{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T22:47:23Z","timestamp":1792536443271,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":282,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["FOC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Object<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study was to review the historical developments and current status of superficial temporal artery (STA) to middle cerebral artery (MCA) bypass.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A literature review was performed to review the origins and current uses of the STA bypass procedure in neurosurgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The idea of providing additional blood supply to the brain to prevent stroke and maintain neurological function has been present in the mind of neurosurgeons for many decades. In 1967 the first STA\u2013MCA bypass was done by M. G. Ya\u015fargil, and an enormous step was made into the field of microneurosurgery and cerebral revascularization. During the decades that followed, this technique was used as an adjuvant or a definitive surgical treatment for occlusive disease of the extracranial and intracranial cerebral vessels, skull base tumors, aneurysms, carotid\u2013cavernous fistulas, cerebral vasospasm, acute cerebral ischemia, and moyamoya disease. With the results of the first randomized extracranial\u2013intracranial (EC\u2013IC) bypass trial and the development of endovascular techniques such as angioplasty for intracranial atherosclerotic disease and cerebral vasospasm, the indications for STA\u2013MCA bypass became limited. Neurosurgeons continued to perform EC\u2013IC bypasses as an adjuvant to clipping of aneurysms and in the treatment of skull base tumors and moyamoya disease; the procedure is less commonly used for atherosclerotic carotid artery occlusion (CAO) with definite evidence of hemodynamic insufficiency. The evidence that patients with symptomatic CAO and \u201cmisery perfusion\u201d have an increased stroke risk has prompted a second trial for evaluating EC\u2013IC bypass for stroke prevention. The Carotid Occlusion Surgery Study is a new trial designed to determine whether STA\u2013MCA bypass can reduce the incidence of stroke in these patients. New trials will also reveal the role of the STA\u2013MCA bypass in the prevention of hemorrhages in moyamoya disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The role of STA\u2013MCA bypass in the management of cerebrovascular disease continues to be refined and evaluated using advanced imaging techniques and by performing randomized trials for specific purposes, including symptomatic CAO.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/foc\/2008\/24\/2\/e2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,14]],"date-time":"2008-02-14T15:12:19Z","timestamp":1203001939000},"page":"E2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery bypass: past, present, and future"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Marcelo D.","family":"Vilela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David W.","family":"Newell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-0240002","series-title":"Neurosurg Clin N Am","first-page":"613","article-title":"Preview of a new trial of extracranial-to-intracranial arterial anastomosis: the carotid occlusion surgery study","volume":"12","author":"Adams","year":"2001"},{"key":"b2-0240002","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"794","article-title":"Extracranial-intracranial bypass in the treatment of occlusive cerebrovascular disease and intracranial aneurysms in the United States between 1992 and 2001: a population-based study","volume":"103","author":"Amin-Hanjani","year":"2005"},{"key":"b3-0240002","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"3","article-title":"Bilateral temporal-middle cerebral artery anastomosis for Moyamoya syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Amine","year":"1977"},{"key":"b4-0240002","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"218","article-title":"Critique of the extracranial-intracranial bypass study","volume":"26","author":"Ausman","year":"1986"},{"key":"b5-0240002","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"655","article-title":"Extracranial-intracranial bypass surgery: a critical analysis in light of the International Cooperative study","volume":"19","author":"Awad","year":"1986"},{"key":"b6-0240002","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"92","article-title":"Combined extracranial-intracranial bypass and intraoperative balloon occlusion for the treatment of intracavernous and proximal carotid artery aneurysms","volume":"35","author":"Barnett","year":"1994"},{"key":"b7-0240002","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"227","article-title":"Further conclusions from the extracranial-intracranial bypass trial","volume":"26","author":"Barnett","year":"1986"},{"key":"b8-0240002","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"820","article-title":"Are the results of the extracranial-intracranial bypass trial generalizable?","volume":"316","author":"Barnett","year":"1987"},{"key":"b9-0240002","series-title":"Stroke","first-page":"454","article-title":"Reversal of focal \u201cMisery-perfusion syndrome\u201d by extra-intracranial arterial bypass in hemodynamic cerebral ischemia. 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