{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:38:39Z","timestamp":1792543119695,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792368000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurosurg Case Lessons"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neurosurgeons are in the forefront of developing clinical trials that harness the immune system to combat glioblastoma. Autologous tumor lysate\u2013loaded dendritic cell vaccine (DCVax-L) is a novel immunotherapy for glioblastoma. An unmet need is to develop a sensitive, specific, feasible, clinically relevant, neuroimaging biomarker that accurately reflects response to immunotherapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBSERVATIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This illustrative case involves a 63-year-old female who survived for 64 months following near-total resection of a glioblastoma and enrollment in a clinical trial (NCT00045968) using DCVax-L. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to assess treatment response longitudinally at 11 time points measuring predictive probability (PP) of tumor progression based on diffusion tensor imaging\u2013 and perfusion-weighted imaging\u2013derived parameters within the contrast-enhancing region. Lesions were considered true progression (TP) if the PP was \u2265 50% and pseudoprogression (PsP; predominant treatment effects) if the PP was &lt; 50 %. These findings were subsequently validated by histopathological analysis during resection for tumor recurrence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>LESSONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings support the use of multiparametric MRI to monitor the effects of immunotherapy in patients with glioblastoma. Such multiparametric prediction models using noninvasive, advanced neuroimaging may be helpful to differentiate TP from PsP in longitudinal assessment of treatment response.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/thejns.org\/doi\/10.3171\/CASE26655\">https:\/\/thejns.org\/doi\/10.3171\/CASE26655<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/case26655","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:00:55Z","timestamp":1791936055000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Quantitative, longitudinal measurements of response to immunotherapy for glioblastoma using multiparametric MRI in a long-term survivor treated with autologous tumor lysate\u2013loaded dendritic cell vaccine: an illustrative case"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6549-2198","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Archith","family":"Rajan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Brem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia;"},{"name":"Glioblastoma Translational Center of Excellence, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Gewolb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Florida;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0076-1470","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ajay","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laiz Laura de","family":"Godoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arati","family":"Desai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology\/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia;"},{"name":"Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4861-0898","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"MacLean P.","family":"Nasrallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Lucas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hoag Specialty Clinics, Newport Beach, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurie A.","family":"Loevner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suyash","family":"Mohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6978-7284","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sanjeev","family":"Chawla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"bib1","series-title":"Nat Rev Neurol","first-page":"221","article-title":"Advances in local therapy for glioblastoma\u2014taking the fight to the tumour","volume":"18","author":"van Solinge","year":"2022","unstructured":"van Solinge TSNieland LChiocca EABroekman ML.Advances in local therapy for glioblastoma\u2014taking the fight to the tumour. 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