page":"471","article-title":"Neuroanatomy of cranial dural vessels: implications for subdural hematoma embolization","volume":"13","author":"Shapiro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shapiro MWalker MCarroll KTNeuroanatomy of cranial dural vessels: implications for subdural hematoma embolization. J NeuroIntervent Surg. 2021;13(5):471-477. doi:10.1136\/neurintsurg-2020-016798"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib6","series-title":"Otolaryngol Clin North Am","first-page":"1423","article-title":"Interventional neuroradiology applications in otolaryngology, head and neck surgery","volume":"45","author":"Jindal","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jindal GGemmete JGandhi D.Interventional neuroradiology applications in otolaryngology, head and neck surgery. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2012;45(6):1423-1449. doi:10.1016\/j.otc.2012.08.010"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib7","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"1459","article-title":"Dangerous extracranial\u2013intracranial anastomoses and supply to the cranial nerves: vessels the neurointerventionalist needs to know","volume":"30","author":"Geibprasert","year":"2009","unstructured":"Geibprasert SPongpech SArmstrong DKrings T.Dangerous extracranial\u2013intracranial anastomoses and supply to the cranial nerves: vessels the neurointerventionalist needs to know. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2009;30(8):1459-1468. doi:10.3174\/ajnr.A1500"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib8","series-title":"Neuroimaging Clin N Am","first-page":"431","article-title":"Arterial vascularization of the cranial nerves","volume":"18","author":"Ozanne","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ozanne APereira VKrings TToulgoat FLasjaunias P.Arterial vascularization of the cranial nerves. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 2008;18(2):431-439. doi:10.1016\/j.nic.2007.12.010"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib9","series-title":"J Neuroendovasc Ther","first-page":"110","article-title":"Differences and advantages of particles versus liquid material for preoperative intracranial tumor embolization: a retrospective multicenter study","volume":"18","author":"Iida","year":"2024","unstructured":"Iida YAkimoto TMiyake SDifferences and advantages of particles versus liquid material for preoperative intracranial tumor embolization: a retrospective multicenter study. J Neuroendovasc Ther. 2024;18(4):110-118. doi:10.5797\/jnet.oa.2023-0083"},{"key":"bib10","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"124128","article-title":"Facial nerve palsy as a complication of middle meningeal artery embolization for chronic subdural hematoma: report of 3 cases and review of literature","volume":"199","author":"Pilawska","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pilawska SAKrzy\u017cewski RMD\u0119bicka MFacial nerve palsy as a complication of middle meningeal artery embolization for chronic subdural hematoma: report of 3 cases and review of literature. World Neurosurg. 2025;199:124128. doi:10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.124128"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib11","series-title":"FASEB J","first-page":"1317","article-title":"Unexpected low-dose toxicity of the universal solvent DMSO","volume":"28","author":"Galvao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Galvao JDavis BTilley MNormando EDuchen MRCordeiro MF.Unexpected low-dose toxicity of the universal solvent DMSO. FASEB J. 2014;28(3):1317-1330. doi:10.1096\/fj.13-235440"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib12","series-title":"Interv Neuroradiol","first-page":"574","article-title":"Quantification of tantalum sedimentation rates in liquid embolic agents","volume":"24","author":"Mason","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mason JRDodge CBenndorf G.Quantification of tantalum sedimentation rates in liquid embolic agents. Interv Neuroradiol. 2018;24(5):574-579. doi:10.1177\/1591019918773443"},{"key":"bib13","series-title":"J NeuroIntervent Surg","first-page":"jnis-2025-023848","article-title":"Coil only middle meningeal artery embolization versus particles or liquid embolic agents for chronic subdural hematoma","author":"Fecker","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fecker AMcIntyre MKChen HCoil only middle meningeal artery embolization versus particles or liquid embolic agents for chronic subdural hematoma. J NeuroIntervent Surg. 2025:jnis-2025-023848. doi:10.1136\/jnis-2025-023848"},{"key":"bib14","series-title":"Interv Neuroradiol","first-page":"15910199231224003","article-title":"Immediate procedural safety of adjunctive proximal coil occlusion in middle meningeal artery embolization for chronic subdural hematomas: experience in 137 cases","author":"Campos","year":"2024","unstructured":"Campos JKMeyer BMZarrin DAImmediate procedural safety of adjunctive proximal coil occlusion in middle meningeal artery embolization for chronic subdural hematomas: experience in 137 cases. Interv Neuroradiol. 2024:15910199231224003. doi:10.1177\/15910199231224003"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib15","series-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol","first-page":"848","article-title":"Facial nerve paralysis following endovascular embolization: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"130","author":"Feng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Feng AYJin MCWong SPepper JPJackler RVaisbuch Y.Facial nerve paralysis following endovascular embolization: a case report and review of the literature. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2021;130(7):848-855. doi:10.1177\/0003489420966611"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib16","series-title":"Brain Inj","first-page":"457","article-title":"Persistent facial nerve palsy after middle meningeal artery embolization for subdural hematoma: a case report","volume":"37","author":"Ferber","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ferber AZhou YGreenwald B.Persistent facial nerve palsy after middle meningeal artery embolization for subdural hematoma: a case report. Brain Inj. 2023;37(5):457-460. doi:10.1080\/02699052.2023.2166116"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib17","series-title":"J Neuroophthalmol","first-page":"e447","article-title":"Oculomotor and facial nerve palsies after middle meningeal artery embolization","volume":"44","author":"Lambert-Cheatham","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lambert-Cheatham NAPasmanter NRNagia L.Oculomotor and facial nerve palsies after middle meningeal artery embolization. J Neuroophthalmol. 2024;44(3):e447-e449. doi:10.1097\/WNO.0000000000001845"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib18","series-title":"Acta Neurochir","first-page":"312","article-title":"Facial nerve palsy after middle meningeal artery embolization for chronic subdural hematoma: a case report","volume":"166","author":"Cristaldi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cristaldi PMFRui CBPiergallini LFacial nerve palsy after middle meningeal artery embolization for chronic subdural hematoma: a case report. Acta Neurochir. 2024;166(1):312. doi:10.1007\/s00701-024-06201-z"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib19","series-title":"Medeni Med J","first-page":"111","article-title":"Comparison of 3 grading systems (House-Brackmann, Sunnybrook, Sydney) for the assessment of facial nerve paralysis and prediction of neural recovery","volume":"38","author":"Mat Lazim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mat Lazim NIsmail HAbdul Halim SNik Othman NAHaron A.Comparison of 3 grading systems (House-Brackmann, Sunnybrook, Sydney) for the assessment of facial nerve paralysis and prediction of neural recovery. Medeni Med J. 2023;38(2):111-119. doi:10.4274\/MMJ.galenos.2023.42383"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib20","series-title":"Laryngoscope","first-page":"E283","article-title":"Etiology, diagnosis, and management of facial palsy: 2000 patients at a facial nerve center","volume":"124","author":"Hohman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hohman MHHadlock TA.Etiology, diagnosis, and management of facial palsy: 2000 patients at a facial nerve center. Laryngoscope. 2014;124(7):E283-E293. doi:10.1002\/lary.24542"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib21","series-title":"Oper Tech Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","first-page":"288","article-title":"Facial rehabilitation","volume":"23","author":"Wernick Robinson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wernick Robinson MBaiungo JHohman MHadlock T.Facial rehabilitation. Oper Tech Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2012;23(4):288-296. doi:10.1016\/j.otot.2012.10.002"},{"issue":"9627","key":"bib22","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1818","article-title":"Steroid and antiviral treatment for Bell\u2019s palsy","volume":"371","author":"Hato","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hato NMurakami SGyo K.Steroid and antiviral treatment for Bell\u2019s palsy. Lancet. 2008;371(9627):1818-1820. doi:10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60776-X"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib23","series-title":"Laryngoscope","first-page":"1177","article-title":"Surgical management of Bell\u2019s palsy","volume":"109","author":"Gantz","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gantz BJRubinstein JTGidley PWoodworth GG.Surgical management of Bell\u2019s palsy. Laryngoscope. 1999;109(8):1177-1188. doi:10.1097\/00005537-199908000-00001"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib24","series-title":"Laryngoscope","first-page":"1385","article-title":"Multimodality approach to management of the paralyzed face","volume":"116","author":"Hadlock","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hadlock TAGreenfield LJWernick-Robinson MCheney ML.Multimodality approach to management of the paralyzed face. Laryngoscope. 2006;116(8):1385-1389. doi:10.1097\/01.mlg.0000225980.38147.c6"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib25","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e58949","article-title":"Predictors of recovery in facial nerve palsy: insights from an observational study in Odisha, India","volume":"16","author":"Misra","year":"2024","unstructured":"Misra IRath BRath IMondal H.Predictors of recovery in facial nerve palsy: insights from an observational study in Odisha, India. Cureus. 2024;16(4):e58949. doi:10.7759\/cureus.58949"},{"key":"bib26","series-title":"Front Neurol","first-page":"64","article-title":"Endovascular embolization of head and neck tumors","volume":"2","author":"Lazzaro","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lazzaro MABadruddin AZaidat OODarkhabani ZPandya DJLynch JR.Endovascular embolization of head and neck tumors. Front Neurol. 2011;2:64. doi:10.3389\/fneur.2011.00064"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib27","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg","first-page":"1","article-title":"The middle meningeal artery: branches, dangerous anastomoses, and implications in neurosurgery and neuroendovascular surgery","volume":"22","author":"Mart\u00ednez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez JLDomingo RASattur MThe middle meningeal artery: branches, dangerous anastomoses, and implications in neurosurgery and neuroendovascular surgery. Oper Neurosurg. 2022;22(1):1-13. doi:10.1227\/ONS.0000000000000010"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib28","series-title":"Interv Neuroradiol","first-page":"683","article-title":"Radiographic and clinical outcomes with particle or liquid embolic agents for middle meningeal artery embolization of nonacute subdural hematomas","volume":"29","author":"Scoville","year":"2023","unstructured":"Scoville JPJoyce EA Tonetti DRadiographic and clinical outcomes with particle or liquid embolic agents for middle meningeal artery embolization of nonacute subdural hematomas. Interv Neuroradiol. 2023;29(6):683-690. doi:10.1177\/15910199221104631"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib29","series-title":"J NeuroIntervent Surg","first-page":"1214","article-title":"Transradial middle meningeal artery embolization for chronic subdural hematoma using Onyx: case series","volume":"12","author":"Rajah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rajah GBWaqas MDossani RHTransradial middle meningeal artery embolization for chronic subdural hematoma using Onyx: case series. J NeuroIntervent Surg. 2020;12(12):1214-1218. doi:10.1136\/neurintsurg-2020-016185"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib30","series-title":"Stroke Vasc Interv Neurol","first-page":"e001814","article-title":"Consensus statement on middle meningeal artery embolization in chronic subdural hematoma treatment: a guideline from the Society of Vascular and Interventional Neurology Guidelines and Practice Standards Committee","volume":"5","author":"Siddiq","year":"2025","unstructured":"Siddiq FShakir MNguyen TNConsensus statement on middle meningeal artery embolization in chronic subdural hematoma treatment: a guideline from the Society of Vascular and Interventional Neurology Guidelines and Practice Standards Committee. Stroke Vasc Interv Neurol. 2025;5(6):e001814. doi:10.1161\/SVIN.125.001814"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery: Case Lessons"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-case-lessons\/11\/12\/article-CASE25866.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-case-lessons\/11\/12\/article-CASE25866.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-case-lessons\/11\/12\/article-CASE25866.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T15:25:40Z","timestamp":1776093940000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-case-lessons\/11\/12\/article-CASE25866.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/case25866","relation":{},"ISSN":["2694-1902"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2694-1902","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]}}}