{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T11:36:42Z","timestamp":1790163402734,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["FOC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\u2713Neurosurgical interventions for moyamoya disease (MMD) in pediatric patients include direct, indirect, and combined revascularization procedures. Each technique has shown efficacy in the treatment of pediatric MMD; however, no single study has demonstrated the superiority of one technique over another. In this review, the authors explore the various studies focused on the use of these techniques for MMD in the pediatric population. They summarize the results of each study to clearly depict the clinical outcomes achieved at each institution that had utilized direct, indirect, or combined techniques. In certain studies, multiple techniques were used, and the clinical or radiological outcomes were compared accordingly.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Direct techniques have been shown to aid a reduction in perioperative strokes and provide immediate revascularization to ischemic areas; however, these procedures are technically challenging, and not all pediatric patients are appropriate candidates. Indirect techniques have also shown efficacy in the pediatric population but may require a longer period for revascularization to occur and perfusion deficits to be reversed. The authors concluded that the clinical efficacy of one technique over another is still unclear, as most studies have had small populations and the same outcome measures have not been applied. Authors who compared direct and indirect techniques noted approximately equal clinical outcomes with differences in radiological findings. Additional, larger studies are needed to determine the advantages and disadvantages of the different techniques for the pediatric age group.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/foc\/2008\/24\/2\/e16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,14]],"date-time":"2008-02-14T15:12:19Z","timestamp":1203001939000},"page":"E16","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":110,"title":["Moyamoya disease in pediatric patients: outcomes of neurosurgical interventions"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Anand","family":"Veeravagu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raphael","family":"Guzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chirag G.","family":"Patil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lewis C.","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary K.","family":"Steinberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-0240016","series-title":"Stroke","first-page":"826","article-title":"Cerebral infarction due to moyamoya disease in young adults","volume":"19","author":"Bruno","year":"1988"},{"key":"b2-0240016","series-title":"Stroke","first-page":"1347","article-title":"Clinical features of moyamoya disease in the United States","volume":"29","author":"Chiu","year":"1998"},{"key":"b3-0240016","series-title":"Can J Neurol Sci","first-page":"325","article-title":"Moyamoya disease","volume":"27","author":"Fleetwood","year":"2000"},{"key":"b4-0240016","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"50","article-title":"Direct and combined revascularization in pediatric moyamoya disease","volume":"45","author":"Golby","year":"1999"},{"key":"b5-0240016","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"1263","article-title":"A co-operative study: clinical characteristics of 334 Korean patients with moyamoya disease treated at neurosurgical institutes (1976\u20131994). The Korean Society for Cerebrovascular Disease","volume":"142","author":"Han","year":"2000"},{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"b6-0240016","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","first-page":"S39","article-title":"Moyamoya disease and syndrome","volume":"99","author":"Hoffman","year":"1997"},{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"b7-0240016","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","first-page":"S142","article-title":"Direct and indirect revascularization for moyamoya disease surgical techniques and peri-operative complications","volume":"99","author":"Houkin","year":"1997"},{"key":"b8-0240016","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"269","article-title":"Neovascularization (angiogenesis) after revascularization in moyamoya disease. Which technique is most useful for moyamoya disease?","volume":"142","author":"Houkin","year":"2000"},{"key":"b9-0240016","series-title":"Neurol Res","first-page":"341","article-title":"The effect of encephalo-myo-synangiosis on abnormal collateral vessels in childhood moyamoya disease","volume":"22","author":"Irikura","year":"2000"},{"key":"b10-0240016","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"425","article-title":"Anastomosis of the superficial temporal artery to the distal anterior cerebral artery with interposed cephalic vein graft. Case report","volume":"58","author":"Ishii","year":"1983"},{"key":"b11-0240016","series-title":"Stroke","first-page":"1170","article-title":"Effects of surgical revascularization on outcome of patients with pediatric moyamoya disease","volume":"28","author":"Ishikawa","year":"1997"},{"key":"b12-0240016","series-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg","first-page":"14","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of pediatric moyamoya disease treated by encephalo-duro-arterio-synangiosis","volume":"36","author":"Isono","year":"2002"},{"key":"b13-0240016","series-title":"Nervous System in Children","first-page":"253","article-title":"Direct anastomotic bypass surgery for juvenile Moyamoya disease","volume":"20","author":"Iwama","year":"1995"},{"key":"b14-0240016","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg 99 Suppl","first-page":"S134","article-title":"Superficial temporal artery to anterior cerebral artery direct anastomosis in patients with moyamoya disease","volume":"2","author":"Iwama","year":"1997"},{"key":"b15-0240016","series-title":"Neurol Med Chir","first-page":"29","article-title":"A surgical treatment of \u201cmoyamoya\u201d disease \u201cencephalo-myo synangiosis.\u201d","volume":"17","author":"Karasawa","year":"1977"},{"key":"b16-0240016","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"192","article-title":"Cerebral revascularization using omental transplantation for childhood moyamoya disease","volume":"79","author":"Karasawa","year":"1993"},{"key":"b17-0240016","series-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis","first-page":"109","article-title":"Progression of unilateral moyamoya disease: A clinical series","volume":"22","author":"Kelly","year":"2006"},{"key":"b18-0240016","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"1061","article-title":"Moyamoya disease and Moyamoya syndrome: experience in Europe; choice of revascularisation procedures","volume":"145","author":"Khan","year":"2003"},{"key":"b19-0240016","series-title":"No Shinkei Geka","first-page":"15","article-title":"[STA-cortical MCA anastomosis for cerebrovascular occlusive disease.]","volume":"1","author":"Kikuchi","year":"1973"},{"key":"b20-0240016","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"316","article-title":"Encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis with bifrontal encephalogaleo(periosteal)synangiosis in the pediatric moyamoya disease: the surgical technique and its outcomes","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2003"},{"key":"b21-0240016","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","first-page":"125","article-title":"Surgical results in pediatric moyamoya disease: angiographic revascularization and the clinical results","volume":"109","author":"Kim","year":"2007"},{"key":"b22-0240016","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"840","article-title":"Moyamoya disease among young patients: its aggressive clinical course and the role of active surgical treatment","volume":"54","author":"Kim","year":"2004"},{"key":"b23-0240016","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"88","article-title":"Combined encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis and bifrontal encephalogaleo (periosteal)synangiosis in pediatric moyamoya disease","volume":"50","author":"Kim","year":"2002"},{"key":"b24-0240016","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"527","article-title":"Surgical treatment of moyamoya disease: operative technique for encephalo-duro-arterio-myo-synangiosis, its follow-up, clinical results, and angiograms","volume":"32","author":"Kinugasa","year":"1993"},{"key":"b25-0240016","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"455","article-title":"Ribbon enchephalo-duro-arterio-myo-synangiosis for moyamoya disease","volume":"41","author":"Kinugasa","year":"1994"},{"key":"b26-0240016","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"976","article-title":"Long-term natural history of hemorrhagic moyamoya disease in 42 patients","volume":"93","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2000"},{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"b27-0240016","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","first-page":"S209","article-title":"Histopathological studies on spontaneous vault moyamoya and revascularized collaterals formed by encephalomyosynangiosis","volume":"99","author":"Kono","year":"1997"},{"key":"b28-0240016","series-title":"Neurol Med Chir","first-page":"315","article-title":"Frontal lobe infarction due to hemodynamic change after surgical revascularization in moyamoya disease\u2014two case reports","volume":"40","author":"Kuroda","year":"2000"},{"key":"b29-0240016","series-title":"Curr Neurovasc Res","first-page":"237","article-title":"New vessel formation in the central nervous system during tumor growth, vascular malformations, and Moyamoya","volume":"3","author":"Lim","year":"2006"},{"key":"b30-0240016","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"114","article-title":"Common carotid to intracranial internal carotid bypass venous graft. Technical note","volume":"34","author":"Lougheed","year":"1971"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"b31-0240016","series-title":"Neurol Med Chir","first-page":"297","article-title":"An indirect revascularization method in the surgical treatment of moyamoya disease\u2014various kinds of indirect procedures and a multiple combined indirect procedure","volume":"38","author":"Matsushima","year":"1998"},{"key":"b32-0240016","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"401","article-title":"Surgical treatment of moyamoya disease in pediatric patients\u2014comparison between the results of indirect and direct revascularization procedures","volume":"31","author":"Matsushima","year":"1992"},{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"b33-0240016","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","first-page":"S123","article-title":"Surgical techniques and the results of a fronto-temporoparietal combined indirect bypass procedure for children with moyamoya disease: a comparison with the results of encephalo-duro-arterio-synangiosis alone","volume":"99","author":"Matsushima","year":"1997"},{"key":"b34-0240016","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"313","article-title":"A new surgical treatment of moyamoya disease in children: a preliminary report","volume":"15","author":"Matsushima","year":"1981"},{"issue":"5","key":"b35-0240016","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E5","article-title":"Long-term outcome after STA-MCA anastomosis for moyamoya disease","volume":"5","author":"Miyamoto","year":"1998"},{"key":"b36-0240016","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"541","article-title":"Indirect revascularization for moyamoya disease: is there a beneficial effect for adult patients?","volume":"45","author":"Mizoi","year":"1996"},{"key":"b37-0240016","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"675","article-title":"The surgical treatment of childhood moyamoya disease","volume":"66","author":"Olds","year":"1987"},{"issue":"3 Suppl","key":"b38-0240016","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"237","article-title":"Modified encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis with bifrontal encephalogaleoperiosteal synangiosis for the treatment of pediatric moyamoya disease. Technical note","volume":"106","author":"Park","year":"2007"},{"key":"b39-0240016","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E7","article-title":"The history of neurosurgical procedures for moyamoya disease","volume":"20","author":"Reis","year":"2006"},{"issue":"6 Suppl","key":"b40-0240016","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"437","article-title":"Multiple bur hole surgery for the treatment of moyamoya disease in children","volume":"105","author":"Sainte-Rose","year":"2006"},{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"b41-0240016","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","first-page":"S128","article-title":"Direct extracranial-intracranial bypass for children with moyamoya disease","volume":"99","author":"Sakamoto","year":"1997"},{"key":"b42-0240016","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","first-page":"77","article-title":"Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in dura mater of patients with moyamoya disease","volume":"31","author":"Sakamoto","year":"2007"},{"key":"b43-0240016","series-title":"Clin Neurosurg","first-page":"378","article-title":"Moyamoya syndrome: a surgically treatable cause of stroke in the pediatric patient","volume":"47","author":"Scott","year":"2000"},{"key":"b44-0240016","series-title":"Arch Neurol","first-page":"128","article-title":"Surgery for moyamoya syndrome? Yes","volume":"58","author":"Scott","year":"2001"},{"issue":"2 Suppl Pediatrics","key":"b45-0240016","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"142","article-title":"Long-term outcome in children with moyamoya syndrome after cranial revascularization by pial synangiosis","volume":"100","author":"Scott","year":"2004"},{"key":"b46-0240016","series-title":"Anesth Analg","first-page":"1066","article-title":"Anesthetic management of children with moyamoya syndrome","volume":"77","author":"Soriano","year":"1993"},{"key":"b47-0240016","series-title":"Moyamoya Disease","first-page":"185","article-title":"Omental transplantation for moyamoya disease","author":"Stoodley","year":"2001"},{"key":"b48-0240016","series-title":"Arch Neurol","first-page":"288","article-title":"Cerebrovascular \u201cmoyamoya\u201d disease. Disease showing abnormal net-like vessels in base of brain","volume":"20","author":"Suzuki","year":"1969"},{"key":"b49-0240016","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"324","article-title":"Surgical treatment for pediatric moyamoya disease: use of the superficial temporal artery for both areas supplied by the anterior and middle cerebral arteries","volume":"40","author":"Suzuki","year":"1997"},{"key":"b50-0240016","series-title":"No To Shinkei","first-page":"37","article-title":"Hypogenesis of bilateral internal carotid arteries","volume":"9","author":"Takeuchi","year":"1957"},{"key":"b51-0240016","series-title":"Childs Brain","first-page":"1","article-title":"Treatment of moyamoya disease by temporal muscle graft \u2018encephalo-myo-synangiosis\u2019","volume":"10","author":"Takeuchi","year":"1983"},{"key":"b52-0240016","series-title":"Indian Pediatr","first-page":"123","article-title":"Moya Moya cases treated with encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis","volume":"44","author":"Tripathi","year":"2007"},{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"b53-0240016","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","first-page":"S118","article-title":"Combined encephalo-arterio-synangiosis and encephalo-myo-synangiosis in the treatment of moyamoya disease","volume":"99","author":"Tu","year":"1997"},{"key":"b54-0240016","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"956","article-title":"Moyamoya disease in Washington State and California","volume":"65","author":"Uchino","year":"2005"},{"key":"b55-0240016","series-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg","first-page":"145","article-title":"Rapid and near-complete resolution of moyamoya vessels in a patient with moyamoya disease treated with superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery bypass","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"1996"},{"key":"b56-0240016","series-title":"Microvascular Surgery","first-page":"87","article-title":"Experimental small vessel surgery in the dog including patching and grafting of cerebral vessels and formation of functional and extra-intracranial shunts","author":"Ya\u015fargil","year":"1967"},{"key":"b57-0240016","series-title":"Arch Neurol","first-page":"1274","article-title":"Moyamoya: Indiana University Medical Center experience","volume":"58","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2001"},{"key":"b58-0240016","series-title":"The Research Committee on Spontaneous Occlusion of the Circle of Willis (Moyamoya Disease) of the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Japan: Annual Report 1991","first-page":"41","article-title":"Follow-up study of 632 cases in spontaneous occlusion of the circle of Willis registered from 1983 to 1991","author":"Yonekawa","year":"1992"},{"key":"b59-0240016","series-title":"Neurol Med Chir","first-page":"464","article-title":"Cerebral revascularization using muscle free flap for ischemic cerebrovascular disease in adult patients","volume":"38","author":"Yoshioka","year":"1998"},{"key":"b60-0240016","series-title":"Skull Base","first-page":"27","article-title":"Moyamoya disease in adults: the role of cerebral revascularization","volume":"15","author":"Zipfel","year":"2005"},{"key":"b1-0240016","series-title":"Stroke","first-page":"826","article-title":"Cerebral infarction due to moyamoya disease in young adults","volume":"19","author":"Bruno","year":"1988"},{"key":"b2-0240016","series-title":"Stroke","first-page":"1347","article-title":"Clinical features of moyamoya disease in the United States","volume":"29","author":"Chiu","year":"1998"},{"key":"b3-0240016","series-title":"Can J Neurol Sci","first-page":"325","article-title":"Moyamoya disease","volume":"27","author":"Fleetwood","year":"2000"},{"key":"b4-0240016","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"50","article-title":"Direct and combined revascularization in pediatric moyamoya disease","volume":"45","author":"Golby","year":"1999"},{"key":"b5-0240016","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"1263","article-title":"A co-operative study: clinical characteristics of 334 Korean patients with moyamoya disease treated at neurosurgical institutes (1976\u20131994). The Korean Society for Cerebrovascular Disease","volume":"142","author":"Han","year":"2000"},{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"b6-0240016","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","first-page":"S39","article-title":"Moyamoya disease and syndrome","volume":"99","author":"Hoffman","year":"1997"},{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"b7-0240016","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","first-page":"S142","article-title":"Direct and indirect revascularization for moyamoya disease surgical techniques and peri-operative complications","volume":"99","author":"Houkin","year":"1997"},{"key":"b8-0240016","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"269","article-title":"Neovascularization (angiogenesis) after revascularization in moyamoya disease. Which technique is most useful for moyamoya disease?","volume":"142","author":"Houkin","year":"2000"},{"key":"b9-0240016","series-title":"Neurol Res","first-page":"341","article-title":"The effect of encephalo-myo-synangiosis on abnormal collateral vessels in childhood moyamoya disease","volume":"22","author":"Irikura","year":"2000"},{"key":"b10-0240016","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"425","article-title":"Anastomosis of the superficial temporal artery to the distal anterior cerebral artery with interposed cephalic vein graft. Case report","volume":"58","author":"Ishii","year":"1983"},{"key":"b11-0240016","series-title":"Stroke","first-page":"1170","article-title":"Effects of surgical revascularization on outcome of patients with pediatric moyamoya disease","volume":"28","author":"Ishikawa","year":"1997"},{"key":"b12-0240016","series-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg","first-page":"14","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of pediatric moyamoya disease treated by encephalo-duro-arterio-synangiosis","volume":"36","author":"Isono","year":"2002"},{"key":"b13-0240016","series-title":"Nervous System in Children","first-page":"253","article-title":"Direct anastomotic bypass surgery for juvenile Moyamoya disease","volume":"20","author":"Iwama","year":"1995"},{"key":"b14-0240016","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg 99 Suppl","first-page":"S134","article-title":"Superficial temporal artery to anterior cerebral artery direct anastomosis in patients with moyamoya disease","volume":"2","author":"Iwama","year":"1997"},{"key":"b15-0240016","series-title":"Neurol Med Chir","first-page":"29","article-title":"A surgical treatment of \u201cmoyamoya\u201d disease \u201cencephalo-myo synangiosis.\u201d","volume":"17","author":"Karasawa","year":"1977"},{"key":"b16-0240016","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"192","article-title":"Cerebral revascularization using omental transplantation for childhood moyamoya disease","volume":"79","author":"Karasawa","year":"1993"},{"key":"b17-0240016","series-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis","first-page":"109","article-title":"Progression of unilateral moyamoya disease: A clinical series","volume":"22","author":"Kelly","year":"2006"},{"key":"b18-0240016","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"1061","article-title":"Moyamoya disease and Moyamoya syndrome: experience in Europe; choice of revascularisation procedures","volume":"145","author":"Khan","year":"2003"},{"key":"b19-0240016","series-title":"No Shinkei Geka","first-page":"15","article-title":"[STA-cortical MCA anastomosis for cerebrovascular occlusive disease.]","volume":"1","author":"Kikuchi","year":"1973"},{"key":"b20-0240016","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"316","article-title":"Encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis with bifrontal encephalogaleo(periosteal)synangiosis in the pediatric moyamoya disease: the surgical technique and its outcomes","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2003"},{"key":"b21-0240016","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","first-page":"125","article-title":"Surgical results in pediatric moyamoya disease: angiographic revascularization and the clinical results","volume":"109","author":"Kim","year":"2007"},{"key":"b22-0240016","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"840","article-title":"Moyamoya disease among young patients: its aggressive clinical course and the role of active surgical treatment","volume":"54","author":"Kim","year":"2004"},{"key":"b23-0240016","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"88","article-title":"Combined encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis and bifrontal encephalogaleo (periosteal)synangiosis in pediatric moyamoya disease","volume":"50","author":"Kim","year":"2002"},{"key":"b24-0240016","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"527","article-title":"Surgical treatment of moyamoya disease: operative technique for encephalo-duro-arterio-myo-synangiosis, its follow-up, clinical results, and angiograms","volume":"32","author":"Kinugasa","year":"1993"},{"key":"b25-0240016","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"455","article-title":"Ribbon enchephalo-duro-arterio-myo-synangiosis for moyamoya disease","volume":"41","author":"Kinugasa","year":"1994"},{"key":"b26-0240016","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"976","article-title":"Long-term natural history of hemorrhagic moyamoya disease in 42 patients","volume":"93","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2000"},{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"b27-0240016","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","first-page":"S209","article-title":"Histopathological studies on spontaneous vault moyamoya and revascularized collaterals formed by encephalomyosynangiosis","volume":"99","author":"Kono","year":"1997"},{"key":"b28-0240016","series-title":"Neurol Med Chir","first-page":"315","article-title":"Frontal lobe infarction due to hemodynamic change after surgical revascularization in moyamoya disease\u2014two case reports","volume":"40","author":"Kuroda","year":"2000"},{"key":"b29-0240016","series-title":"Curr Neurovasc Res","first-page":"237","article-title":"New vessel formation in the central nervous system during tumor growth, vascular malformations, and Moyamoya","volume":"3","author":"Lim","year":"2006"},{"key":"b30-0240016","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"114","article-title":"Common carotid to intracranial internal carotid bypass venous graft. Technical note","volume":"34","author":"Lougheed","year":"1971"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"b31-0240016","series-title":"Neurol Med Chir","first-page":"297","article-title":"An indirect revascularization method in the surgical treatment of moyamoya disease\u2014various kinds of indirect procedures and a multiple combined indirect procedure","volume":"38","author":"Matsushima","year":"1998"},{"key":"b32-0240016","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"401","article-title":"Surgical treatment of moyamoya disease in pediatric patients\u2014comparison between the results of indirect and direct revascularization procedures","volume":"31","author":"Matsushima","year":"1992"},{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"b33-0240016","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","first-page":"S123","article-title":"Surgical techniques and the results of a fronto-temporoparietal combined indirect bypass procedure for children with moyamoya disease: a comparison with the results of encephalo-duro-arterio-synangiosis alone","volume":"99","author":"Matsushima","year":"1997"},{"key":"b34-0240016","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"313","article-title":"A new surgical treatment of moyamoya disease in children: a preliminary report","volume":"15","author":"Matsushima","year":"1981"},{"issue":"5","key":"b35-0240016","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E5","article-title":"Long-term outcome after STA-MCA anastomosis for moyamoya disease","volume":"5","author":"Miyamoto","year":"1998"},{"key":"b36-0240016","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"541","article-title":"Indirect revascularization for moyamoya disease: is there a beneficial effect for adult patients?","volume":"45","author":"Mizoi","year":"1996"},{"key":"b37-0240016","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"675","article-title":"The surgical treatment of childhood moyamoya disease","volume":"66","author":"Olds","year":"1987"},{"issue":"3 Suppl","key":"b38-0240016","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"237","article-title":"Modified encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis with bifrontal encephalogaleoperiosteal synangiosis for the treatment of pediatric moyamoya disease. 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