{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T16:07:42Z","timestamp":1776096462723,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769385600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurosurg Case Lessons"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adjacent segment disease (ASD) is a known complication of spinal fusion surgery, resulting from altered spinal biomechanics. The Total Posterior Spine (TOPS) facet replacement system has emerged as a motion-preserving alternative to lumbar fusion for patients with lumbar spinal stenosis and symptomatic degenerative spondylolisthesis. By maintaining segmental mobility, the TOPS System aims to reduce the incidence of ASD and improve postoperative function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBSERVATIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A 43-year-old male with prior L4\u20135 discectomy, L4\u20135 transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion, and L5\u2013S1 anterior lumbar interbody fusion developed progressive axial and radicular pain with lower limb paresthesia 12 months postoperatively. Imaging at 16 months revealed ASD at L3\u20134, demonstrating facet instability and stenosis. After multidisciplinary evaluation, the patient underwent TOPS facet arthroplasty, chosen over additional fusion given his surgical history and active lifestyle. Postoperatively, he experienced significant pain relief and full restoration of physical function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>LESSONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This case highlights ASD as a frequent complication of fusion procedures and illustrates the potential of motion-preserving technologies like the TOPS System to mitigate these effects. Further research is warranted to evaluate long-term outcomes and broader applicability of the TOPS System as a viable alternative to conventional spinal fusion.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/thejns.org\/doi\/10.3171\/CASE25913\">https:\/\/thejns.org\/doi\/10.3171\/CASE25913<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/case25913","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T06:29:13Z","timestamp":1769408953000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Utilization of Total Posterior Spine System facet arthroplasty for management of adjacent segment disease following lumbar spinal fusion: illustrative case"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5271-4075","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anthony","family":"Sanchez-Forteza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4234-2929","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Abdul Muqsith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason S.","family":"Fernando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akash R.","family":"Gandhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ankit I.","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"bib1","series-title":"Orthopedics","first-page":"547","article-title":"Adjacent segment disease","volume":"37","author":"Virk","year":"2014","unstructured":"Virk SSNiedermeier SYu EKhan SN.Adjacent segment disease. Orthopedics. 2014;37(8):547-555."},{"issue":"22","key":"bib2","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"S31","article-title":"A systematic review of definitions and classification systems of adjacent segment pathology","volume":"37","author":"Kraemer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kraemer PFehlings MGHashimoto RA systematic review of definitions and classification systems of adjacent segment pathology. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2012;37(22)(suppl):S31-S39."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib3","series-title":"Int Orthop","first-page":"987","article-title":"Adjacent segment degeneration after fusion spinal surgery\u2014a systematic review","volume":"43","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hashimoto KAizawa TKanno HItoi E.Adjacent segment degeneration after fusion spinal surgery\u2014a systematic review. Int Orthop. 2019;43(4):987-993."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib4","series-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg","first-page":"3","article-title":"Adjacent segment disease following cervical spine surgery","volume":"21","author":"Cho","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cho SKRiew KD.Adjacent segment disease following cervical spine surgery. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2013;21(1):3-11."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib5","series-title":"Spine J","first-page":"1339","article-title":"Adjacent segment disease in the lumbar spine following different treatment interventions","volume":"13","author":"Radcliff","year":"2013","unstructured":"Radcliff KEKepler CKJakoi AAdjacent segment disease in the lumbar spine following different treatment interventions. Spine J. 2013;13(10):1339-1349."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib6","series-title":"Spine J","first-page":"11","article-title":"Incidence and prevalence of surgery at segments adjacent to a previous posterior lumbar arthrodesis","volume":"11","author":"Sears","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sears WRSergides IGKazemi NSmith MWhite GJOsburg B.Incidence and prevalence of surgery at segments adjacent to a previous posterior lumbar arthrodesis. Spine J. 2011;11(1):11-20."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib7","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"270","article-title":"Incidence of adjacent-segment surgery following stand-alone lateral lumbar interbody fusion","volume":"35","author":"Nayar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nayar GRoy SLutfi WIncidence of adjacent-segment surgery following stand-alone lateral lumbar interbody fusion. J Neurosurg Spine. 2021;35(3):270-274."},{"issue":"24","key":"bib8","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"2790","article-title":"Biomechanical evaluation of a new total posterior-element replacement system","volume":"31","author":"Wilke","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wilke HJSchmidt HWerner KSchm\u00f6lz WDrumm J.Biomechanical evaluation of a new total posterior-element replacement system. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2006;31(24):2790-2797."},{"key":"bib9","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e645","article-title":"Mean 5-year follow-up results of a facet replacement device in the treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis and degenerative spondylolisthesis","volume":"152","author":"Haleem","year":"2021","unstructured":"Haleem SAhmed AGanesan SMcGillion SFFowler JL.Mean 5-year follow-up results of a facet replacement device in the treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis and degenerative spondylolisthesis. World Neurosurg. 2021;152:e645-e651."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib10","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"115","article-title":"Prospective, randomized controlled multicenter study of posterior lumbar facet arthroplasty for the treatment of spondylolisthesis","volume":"38","author":"Coric","year":"2022","unstructured":"Coric DNassr AKim PKProspective, randomized controlled multicenter study of posterior lumbar facet arthroplasty for the treatment of spondylolisthesis. J Neurosurg Spine. 2022;38(1):115-125."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib11","series-title":"Spine J","first-page":"439","article-title":"Guideline summary review: an evidence-based clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis","volume":"16","author":"Matz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Matz PGMeagher RJLamer TGuideline summary review: an evidence-based clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis. Spine J. 2016;16(3):439-448."},{"issue":"15","key":"bib12","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1424","article-title":"Laminectomy plus fusion versus laminectomy alone for lumbar spondylolisthesis","volume":"374","author":"Ghogawala","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ghogawala ZDziura JButler WELaminectomy plus fusion versus laminectomy alone for lumbar spondylolisthesis. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(15):1424-1434."},{"issue":"12","key":"bib13","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","first-page":"1041","article-title":"Lumbar facet arthroplasty versus fusion for Grade-I degenerative spondylolisthesis with stenosis: a prospective randomized controlled trial","volume":"106","author":"Nassr","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nassr ACoric DPinter ZWLumbar facet arthroplasty versus fusion for Grade-I degenerative spondylolisthesis with stenosis: a prospective randomized controlled trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2024;106(12):1041-1053."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib14","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg","first-page":"14","article-title":"Mobility-maintaining facet arthroplasty of the lumbar spine with the second-generation TOPS System: a case series","volume":"23","author":"Lack","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lack WKutschera HPKrugluger J.Mobility-maintaining facet arthroplasty of the lumbar spine with the second-generation TOPS System: a case series. Oper Neurosurg. 2022;23(1):14-21."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib15","series-title":"Eur Spine J","first-page":"1905","article-title":"Regarding loads after spinal fusion, every level should be seen separately: a musculoskeletal analysis","volume":"27","author":"Benditz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Benditz AAuer SSp\u00f6rrer JFRegarding loads after spinal fusion, every level should be seen separately: a musculoskeletal analysis. Eur Spine J. 2018;27(8):1905-1910."},{"issue":"14","key":"bib16","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"1167","article-title":"Predisposing characteristics of adjacent segment disease after lumbar fusion","volume":"41","author":"Alentado","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alentado VJLubelski DHealy ATPredisposing characteristics of adjacent segment disease after lumbar fusion. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2016;41(14):1167-1172."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib17","series-title":"Ann Biomed Eng","first-page":"601","article-title":"Investigation of alterations in the lumbar disc biomechanics at the adjacent segments after spinal fusion using a combined in vivo and in silico approach","volume":"49","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhou CCha TWang WGuo RLi G.Investigation of alterations in the lumbar disc biomechanics at the adjacent segments after spinal fusion using a combined in vivo and in silico approach. Ann Biomed Eng. 2021;49(2):601-616."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib18","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"33","article-title":"Changes in adjacent-level disc pressure and facet joint force after cervical arthroplasty compared with cervical discectomy and fusion","volume":"7","author":"Chang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chang UKKim DHLee MCWillenberg RKim SHLim J.Changes in adjacent-level disc pressure and facet joint force after cervical arthroplasty compared with cervical discectomy and fusion. J Neurosurg Spine. 2007;7(1):33-39."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib19","series-title":"Eur Spine J","first-page":"1520","article-title":"Local and global subaxial cervical spine biomechanics after single-level fusion or cervical arthroplasty","volume":"18","author":"Finn","year":"2009","unstructured":"Finn MABrodke DSDaubs MPatel ABachus KN.Local and global subaxial cervical spine biomechanics after single-level fusion or cervical arthroplasty. Eur Spine J. 2009;18(10):1520-1527."},{"issue":"19","key":"bib20","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"2001","article-title":"Sagittal cervical alignment after cervical disc arthroplasty and anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: results of a prospective, randomized, controlled trial","volume":"34","author":"Anakwenze","year":"2009","unstructured":"Anakwenze OAAuerbach JDMilby AHLonner BSBalderston RA.Sagittal cervical alignment after cervical disc arthroplasty and anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: results of a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2009;34(19):2001-2007."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib21","series-title":"Ochsner J","first-page":"78","article-title":"Adjacent segment disease: perspective and review of the literature","volume":"14","author":"Saavedra-Pozo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Saavedra-Pozo FMDeusdara RABenzel EC.Adjacent segment disease: perspective and review of the literature. Ochsner J. 2014;14(1):78-83."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib22","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"172","article-title":"Lumbar clinical adjacent segment pathology: predilection for proximal levels","volume":"39","author":"Celestre","year":"2014","unstructured":"Celestre PCMontgomery SRKupperman AIAghdasi BInoue HWang JC.Lumbar clinical adjacent segment pathology: predilection for proximal levels. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2014;39(2):172-176."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib23","series-title":"Mol Med Rep","first-page":"33","article-title":"Risk factors and treatment strategies for adjacent segment disease following spinal fusion (Review)","volume":"31","author":"Huang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Huang XCai YChen KRisk factors and treatment strategies for adjacent segment disease following spinal fusion (Review). Mol Med Rep. 2025;31(2):33."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib24","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"120","article-title":"Adjacent segment disease after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: clinical outcomes after first repeat surgery versus second repeat surgery","volume":"39","author":"Xu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xu RBydon MMacki MAdjacent segment disease after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: clinical outcomes after first repeat surgery versus second repeat surgery. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2014;39(2):120-126."},{"key":"bib25","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e808","article-title":"Multiple-repeated adjacent segment disease after posterior lumbar interbody fusion","volume":"121","author":"Nagamoto","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nagamoto YOkuda SMatsumoto TSugiura TTakahashi YIwasaki M.Multiple-repeated adjacent segment disease after posterior lumbar interbody fusion. World Neurosurg. 2019;121:e808-e816."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib26","series-title":"Clin Spine Surg","first-page":"E59","article-title":"A prospective study of lumbar facet arthroplasty in the treatment of degenerative spondylolisthesis and stenosis: results from the Total Posterior Spine System (TOPS) IDE study","volume":"36","author":"Pinter","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pinter ZWFreedman BANassr AA prospective study of lumbar facet arthroplasty in the treatment of degenerative spondylolisthesis and stenosis: results from the Total Posterior Spine System (TOPS) IDE study. Clin Spine Surg. 2023;36(2):E59-E69."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib27","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"36","article-title":"Long-term results for total lumbar facet joint replacement in the management of lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis","volume":"32","author":"Smorgick","year":"2019","unstructured":"Smorgick YMirovsky YFloman YRand NMillgram MAnekstein Y.Long-term results for total lumbar facet joint replacement in the management of lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis. J Neurosurg Spine. 2019;32(1):36-41."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib1","series-title":"Orthopedics","first-page":"547","article-title":"Adjacent segment disease","volume":"37","author":"Virk","year":"2014","unstructured":"Virk SSNiedermeier SYu EKhan SN.Adjacent segment disease. Orthopedics. 2014;37(8):547-555."},{"issue":"22","key":"bib2","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"S31","article-title":"A systematic review of definitions and classification systems of adjacent segment pathology","volume":"37","author":"Kraemer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kraemer PFehlings MGHashimoto RA systematic review of definitions and classification systems of adjacent segment pathology. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2012;37(22)(suppl):S31-S39."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib3","series-title":"Int Orthop","first-page":"987","article-title":"Adjacent segment degeneration after fusion spinal surgery\u2014a systematic review","volume":"43","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hashimoto KAizawa TKanno HItoi E.Adjacent segment degeneration after fusion spinal surgery\u2014a systematic review. Int Orthop. 2019;43(4):987-993."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib4","series-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg","first-page":"3","article-title":"Adjacent segment disease following cervical spine surgery","volume":"21","author":"Cho","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cho SKRiew KD.Adjacent segment disease following cervical spine surgery. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2013;21(1):3-11."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib5","series-title":"Spine J","first-page":"1339","article-title":"Adjacent segment disease in the lumbar spine following different treatment interventions","volume":"13","author":"Radcliff","year":"2013","unstructured":"Radcliff KEKepler CKJakoi AAdjacent segment disease in the lumbar spine following different treatment interventions. Spine J. 2013;13(10):1339-1349."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib6","series-title":"Spine J","first-page":"11","article-title":"Incidence and prevalence of surgery at segments adjacent to a previous posterior lumbar arthrodesis","volume":"11","author":"Sears","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sears WRSergides IGKazemi NSmith MWhite GJOsburg B.Incidence and prevalence of surgery at segments adjacent to a previous posterior lumbar arthrodesis. Spine J. 2011;11(1):11-20."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib7","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"270","article-title":"Incidence of adjacent-segment surgery following stand-alone lateral lumbar interbody fusion","volume":"35","author":"Nayar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nayar GRoy SLutfi WIncidence of adjacent-segment surgery following stand-alone lateral lumbar interbody fusion. J Neurosurg Spine. 2021;35(3):270-274."},{"issue":"24","key":"bib8","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"2790","article-title":"Biomechanical evaluation of a new total posterior-element replacement system","volume":"31","author":"Wilke","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wilke HJSchmidt HWerner KSchm\u00f6lz WDrumm J.Biomechanical evaluation of a new total posterior-element replacement system. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2006;31(24):2790-2797."},{"key":"bib9","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e645","article-title":"Mean 5-year follow-up results of a facet replacement device in the treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis and degenerative spondylolisthesis","volume":"152","author":"Haleem","year":"2021","unstructured":"Haleem SAhmed AGanesan SMcGillion SFFowler JL.Mean 5-year follow-up results of a facet replacement device in the treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis and degenerative spondylolisthesis. World Neurosurg. 2021;152:e645-e651."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib10","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"115","article-title":"Prospective, randomized controlled multicenter study of posterior lumbar facet arthroplasty for the treatment of spondylolisthesis","volume":"38","author":"Coric","year":"2022","unstructured":"Coric DNassr AKim PKProspective, randomized controlled multicenter study of posterior lumbar facet arthroplasty for the treatment of spondylolisthesis. J Neurosurg Spine. 2022;38(1):115-125."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib11","series-title":"Spine J","first-page":"439","article-title":"Guideline summary review: an evidence-based clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis","volume":"16","author":"Matz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Matz PGMeagher RJLamer TGuideline summary review: an evidence-based clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis. Spine J. 2016;16(3):439-448."},{"issue":"15","key":"bib12","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1424","article-title":"Laminectomy plus fusion versus laminectomy alone for lumbar spondylolisthesis","volume":"374","author":"Ghogawala","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ghogawala ZDziura JButler WELaminectomy plus fusion versus laminectomy alone for lumbar spondylolisthesis. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(15):1424-1434."},{"issue":"12","key":"bib13","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","first-page":"1041","article-title":"Lumbar facet arthroplasty versus fusion for Grade-I degenerative spondylolisthesis with stenosis: a prospective randomized controlled trial","volume":"106","author":"Nassr","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nassr ACoric DPinter ZWLumbar facet arthroplasty versus fusion for Grade-I degenerative spondylolisthesis with stenosis: a prospective randomized controlled trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2024;106(12):1041-1053."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib14","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg","first-page":"14","article-title":"Mobility-maintaining facet arthroplasty of the lumbar spine with the second-generation TOPS System: a case series","volume":"23","author":"Lack","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lack WKutschera HPKrugluger J.Mobility-maintaining facet arthroplasty of the lumbar spine with the second-generation TOPS System: a case series. Oper Neurosurg. 2022;23(1):14-21."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib15","series-title":"Eur Spine J","first-page":"1905","article-title":"Regarding loads after spinal fusion, every level should be seen separately: a musculoskeletal analysis","volume":"27","author":"Benditz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Benditz AAuer SSp\u00f6rrer JFRegarding loads after spinal fusion, every level should be seen separately: a musculoskeletal analysis. Eur Spine J. 2018;27(8):1905-1910."},{"issue":"14","key":"bib16","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"1167","article-title":"Predisposing characteristics of adjacent segment disease after lumbar fusion","volume":"41","author":"Alentado","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alentado VJLubelski DHealy ATPredisposing characteristics of adjacent segment disease after lumbar fusion. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2016;41(14):1167-1172."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib17","series-title":"Ann Biomed Eng","first-page":"601","article-title":"Investigation of alterations in the lumbar disc biomechanics at the adjacent segments after spinal fusion using a combined in vivo and in silico approach","volume":"49","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhou CCha TWang WGuo RLi G.Investigation of alterations in the lumbar disc biomechanics at the adjacent segments after spinal fusion using a combined in vivo and in silico approach. Ann Biomed Eng. 2021;49(2):601-616."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib18","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"33","article-title":"Changes in adjacent-level disc pressure and facet joint force after cervical arthroplasty compared with cervical discectomy and fusion","volume":"7","author":"Chang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chang UKKim DHLee MCWillenberg RKim SHLim J.Changes in adjacent-level disc pressure and facet joint force after cervical arthroplasty compared with cervical discectomy and fusion. J Neurosurg Spine. 2007;7(1):33-39."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib19","series-title":"Eur Spine J","first-page":"1520","article-title":"Local and global subaxial cervical spine biomechanics after single-level fusion or cervical arthroplasty","volume":"18","author":"Finn","year":"2009","unstructured":"Finn MABrodke DSDaubs MPatel ABachus KN.Local and global subaxial cervical spine biomechanics after single-level fusion or cervical arthroplasty. Eur Spine J. 2009;18(10):1520-1527."},{"issue":"19","key":"bib20","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"2001","article-title":"Sagittal cervical alignment after cervical disc arthroplasty and anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: results of a prospective, randomized, controlled trial","volume":"34","author":"Anakwenze","year":"2009","unstructured":"Anakwenze OAAuerbach JDMilby AHLonner BSBalderston RA.Sagittal cervical alignment after cervical disc arthroplasty and anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: results of a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2009;34(19):2001-2007."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib21","series-title":"Ochsner J","first-page":"78","article-title":"Adjacent segment disease: perspective and review of the literature","volume":"14","author":"Saavedra-Pozo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Saavedra-Pozo FMDeusdara RABenzel EC.Adjacent segment disease: perspective and review of the literature. Ochsner J. 2014;14(1):78-83."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib22","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"172","article-title":"Lumbar clinical adjacent segment pathology: predilection for proximal levels","volume":"39","author":"Celestre","year":"2014","unstructured":"Celestre PCMontgomery SRKupperman AIAghdasi BInoue HWang JC.Lumbar clinical adjacent segment pathology: predilection for proximal levels. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2014;39(2):172-176."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib23","series-title":"Mol Med Rep","first-page":"33","article-title":"Risk factors and treatment strategies for adjacent segment disease following spinal fusion (Review)","volume":"31","author":"Huang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Huang XCai YChen KRisk factors and treatment strategies for adjacent segment disease following spinal fusion (Review). Mol Med Rep. 2025;31(2):33."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib24","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"120","article-title":"Adjacent segment disease after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: clinical outcomes after first repeat surgery versus second repeat surgery","volume":"39","author":"Xu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xu RBydon MMacki MAdjacent segment disease after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: clinical outcomes after first repeat surgery versus second repeat surgery. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2014;39(2):120-126."},{"key":"bib25","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e808","article-title":"Multiple-repeated adjacent segment disease after posterior lumbar interbody fusion","volume":"121","author":"Nagamoto","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nagamoto YOkuda SMatsumoto TSugiura TTakahashi YIwasaki M.Multiple-repeated adjacent segment disease after posterior lumbar interbody fusion. World Neurosurg. 2019;121:e808-e816."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib26","series-title":"Clin Spine Surg","first-page":"E59","article-title":"A prospective study of lumbar facet arthroplasty in the treatment of degenerative spondylolisthesis and stenosis: results from the Total Posterior Spine System (TOPS) IDE study","volume":"36","author":"Pinter","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pinter ZWFreedman BANassr AA prospective study of lumbar facet arthroplasty in the treatment of degenerative spondylolisthesis and stenosis: results from the Total Posterior Spine System (TOPS) IDE study. Clin Spine Surg. 2023;36(2):E59-E69."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib27","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"36","article-title":"Long-term results for total lumbar facet joint replacement in the management of lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis","volume":"32","author":"Smorgick","year":"2019","unstructured":"Smorgick YMirovsky YFloman YRand NMillgram MAnekstein Y.Long-term results for total lumbar facet joint replacement in the management of lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis. 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