{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T01:19:49Z","timestamp":1787707189160,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurosurg Case Lessons"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prenatal care in medically advanced countries dramatically decreases rates of neural tube defects. Yet despite this standardization, rare cases of encephaloceles persist in the United States. Definitive repair is ideally delayed, allowing for physiological maturation and improved tolerance of anesthesia and blood loss.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBSERVATIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A male was born at 28 weeks and 3 days\u2019 gestation to a nulliparous group B\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2013positive mother who had not received any prenatal care. At the time of birth, the patient was noted to have a large frontoethmoidal encephalocele with subsequent concern for CSF egress through a skin defect, necessitating urgent surgical intervention.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>LESSONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this illustrative case, the rarity and challenges of anterior encephalocele repair in extreme prematurity are evaluated. The report focuses on the surgical goals of encephalocele repair, including minimization of blood loss, controlled encephalocele excision, durable repair of dural and bony defects, and tension-free skin closure. The authors emphasize an optimal use of cadaveric bone for skull defect reconstruction to limit autograft morbidity.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/thejns.org\/doi\/10.3171\/CASE2614\">https:\/\/thejns.org\/doi\/10.3171\/CASE2614<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/case2614","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:01:14Z","timestamp":1787097674000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Frontoethmoidal encephalocele repair in prematurity: illustrative case"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Callum D.","family":"Dewar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3888-7113","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Salas-Vega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Inova Health System, Falls Church, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leon E.","family":"Moores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Inova Health System, Falls Church, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"bib1","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"254","article-title":"Clinical predictors of developmental outcome in patients with cephaloceles","volume":"2","author":"Lo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lo BWYKulkarni AVRutka JTClinical predictors of developmental outcome in patients with cephaloceles. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2008;2(4):254-257. doi:10.3171\/PED.2008.2.10.254"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib2","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E18","article-title":"Multiple-site neural tube defects: embryogenesis with complete review of existing literature","volume":"47","author":"Deora","year":"2019","unstructured":"Deora HSrinivas DShukla DMultiple-site neural tube defects: embryogenesis with complete review of existing literature. Neurosurg Focus. 2019;47(4):E18. doi:10.3171\/2019.8.FOCUS19437"},{"issue":"10-11","key":"bib3","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"702","article-title":"Nasal encephaloceles","volume":"16","author":"Hoving","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hoving EW.Nasal encephaloceles. Childs Nerv Syst. 2000;16(10-11):702-706. doi:10.1007\/s003810000339"},{"key":"bib4","article-title":"Encephalocele","author":"Karsonovich","year":"2025","unstructured":"Karsonovich TDe Jesus O.Encephalocele. In: StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; 2025. Accessed October 28, 2025. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK562168\/"},{"key":"bib5","series-title":"Interdiscip Neurosurg","article-title":"Nasofrontal encephalocele: a case report","volume":"34","author":"Ocampo-Navia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ocampo-Navia MILacouture-Silgado IHenao-Romero SM\u00e9ndez Guti\u00e9rrez AAcevedo-Gonz\u00e1lez JC.Nasofrontal encephalocele: a case report. Interdiscip Neurosurg. 2023;34:101863. doi:10.1016\/j.inat.2023.101863"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib6","series-title":"J Integr Neurosci","first-page":"79","article-title":"Craniofacial encephalocele: updates on management","volume":"22","author":"Alberts","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alberts ALucke-Wold B.Craniofacial encephalocele: updates on management. J Integr Neurosci. 2023;22(3):79. doi:10.31083\/j.jin2203079"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib7","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"151","article-title":"The neurodevelopmental outcomes of children with encephalocele: a series of 102 patients","volume":"31","author":"Kankam","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kankam SBTavallaii AMohammadi ENejat AHabibi ZNejat F.The neurodevelopmental outcomes of children with encephalocele: a series of 102 patients. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2022;31(2):151-158. doi:10.3171\/2022.10.PEDS22304"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib8","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"3437","article-title":"Hydrocephalus and occipital encephaloceles: presentation of a series and review of the literature","volume":"37","author":"Protzenko","year":"2021","unstructured":"Protzenko TDos Santos Gomes Junior SCBellas ASalom\u00e3o JFM.Hydrocephalus and occipital encephaloceles: presentation of a series and review of the literature. Childs Nerv Syst. 2021;37(11):3437-3445. doi:10.1007\/s00381-021-05312-7"},{"key":"bib9","series-title":"BMJ Case Rep","first-page":"bcr2012006293","article-title":"Occipital meningoencephalocele in a preterm neonate","volume":"2012","author":"Arora","year":"2012","unstructured":"Arora PMody SKalra VKAltaany DBajaj M.Occipital meningoencephalocele in a preterm neonate. BMJ Case Rep. 2012;2012:bcr2012006293. doi:10.1136\/bcr-2012-006293"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib10","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"739","article-title":"Nasal encephaloceles: a review of etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentations, diagnosis, treatment, and complications","volume":"29","author":"Tirumandas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tirumandas MSharma AGbenimacho INasal encephaloceles: a review of etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentations, diagnosis, treatment, and complications. Childs Nerv Syst. 2013;29(5):739-744. doi:10.1007\/s00381-012-1998-z"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib11","series-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol","first-page":"869","article-title":"Nasal encephalocele: endoscopic excision with anesthetic consideration","volume":"74","author":"Abdel-Aziz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Abdel-Aziz MEl-Bosraty HQotb MNasal encephalocele: endoscopic excision with anesthetic consideration. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2010;74(8):869-873. doi:10.1016\/j.ijporl.2010.04.015"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib12","series-title":"J Neurosurg Anesthesiol","first-page":"352","article-title":"Perioperative management of children with encephalocele: an institutional experience","volume":"23","author":"Mahajan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mahajan CRath GPDash HHBithal PK.Perioperative management of children with encephalocele: an institutional experience. 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Pediatr Neurosurg. 2010;45(6):461-466. doi:10.1159\/000277622"},{"key":"bib15","series-title":"Interdiscip Neurosurg","first-page":"101789","article-title":"Autograft cranioplasty for skull defects in children","volume":"33","author":"Fekry Elshirbiny","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fekry Elshirbiny MAhmed AMohsen Amen M.Autograft cranioplasty for skull defects in children. Interdiscip Neurosurg. 2023;33:101789. doi:10.1016\/j.inat.2023.101789"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib16","series-title":"Asian J Neurosurg","first-page":"718","article-title":"Management strategies of cranial encephaloceles: a neurosurgical challenge","volume":"14","author":"Velho","year":"2019","unstructured":"Velho VNaik HSurvashe PManagement strategies of cranial encephaloceles: a neurosurgical challenge. Asian J Neurosurg. 2019;14(3):718-724. doi:10.4103\/ajns.AJNS_139_17"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib17","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"822e","article-title":"Split cranial bone grafting in children younger than 3 years old: debunking a surgical myth","volume":"133","author":"Vercler","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vercler CJSugg KBBuchman SR.Split cranial bone grafting in children younger than 3 years old: debunking a surgical myth. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2014;133(6):822e-827e. doi:10.1097\/PRS.0000000000000222"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib18","series-title":"Crit Care Nurs Q","first-page":"202","article-title":"Neonatal blood loss risks","volume":"42","author":"Fikac","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fikac L.Neonatal blood loss risks. Crit Care Nurs Q. 2019;42(2):202-204. doi:10.1097\/CNQ.0000000000000255"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery: Case Lessons"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-case-lessons\/12\/8\/article-CASE2614.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-case-lessons\/12\/8\/article-CASE2614.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-case-lessons\/12\/8\/article-CASE2614.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:38:02Z","timestamp":1787704682000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-case-lessons\/12\/8\/article-CASE2614.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/case2614","relation":{},"ISSN":["2694-1902"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2694-1902","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]}}}