{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T08:59:58Z","timestamp":1780736398021,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["FOC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\u2713As a leading cause of death and disability in patients across the world, stroke is a problem that plagues both neurosurgeons and neurologists alike. Whether a result of atherosclerosis, moyamoya disease, or a complication in the treatment of a complex intracranial aneurysm, cerebrovascular occlusion can have devastating effects on patients. For nearly half a century neurosurgeons have searched for safer, more effective ways to increase the amount of blood flow to ischemic brain tissue. From the first extracranial\u2013intracranial bypasses to the recent technological advancements seen with endovascular therapy, cerebral revascularization techniques have been constantly evolving. Over the years cerebral ischemia has gone from a condition that was previously considered surgically untreatable, to a condition with several viable options for prevention and treatment. In this paper the authors discuss the historical evolution of treatment for cerebrovascular occlusive disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/foc\/2008\/24\/2\/e3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,14]],"date-time":"2008-02-14T15:12:19Z","timestamp":1203001939000},"page":"E3","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Evolution of cerebral revascularization techniques"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"R. Webster","family":"Crowley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricky","family":"Medel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron S.","family":"Dumont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery and"},{"name":"Radiology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-0240003","series-title":"Stroke","first-page":"E165","article-title":"Drug-eluting stents for the treatment of intracranial atherosclerosis: initial experience and midterm angiographic follow-up","volume":"36","author":"Abou-Chebl","year":"2005"},{"key":"b2-0240003","series-title":"Neurosurg Clin N Am","first-page":"613","article-title":"Preview of a new trial of extracranial-to-intracranial arterial anastomosis: the carotid occlusion surgery study","volume":"12","author":"Adams","year":"2001"},{"key":"b3-0240003","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1191","article-title":"Failure of extracranial-intracranial arterial bypass to reduce the risk of ischemic stroke. Results of an international randomized trial. The EC\/IC Bypass Study Group","volume":"313","year":"1985"},{"key":"b4-0240003","series-title":"Stroke","first-page":"1531","article-title":"A novel, self-expanding, nitinol stent in medically refractory intracranial atherosclerotic stenoses: the Wingspan study","volume":"38","author":"Bose","year":"2007"},{"key":"b5-0240003","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1305","article-title":"Comparison of warfarin and aspirin for symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis","volume":"352","author":"Chimowitz","year":"2005"},{"key":"b6-0240003","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"415","article-title":"Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for intracranial atherosclerotic lesions: evolution of technique and short-term results","volume":"91","author":"Connors","year":"1999"},{"key":"b7-0240003","series-title":"Youmans Neurological Surgery","article-title":"Historical conditions","author":"Deogaonkar","year":"2004"},{"key":"b8-0240003","article-title":"Extra-intracranial blood flow diversion","author":"Donaghy"},{"key":"b9-0240003","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"392","article-title":"Stent deployment resolves a petrous carotid artery angioplasty dissection","volume":"19","author":"Dorros","year":"1998"},{"key":"b10-0240003","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"180","article-title":"Cranial burr hole for re-vascularization in moyamoya disease","volume":"71","author":"Endo","year":"1989"},{"key":"b11-0240003","series-title":"Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn","first-page":"316","article-title":"Use of coronary Palmaz-Schatz stent in the percutaneous treatment of an intracranial carotid artery stenosis","volume":"38","author":"Feldman","year":"1996"},{"key":"b12-0240003","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"236","article-title":"A 7-year experience with balloon-mounted coronary stents for the treatment of symptomatic vertebrobasilar intracranial atheromatous disease","volume":"61","author":"Fiorella","year":"2007"},{"key":"b13-0240003","series-title":"Stroke","first-page":"881","article-title":"US multicenter experience with the wingspan stent system for the treatment of intracranial atheromatous disease: periprocedural results","volume":"38","author":"Fiorella","year":"2007"},{"key":"b14-0240003","series-title":"Stroke","first-page":"2391","article-title":"Emerging endovascular therapies for symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic disease","volume":"38","author":"Fiorella","year":"2007"},{"key":"b15-0240003","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"23","article-title":"Angioplasty for intracranial symptomatic vertebro-basilar ischemia","volume":"51","author":"Gress","year":"2002"},{"key":"b16-0240003","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"1055","article-title":"Importance of hemodynamic factors in the prognosis of symptomatic carotid occlusion","volume":"280","author":"Grubb","year":"1998"},{"key":"b17-0240003","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E9","article-title":"The Carotid Occlusion Surgery Study","volume":"14","author":"Grubb","year":"2003"},{"key":"b18-0240003","series-title":"Stroke","first-page":"2562","article-title":"Safety, feasibility, and short-term follow-up of drug-eluting stent placement in the intracranial and extracranial circulation","volume":"37","author":"Gupta","year":"2006"},{"key":"b19-0240003","series-title":"Neurol Clin","first-page":"697","article-title":"Intracranial angioplasty and stenting for cerebrovascular disease","volume":"24","author":"Hacein-Bey","year":"2006"},{"key":"b20-0240003","series-title":"Neuroradiology","first-page":"367","article-title":"Intracranial angioplasty and stenting for cerebral atherosclerosis: new treatments for stroke are needed","volume":"48","author":"Higashida","year":"2006"},{"key":"b21-0240003","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"192","article-title":"Transluminal angioplasty for atherosclerotic disease of the vertebral and basilar arteries","volume":"78","author":"Higashida","year":"1993"},{"key":"b22-0240003","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"925","article-title":"Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting of midbasilar stenoses: three technical case reports and literature review","volume":"45","author":"Horowitz","year":"1999"},{"key":"b23-0240003","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"425","article-title":"Anastomosis of the superficial temporal artery to the distal anterior cerebral artery with interposed cephalic vein graft. Case report","volume":"58","author":"Ishii","year":"1983"},{"key":"b24-0240003","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"81","article-title":"Vein graft replacement of the distal vertebral artery","volume":"120","author":"Iwai","year":"1993"},{"key":"b25-0240003","series-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)","first-page":"29","article-title":"A surgical treatment of \u201cmoyamoya\u201d disease \u201cencephalo-myo synangiosis\u201d","volume":"17","author":"Karasawa","year":"1977"},{"key":"b26-0240003","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"444","article-title":"Intracranial transplantation of the omentum for cerebrovascular moyamoya disease: a two-year follow-up study","volume":"14","author":"Karasawa","year":"1980"},{"key":"b27-0240003","series-title":"Circulation","first-page":"555","article-title":"Predictors of ischemic stroke in the territory of a symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis","volume":"113","author":"Kasner","year":"2006"},{"key":"b28-0240003","series-title":"No Shinkei Geka","first-page":"15","article-title":"[STA-cortical MCA anastomosis for cerebrovascular occlusive disease.]","volume":"1","author":"Kikuchi","year":"1973"},{"key":"b29-0240003","series-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis","first-page":"184","article-title":"A new type of extracranial\/intracranial bypass for recurrent haemodynamic transient ischaemic attacks","volume":"8","author":"Klijn","year":"1998"},{"key":"b30-0240003","series-title":"Stroke","first-page":"2451","article-title":"Excimer laser-assisted high-flow extracranial\/intracranial bypass in patients with symptomatic carotid artery occlusion at high risk of recurrent cerebral ischemia: safety and long-term outcome","volume":"33","author":"Klijn","year":"2002"},{"key":"b31-0240003","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"595","article-title":"Natural history of intracranial atherosclerosis: a critical review","volume":"58","author":"Komotar","year":"2006"},{"key":"b32-0240003","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"353","article-title":"The moyamoya syndrome and the neurosurgeon","volume":"4","author":"Krayenb\u00fchl","year":"1975"},{"key":"b33-0240003","series-title":"South Surg","first-page":"234","article-title":"Collateral cerebral circulation by muscle graft: technique of operation with report of three cases","volume":"11","author":"Kredel","year":"1942"},{"key":"b34-0240003","series-title":"Skull Base","first-page":"191","article-title":"ELANA: Excimer Laser-Assisted Non-occlusive Anastomosis for extracranial-to-intracranial and intracranial-to-intracranial bypass: a review","volume":"15","author":"Langer","year":"2005"},{"key":"b35-0240003","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"404","article-title":"Angioplasty and stenting of basilar artery stenosis: technical case report","volume":"45","author":"Lanzino","year":"1999"},{"key":"b36-0240003","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"458","article-title":"Stent-assisted intracranial recanalization for acute stroke: early results","volume":"58","author":"Levy","year":"2006"},{"key":"b37-0240003","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"816","article-title":"Self-expanding stents for recanalization of acute cerebrovascular occlusions","volume":"28","author":"Levy","year":"2007"},{"key":"b38-0240003","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"644","article-title":"Wingspan in-stent restenosis and thrombosis: incidence, clinical presentation, and management","volume":"61","author":"Levy","year":"2007"},{"key":"b39-0240003","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"114","article-title":"Common carotid to intracranial internal carotid bypass venous graft. Technical note","volume":"34","author":"Lougheed","year":"1971"},{"key":"b40-0240003","series-title":"Stroke","first-page":"1065","article-title":"Outcome of angioplasty for atherosclerotic intracranial stenosis","volume":"30","author":"Marks","year":"1999"},{"key":"b41-0240003","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"313","article-title":"A new surgical treatment of moyamoya disease in children: a preliminary report","volume":"15","author":"Matsushima","year":"1981"},{"key":"b42-0240003","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"1525","article-title":"Follow-up study after intracranial percutaneous transluminal cerebral balloon angioplasty","volume":"19","author":"Mori","year":"1998"},{"key":"b43-0240003","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"955","article-title":"Successful cerebral artery stent placement for total occlusion of the vertebrobasilar artery in a patient suffering from acute stroke. Case report","volume":"90","author":"Mori","year":"1999"},{"key":"b44-0240003","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"205","article-title":"Middle meningeal\u2014middle cerebral artery anastomosis for cerebral ischemia","volume":"12","author":"Nishikawa","year":"1979"},{"key":"b45-0240003","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"667","article-title":"Endovascular stenting of an acutely thrombosed basilar artery: technical case report and review of the literature","volume":"44","author":"Phatouros","year":"1999"},{"key":"b46-0240003","series-title":"Aneurysms and Arteriovenous Malformations of the Brain: Diagnosis and Treatment","first-page":"326","author":"Pool","year":"1965"},{"key":"b47-0240003","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"1044","article-title":"Early and intermediate-term outcomes with drug-eluting stents in high-risk patients with symptomatic intracranial stenosis","volume":"59","author":"Qureshi","year":"2006"},{"key":"b48-0240003","series-title":"Neurosurg 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disease and large aneurysms in the posterior circulation","volume":"56","author":"Sundt","year":"1982"},{"key":"b57-0240003","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"439","article-title":"Saphenous vein bypass grafts for giant aneurysms and intracranial occlusive disease","volume":"65","author":"Sundt","year":"1986"},{"key":"b58-0240003","series-title":"Mayo Clin Proc","first-page":"673","article-title":"Transluminal angioplasty for basilar artery stenosis","volume":"55","author":"Sundt","year":"1980"},{"key":"b59-0240003","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"66","article-title":"First clinical experience with excimer assisted high flow bypass surgery of the brain","volume":"134","author":"Tulleken","year":"1995"},{"key":"b60-0240003","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"424","article-title":"The modified excimer laser-assisted high-flow bypass operation","volume":"46","author":"Tulleken","year":"1996"},{"key":"b61-0240003","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"477","article-title":"Use of the excimer laser in high-flow bypass surgery of the brain","volume":"78","author":"Tulleken","year":"1993"},{"issue":"6 Suppl","key":"b62-0240003","series-title":"Ann Thorac Surg","first-page":"S138","article-title":"Non-occlusive excimer laser-assisted end-to-side anastomosis","volume":"63","author":"Tulleken","year":"1997"},{"key":"b63-0240003","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","article-title":"Influence of patient age and stenosis location on Wingspan in-stent restenosis","author":"Turk","year":"2007"},{"issue":"4 Suppl","key":"b64-0240003","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"ONS328","article-title":"Treatment of giant and large internal carotid artery aneurysms with a high-flow replacement bypass using the excimer laser-assisted nonocclusive anastomosis technique","volume":"59","author":"van Doormaal","year":"2006"},{"key":"b65-0240003","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"1882","article-title":"Intracranial angioplasty and stenting: long-term results from a single center","volume":"27","author":"Wojak","year":"2006"},{"key":"b66-0240003","series-title":"Neurochirurgie","first-page":"181","article-title":"[Anastomosis between the common carotid and the intracranial carotid or the sylvian artery by a graft, using the suspended suture technic.]","volume":"200","author":"Woringer","year":"1963"},{"key":"b67-0240003","series-title":"Surgery","first-page":"221","article-title":"Microneurosurgical arterial reconstruction","volume":"67","author":"Ya\u015fargil","year":"1970"},{"key":"b1-0240003","series-title":"Stroke","first-page":"E165","article-title":"Drug-eluting stents for the treatment of intracranial atherosclerosis: initial experience and midterm angiographic follow-up","volume":"36","author":"Abou-Chebl","year":"2005"},{"key":"b2-0240003","series-title":"Neurosurg Clin N Am","first-page":"613","article-title":"Preview of a 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Results of an international randomized trial. The EC\/IC Bypass Study Group","volume":"313","year":"1985"},{"key":"b4-0240003","series-title":"Stroke","first-page":"1531","article-title":"A novel, self-expanding, nitinol stent in medically refractory intracranial atherosclerotic stenoses: the Wingspan study","volume":"38","author":"Bose","year":"2007"},{"key":"b5-0240003","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1305","article-title":"Comparison of warfarin and aspirin for symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis","volume":"352","author":"Chimowitz","year":"2005"},{"key":"b6-0240003","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"415","article-title":"Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for intracranial atherosclerotic lesions: evolution of technique and short-term results","volume":"91","author":"Connors","year":"1999"},{"key":"b7-0240003","series-title":"Youmans Neurological Surgery","article-title":"Historical conditions","author":"Deogaonkar","year":"2004"},{"key":"b8-0240003","article-title":"Extra-intracranial blood flow diversion","author":"Donaghy"},{"key":"b9-0240003","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"392","article-title":"Stent deployment resolves a petrous carotid artery angioplasty dissection","volume":"19","author":"Dorros","year":"1998"},{"key":"b10-0240003","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"180","article-title":"Cranial burr hole for re-vascularization in moyamoya disease","volume":"71","author":"Endo","year":"1989"},{"key":"b11-0240003","series-title":"Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn","first-page":"316","article-title":"Use of coronary Palmaz-Schatz stent in the percutaneous treatment of an intracranial carotid artery stenosis","volume":"38","author":"Feldman","year":"1996"},{"key":"b12-0240003","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"236","article-title":"A 7-year experience with balloon-mounted coronary stents for the treatment of symptomatic vertebrobasilar intracranial atheromatous disease","volume":"61","author":"Fiorella","year":"2007"},{"key":"b13-0240003","series-title":"Stroke","first-page":"881","article-title":"US multicenter experience with the wingspan stent system for the treatment of intracranial atheromatous disease: periprocedural results","volume":"38","author":"Fiorella","year":"2007"},{"key":"b14-0240003","series-title":"Stroke","first-page":"2391","article-title":"Emerging endovascular therapies for symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic disease","volume":"38","author":"Fiorella","year":"2007"},{"key":"b15-0240003","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"23","article-title":"Angioplasty for intracranial symptomatic vertebro-basilar ischemia","volume":"51","author":"Gress","year":"2002"},{"key":"b16-0240003","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"1055","article-title":"Importance of hemodynamic factors in the prognosis of symptomatic carotid occlusion","volume":"280","author":"Grubb","year":"1998"},{"key":"b17-0240003","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E9","article-title":"The Carotid Occlusion Surgery Study","volume":"14","author":"Grubb","year":"2003"},{"key":"b18-0240003","series-title":"Stroke","first-page":"2562","article-title":"Safety, feasibility, and short-term follow-up of drug-eluting stent placement in the intracranial and extracranial circulation","volume":"37","author":"Gupta","year":"2006"},{"key":"b19-0240003","series-title":"Neurol Clin","first-page":"697","article-title":"Intracranial angioplasty and stenting for cerebrovascular disease","volume":"24","author":"Hacein-Bey","year":"2006"},{"key":"b20-0240003","series-title":"Neuroradiology","first-page":"367","article-title":"Intracranial angioplasty and stenting for cerebral atherosclerosis: new treatments for stroke are needed","volume":"48","author":"Higashida","year":"2006"},{"key":"b21-0240003","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"192","article-title":"Transluminal angioplasty for atherosclerotic disease of the vertebral and basilar arteries","volume":"78","author":"Higashida","year":"1993"},{"key":"b22-0240003","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"925","article-title":"Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting of midbasilar stenoses: three technical case reports and literature review","volume":"45","author":"Horowitz","year":"1999"},{"key":"b23-0240003","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"425","article-title":"Anastomosis of the superficial temporal artery to the distal anterior cerebral artery with interposed cephalic vein graft. 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Case report","volume":"90","author":"Mori","year":"1999"},{"key":"b44-0240003","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"205","article-title":"Middle meningeal\u2014middle cerebral artery anastomosis for cerebral ischemia","volume":"12","author":"Nishikawa","year":"1979"},{"key":"b45-0240003","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"667","article-title":"Endovascular stenting of an acutely thrombosed basilar artery: technical case report and review of the literature","volume":"44","author":"Phatouros","year":"1999"},{"key":"b46-0240003","series-title":"Aneurysms and Arteriovenous Malformations of the Brain: Diagnosis and Treatment","first-page":"326","author":"Pool","year":"1965"},{"key":"b47-0240003","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"1044","article-title":"Early and intermediate-term outcomes with drug-eluting stents in high-risk patients with symptomatic intracranial stenosis","volume":"59","author":"Qureshi","year":"2006"},{"key":"b48-0240003","series-title":"Neurosurg 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