{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T21:59:24Z","timestamp":1788991164299,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775433600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurosurg Case Lessons"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]},"abstract":"\n BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n \n Brain abscesses associated with malignant skull base invasion pose unique diagnostic and management challenges for neurosurgeons, particularly when routine cultures remain negative. The authors report the first documented intracranial infection caused by\n Lawsonella clevelandensis<\/jats:italic>\n , a recently described anaerobe that mimics\n Nocardia<\/jats:italic>\n or\n Mycobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n sp., diagnosed using bedside stereotactic biopsy as well as metagenomic next-generation sequencing.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n OBSERVATIONS<\/jats:title>\n \n A 74-year-old woman with recurrent, locally invasive facial squamous cell carcinoma presented with recent-onset shaking of her lower extremity and a large right frontal mass extending through the calvarium and orbit. Imaging revealed ring-enhancing lesions consistent with abscess. Bedside stereotactic biopsy and drainage were performed, and metagenomic sequencing identified\n L. clevelandensis<\/jats:italic>\n . Antibiotics were narrowed to ceftriaxone and metronidazole, stabilizing her condition, although repeat drainage was required for radiographic progression. She subsequently underwent multidisciplinary skull base resection and reconstruction, with operative cultures isolating\n Enterococcus faecium<\/jats:italic>\n but no further\n Lawsonella<\/jats:italic>\n sp.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n LESSONS<\/jats:title>\n \n This case represents the first documented intracranial\n L. clevelandensis<\/jats:italic>\n infection and demonstrates the diagnostic value of molecular sequencing in culture-negative brain abscesses. It also highlights bedside stereotactic biopsy and drainage as a safe, minimally invasive strategy for managing intracranial infection in medically complex patients.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n https:\/\/thejns.org\/doi\/10.3171\/CASE25887<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/case25887","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T10:04:47Z","timestamp":1775642687000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["First reported case of Lawsonella clevelandensis brain abscess in the setting of invasive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma identified via bedside stereotactic aspiration: illustrative case"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jack","family":"Hennen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Ifrach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Morse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iris","family":"Charcos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saniya S.","family":"Godil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3960-4760","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Corey M.","family":"Mossop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"bib1","series-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol","first-page":"2929","article-title":"Lawsonella clevelandensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the suborder Corynebacterineae isolated from human abscesses","volume":"66","author":"Bell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bell MEBernard KAHarrington SMLawsonella clevelandensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the suborder Corynebacterineae isolated from human abscesses. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2016;66(8):2929-2935. doi:10.1099\/ijsem.0.001122"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib2","series-title":"Acta Derm Venereol","first-page":"490","article-title":"Propionibacterium acnes abundance correlates inversely with Staphylococcus aureus: data from atopic dermatitis skin microbiome","volume":"98","author":"Francuzik","year":"2018","unstructured":"Francuzik WFranke KSchumann RRHeine GWorm M.Propionibacterium acnes abundance correlates inversely with Staphylococcus aureus: data from atopic dermatitis skin microbiome. Acta Derm Venereol. 2018;98(5):490-495. doi:10.2340\/00015555-2896"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib3","series-title":"mSystems","first-page":"e00187-18","article-title":"New insights into human nostril microbiome from the Expanded Human Oral Microbiome Database (eHOMD): a resource for the microbiome of the human aerodigestive tract","volume":"3","author":"Escapa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Escapa IFChen THuang YGajare PDewhirst FELemon KP.New insights into human nostril microbiome from the Expanded Human Oral Microbiome Database (eHOMD): a resource for the microbiome of the human aerodigestive tract. mSystems. 2018;3(6):e00187-18. doi:10.1128\/mSystems.00187-18"},{"key":"bib4","series-title":"IDCases","first-page":"95","article-title":"Lawsonella clevelandensis as the causative agent of a breast abscess","volume":"12","author":"Favila Menezes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Favila Menezes MSousa MJPaix\u00e3o PAtouguia JNegreiros ISim\u00f5es MJ.Lawsonella clevelandensis as the causative agent of a breast abscess. IDCases. 2018;12:95-96. doi:10.1016\/j.idcr.2018.03.014"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib5","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"124","article-title":"Infection caused by Lawsonella clevelandensis after breast augmentation with autologous fat grafting: a case report","volume":"23","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou FZhang JGong LWang GKhan ACui H.Infection caused by Lawsonella clevelandensis after breast augmentation with autologous fat grafting: a case report. BMC Infect Dis. 2023;23(1):124. doi:10.1186\/s12879-022-07812-6"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib6","series-title":"Br J Neurosurg","first-page":"653","article-title":"Lawsonella clevelandensis causing spinal subdural empyema","volume":"37","author":"Kumaria","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kumaria ALucas EKCrusz SAHowarth SPSCartmill M.Lawsonella clevelandensis causing spinal subdural empyema. Br J Neurosurg. 2023;37(4):653-655. doi:10.1080\/02688697.2018.1540767"},{"key":"bib7","series-title":"IDCases","first-page":"e01735","article-title":"Lawsonella clevelandensis, a case series of vascular graft infections caused by a rare pathogen","volume":"31","author":"Nour","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nour SIKhodadadi RBSchuetz ANPatel RAbu Saleh OM.Lawsonella clevelandensis, a case series of vascular graft infections caused by a rare pathogen. IDCases. 2023;31:e01735. doi:10.1016\/j.idcr.2023.e01735"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib8","series-title":"BMJ Case Rep","first-page":"e237350","article-title":"Lawsonella clevelandensis: an emerging cause of vascular graft infection","volume":"14","author":"Ramesh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ramesh RAssi MEsquer Garrigos ZSohail MR.Lawsonella clevelandensis: an emerging cause of vascular graft infection. BMJ Case Rep. 2021;14(2):e237350. doi:10.1136\/bcr-2020-237350"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib9","series-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol","first-page":"e92","article-title":"Mimicking abdominal tuberculosis: abdominal abscess caused by Lawsonella clevelandensis in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"17","author":"Chudy-Onwugaje","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chudy-Onwugaje KVandermeer FQuezada S.Mimicking abdominal tuberculosis: abdominal abscess caused by Lawsonella clevelandensis in inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;17(8):e92. doi:10.1016\/j.cgh.2018.06.017"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib10","series-title":"Access Microbiol","first-page":"acmi000183","article-title":"Lawsonella clevelandensis is a rare cause of infected chronic contained rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysm","volume":"3","author":"Ahmed","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ahmed WDewar SWilliams RStansby GHarris KWeiand D.Lawsonella clevelandensis is a rare cause of infected chronic contained rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Access Microbiol. 2021;3(1):acmi000183. doi:10.1099\/acmi.0.000183"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib11","series-title":"Rev Med Chil","first-page":"941","article-title":"First case report of Lawsonella clevelandensis infection in Latin America and literature review","volume":"151","author":"Zavadzki","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zavadzki GReyes Barros TSarfatis Feige AFirst case report of Lawsonella clevelandensis infection in Latin America and literature review. Rev Med Chil. 2023;151(7):941-946. doi:10.4067\/s0034-98872023000700941"},{"key":"bib12","series-title":"IDCases","first-page":"e00734","article-title":"Liver abscess caused by Lawsonella clevelandensis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis: a case report and literature review","volume":"20","author":"Gonzales Zamora","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gonzales Zamora JARomero Alvarez MHenry ZBaracco GJDickinson GLichtenberger P.Liver abscess caused by Lawsonella clevelandensis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis: a case report and literature review. IDCases. 2020;20:e00734. doi:10.1016\/j.idcr.2020.e00734"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib13","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"3903","article-title":"Novel fastidious, partially acid-fast, anaerobic gram-positive bacillus associated with abscess formation and recovered from multiple medical centers","volume":"51","author":"Harrington","year":"2013","unstructured":"Harrington SMBell MBernard KNovel fastidious, partially acid-fast, anaerobic gram-positive bacillus associated with abscess formation and recovered from multiple medical centers. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51(11):3903-3907. doi:10.1128\/JCM.01497-13"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib14","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect","first-page":"1447","article-title":"Emerging anaerobic and partially acid-fast Lawsonella clevelandensis: extended characterization by antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole genome sequencing","volume":"25","author":"Goldenberger","year":"2019","unstructured":"Goldenberger DNaegele MSteffens DEichenberger REgli ASeth-Smith HMB.Emerging anaerobic and partially acid-fast Lawsonella clevelandensis: extended characterization by antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole genome sequencing. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2019;25(11):1447-1448. doi:10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.07.008"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib15","series-title":"JMM Case Rep","first-page":"e005036","article-title":"Can anaerobes be acid fast? A novel, clinically relevant acid fast anaerobe","volume":"3","author":"Navas","year":"016","unstructured":"Navas MEJump RCanaday DHCan anaerobes be acid fast? A novel, clinically relevant acid fast anaerobe. JMM Case Rep. 016;3(4):e005036. doi:10.1099\/jmmcr.0.005036."},{"key":"bib16","series-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)","first-page":"1392430","article-title":"Case report: a case of widespread soft tissue infection and multiple abscesses secondary to hidradenitis suppurativa inducing septic shock caused by Lawsonella clevelandensis in China","volume":"11","author":"Lijia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lijia ZJia Chao QLi LShikun DPeiyang G.Case report: a case of widespread soft tissue infection and multiple abscesses secondary to hidradenitis suppurativa inducing septic shock caused by Lawsonella clevelandensis in China. Front Med (Lausanne). 2024;11:1392430. doi:10.3389\/fmed.2024.1392430"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib17","series-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis","first-page":"1","article-title":"Retrospective analysis of 49 cases of brain abscess and review of the literature","volume":"26","author":"Carpenter","year":"2007","unstructured":"Carpenter JStapleton SHolliman R.Retrospective analysis of 49 cases of brain abscess and review of the literature. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2007;26(1):1-11. doi:10.1007\/s10096-006-0236-6"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib18","series-title":"Pathogens","first-page":"465","article-title":"First animal source metagenome assembly of Lawsonella clevelandensis from canine external otitis","volume":"14","author":"T\u00f3th","year":"2025","unstructured":"T\u00f3th AGSolymosi NTenk MK\u00e1ldy ZN\u00e9meth T.First animal source metagenome assembly of Lawsonella clevelandensis from canine external otitis. Pathogens. 2025;14(5):465. doi:10.3390\/pathogens14050465"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib19","series-title":"Genome Announc","first-page":"e01462-15","article-title":"Complete genome sequences for two strains of a novel fastidious, partially acid-fast, gram-positive Corynebacterineae bacterium, derived from human clinical samples","volume":"3","author":"Nicholson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nicholson ACBell MHumrighouse BWMcQuiston JR.Complete genome sequences for two strains of a novel fastidious, partially acid-fast, gram-positive Corynebacterineae bacterium, derived from human clinical samples. Genome Announc. 2015;3(6):e01462-15. doi:10.1128\/genomeA.01462-15"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib20","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect","first-page":"149","article-title":"\u201cEuropean Society of Clinical Microbiology and infectious Diseases Guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of brain abscess in children and adults\u201d Author\u2019s reply","volume":"30","author":"Bodilsen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bodilsen JD\u2019Alessandris QGHumphreys H\u201cEuropean Society of Clinical Microbiology and infectious Diseases Guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of brain abscess in children and adults\u201d Author\u2019s reply. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2024;30(1):149-150. doi:10.1016\/j.cmi.2023.10.012"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib21","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"447","article-title":"Brain abscess","volume":"371","author":"Brouwer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brouwer MCTunkel ARMcKhann GM IIvan de Beek D.Brain abscess. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(5):447-456. doi:10.1056\/NEJMra1301635"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib22","series-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","first-page":"899","article-title":"Extending the traditional resection limits of squamous cell carcinoma of the anterior skull base","volume":"137","author":"Ducic","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ducic YMiles BASabatini P.Extending the traditional resection limits of squamous cell carcinoma of the anterior skull base. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007;137(6):899-905. doi:10.1016\/j.otohns.2007.09.005"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib23","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","first-page":"988","article-title":"Aggressive scalp carcinoma with intracranial extension: a multidisciplinary experience of 25 patients with long-term follow-up","volume":"15","author":"Soma","year":"2008","unstructured":"Soma PFChibbaro SMakiese OAggressive scalp carcinoma with intracranial extension: a multidisciplinary experience of 25 patients with long-term follow-up. J Clin Neurosci. 2008;15(9):988-992. doi:10.1016\/j.jocn.2007.09.014"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib1","series-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol","first-page":"2929","article-title":"Lawsonella clevelandensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the suborder Corynebacterineae isolated from human abscesses","volume":"66","author":"Bell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bell MEBernard KAHarrington SMLawsonella clevelandensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the suborder Corynebacterineae isolated from human abscesses. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2016;66(8):2929-2935. doi:10.1099\/ijsem.0.001122"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib2","series-title":"Acta Derm Venereol","first-page":"490","article-title":"Propionibacterium acnes abundance correlates inversely with Staphylococcus aureus: data from atopic dermatitis skin microbiome","volume":"98","author":"Francuzik","year":"2018","unstructured":"Francuzik WFranke KSchumann RRHeine GWorm M.Propionibacterium acnes abundance correlates inversely with Staphylococcus aureus: data from atopic dermatitis skin microbiome. Acta Derm Venereol. 2018;98(5):490-495. doi:10.2340\/00015555-2896"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib3","series-title":"mSystems","first-page":"e00187-18","article-title":"New insights into human nostril microbiome from the Expanded Human Oral Microbiome Database (eHOMD): a resource for the microbiome of the human aerodigestive tract","volume":"3","author":"Escapa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Escapa IFChen THuang YGajare PDewhirst FELemon KP.New insights into human nostril microbiome from the Expanded Human Oral Microbiome Database (eHOMD): a resource for the microbiome of the human aerodigestive tract. mSystems. 2018;3(6):e00187-18. doi:10.1128\/mSystems.00187-18"},{"key":"bib4","series-title":"IDCases","first-page":"95","article-title":"Lawsonella clevelandensis as the causative agent of a breast abscess","volume":"12","author":"Favila Menezes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Favila Menezes MSousa MJPaix\u00e3o PAtouguia JNegreiros ISim\u00f5es MJ.Lawsonella clevelandensis as the causative agent of a breast abscess. IDCases. 2018;12:95-96. doi:10.1016\/j.idcr.2018.03.014"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib5","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"124","article-title":"Infection caused by Lawsonella clevelandensis after breast augmentation with autologous fat grafting: a case report","volume":"23","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou FZhang JGong LWang GKhan ACui H.Infection caused by Lawsonella clevelandensis after breast augmentation with autologous fat grafting: a case report. BMC Infect Dis. 2023;23(1):124. doi:10.1186\/s12879-022-07812-6"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib6","series-title":"Br J Neurosurg","first-page":"653","article-title":"Lawsonella clevelandensis causing spinal subdural empyema","volume":"37","author":"Kumaria","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kumaria ALucas EKCrusz SAHowarth SPSCartmill M.Lawsonella clevelandensis causing spinal subdural empyema. Br J Neurosurg. 2023;37(4):653-655. doi:10.1080\/02688697.2018.1540767"},{"key":"bib7","series-title":"IDCases","first-page":"e01735","article-title":"Lawsonella clevelandensis, a case series of vascular graft infections caused by a rare pathogen","volume":"31","author":"Nour","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nour SIKhodadadi RBSchuetz ANPatel RAbu Saleh OM.Lawsonella clevelandensis, a case series of vascular graft infections caused by a rare pathogen. IDCases. 2023;31:e01735. doi:10.1016\/j.idcr.2023.e01735"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib8","series-title":"BMJ Case Rep","first-page":"e237350","article-title":"Lawsonella clevelandensis: an emerging cause of vascular graft infection","volume":"14","author":"Ramesh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ramesh RAssi MEsquer Garrigos ZSohail MR.Lawsonella clevelandensis: an emerging cause of vascular graft infection. BMJ Case Rep. 2021;14(2):e237350. doi:10.1136\/bcr-2020-237350"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib9","series-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol","first-page":"e92","article-title":"Mimicking abdominal tuberculosis: abdominal abscess caused by Lawsonella clevelandensis in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"17","author":"Chudy-Onwugaje","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chudy-Onwugaje KVandermeer FQuezada S.Mimicking abdominal tuberculosis: abdominal abscess caused by Lawsonella clevelandensis in inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;17(8):e92. doi:10.1016\/j.cgh.2018.06.017"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib10","series-title":"Access Microbiol","first-page":"acmi000183","article-title":"Lawsonella clevelandensis is a rare cause of infected chronic contained rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysm","volume":"3","author":"Ahmed","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ahmed WDewar SWilliams RStansby GHarris KWeiand D.Lawsonella clevelandensis is a rare cause of infected chronic contained rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Access Microbiol. 2021;3(1):acmi000183. doi:10.1099\/acmi.0.000183"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib11","series-title":"Rev Med Chil","first-page":"941","article-title":"First case report of Lawsonella clevelandensis infection in Latin America and literature review","volume":"151","author":"Zavadzki","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zavadzki GReyes Barros TSarfatis Feige AFirst case report of Lawsonella clevelandensis infection in Latin America and literature review. Rev Med Chil. 2023;151(7):941-946. doi:10.4067\/s0034-98872023000700941"},{"key":"bib12","series-title":"IDCases","first-page":"e00734","article-title":"Liver abscess caused by Lawsonella clevelandensis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis: a case report and literature review","volume":"20","author":"Gonzales Zamora","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gonzales Zamora JARomero Alvarez MHenry ZBaracco GJDickinson GLichtenberger P.Liver abscess caused by Lawsonella clevelandensis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis: a case report and literature review. IDCases. 2020;20:e00734. doi:10.1016\/j.idcr.2020.e00734"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib13","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"3903","article-title":"Novel fastidious, partially acid-fast, anaerobic gram-positive bacillus associated with abscess formation and recovered from multiple medical centers","volume":"51","author":"Harrington","year":"2013","unstructured":"Harrington SMBell MBernard KNovel fastidious, partially acid-fast, anaerobic gram-positive bacillus associated with abscess formation and recovered from multiple medical centers. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51(11):3903-3907. doi:10.1128\/JCM.01497-13"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib14","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect","first-page":"1447","article-title":"Emerging anaerobic and partially acid-fast Lawsonella clevelandensis: extended characterization by antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole genome sequencing","volume":"25","author":"Goldenberger","year":"2019","unstructured":"Goldenberger DNaegele MSteffens DEichenberger REgli ASeth-Smith HMB.Emerging anaerobic and partially acid-fast Lawsonella clevelandensis: extended characterization by antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole genome sequencing. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2019;25(11):1447-1448. doi:10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.07.008"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib15","series-title":"JMM Case Rep","first-page":"e005036","article-title":"Can anaerobes be acid fast? A novel, clinically relevant acid fast anaerobe","volume":"3","author":"Navas","year":"016","unstructured":"Navas MEJump RCanaday DHCan anaerobes be acid fast? A novel, clinically relevant acid fast anaerobe. JMM Case Rep. 016;3(4):e005036. doi:10.1099\/jmmcr.0.005036."},{"key":"bib16","series-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)","first-page":"1392430","article-title":"Case report: a case of widespread soft tissue infection and multiple abscesses secondary to hidradenitis suppurativa inducing septic shock caused by Lawsonella clevelandensis in China","volume":"11","author":"Lijia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lijia ZJia Chao QLi LShikun DPeiyang G.Case report: a case of widespread soft tissue infection and multiple abscesses secondary to hidradenitis suppurativa inducing septic shock caused by Lawsonella clevelandensis in China. Front Med (Lausanne). 2024;11:1392430. doi:10.3389\/fmed.2024.1392430"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib17","series-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis","first-page":"1","article-title":"Retrospective analysis of 49 cases of brain abscess and review of the literature","volume":"26","author":"Carpenter","year":"2007","unstructured":"Carpenter JStapleton SHolliman R.Retrospective analysis of 49 cases of brain abscess and review of the literature. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2007;26(1):1-11. doi:10.1007\/s10096-006-0236-6"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib18","series-title":"Pathogens","first-page":"465","article-title":"First animal source metagenome assembly of Lawsonella clevelandensis from canine external otitis","volume":"14","author":"T\u00f3th","year":"2025","unstructured":"T\u00f3th AGSolymosi NTenk MK\u00e1ldy ZN\u00e9meth T.First animal source metagenome assembly of Lawsonella clevelandensis from canine external otitis. Pathogens. 2025;14(5):465. doi:10.3390\/pathogens14050465"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib19","series-title":"Genome Announc","first-page":"e01462-15","article-title":"Complete genome sequences for two strains of a novel fastidious, partially acid-fast, gram-positive Corynebacterineae bacterium, derived from human clinical samples","volume":"3","author":"Nicholson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nicholson ACBell MHumrighouse BWMcQuiston JR.Complete genome sequences for two strains of a novel fastidious, partially acid-fast, gram-positive Corynebacterineae bacterium, derived from human clinical samples. Genome Announc. 2015;3(6):e01462-15. doi:10.1128\/genomeA.01462-15"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib20","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect","first-page":"149","article-title":"\u201cEuropean Society of Clinical Microbiology and infectious Diseases Guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of brain abscess in children and adults\u201d Author\u2019s reply","volume":"30","author":"Bodilsen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bodilsen JD\u2019Alessandris QGHumphreys H\u201cEuropean Society of Clinical Microbiology and infectious Diseases Guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of brain abscess in children and adults\u201d Author\u2019s reply. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2024;30(1):149-150. doi:10.1016\/j.cmi.2023.10.012"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib21","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"447","article-title":"Brain abscess","volume":"371","author":"Brouwer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brouwer MCTunkel ARMcKhann GM IIvan de Beek D.Brain abscess. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(5):447-456. doi:10.1056\/NEJMra1301635"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib22","series-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","first-page":"899","article-title":"Extending the traditional resection limits of squamous cell carcinoma of the anterior skull base","volume":"137","author":"Ducic","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ducic YMiles BASabatini P.Extending the traditional resection limits of squamous cell carcinoma of the anterior skull base. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007;137(6):899-905. doi:10.1016\/j.otohns.2007.09.005"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib23","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","first-page":"988","article-title":"Aggressive scalp carcinoma with intracranial extension: a multidisciplinary experience of 25 patients with long-term follow-up","volume":"15","author":"Soma","year":"2008","unstructured":"Soma PFChibbaro SMakiese OAggressive scalp carcinoma with intracranial extension: a multidisciplinary experience of 25 patients with long-term follow-up. J Clin Neurosci. 2008;15(9):988-992. doi:10.1016\/j.jocn.2007.09.014"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery: Case Lessons"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-case-lessons\/11\/14\/article-CASE25887.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-case-lessons\/11\/14\/article-CASE25887.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-case-lessons\/11\/14\/article-CASE25887.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T15:27:36Z","timestamp":1776094056000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-case-lessons\/11\/14\/article-CASE25887.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/case25887","relation":{},"ISSN":["2694-1902"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2694-1902","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]}}}