{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T17:01:47Z","timestamp":1791910907578,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["FOC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\u2713 Brain abscesses are well-known lesions that have been reported from the beginning of the Hippocratic era. They continue, however, to be characterized by problematic and fatal features, even though there have been enormous developments in treatment and diagnostic technologies\u2014especially in the areas of computed tomography (CT), surgery, anesthesia, bacterial isolation techniques, and new antibiotics. The predisposing factors may change according to patient age, geographic location, and socioeconomic conditions of the community, but patients frequently have a contiguous infection such as otitis or mastoiditis. The clinical signs and symptoms of brain abscesses are nonspecific. Patients typically present with signs and symptoms due to mass effects, accompanied by high fever and seizure. The main treatment is surgical, although medical therapy can be used for selected cases. The treatment of choice is aspiration, which may be performed with the aid of an endoscope or free hand, with or without stereotactic or intraoperative ultrasound guidance. Excision is valuable in some cases. The success of the treatment, whether surgical or medical, mostly depends on the success of isolation of the causative organism, which provides essential data for accurate medical treatment. Third-generation cephalosporins and metronidazole are the most commonly used antimicrobial agents in the treatment of brain abscesses. Use of corticosteroids may be acceptable when lesions are accompanied by edema. Prophylactic antiepileptic therapy is strongly recommended. The patient's Glasgow Coma Scale score at presentation is one of the most important factors predicting outcome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/foc\/2008\/24\/6\/e4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,2]],"date-time":"2008-06-02T12:32:05Z","timestamp":1212409925000},"page":"E4","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Management of bacterial brain abscesses"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Tayfun","family":"Hakan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery Clinic, Haydarpa\u015fa Numune Teaching and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-0240004","series-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg","first-page":"63","article-title":"Primary excision of pediatric posterior fossa abscesses\u2014towards zero mortality? A series of nine cases and review","volume":"38","author":"Agrawal","year":"2003"},{"key":"b2-0240004","series-title":"J Med Assoc Thai","first-page":"1601","article-title":"Brain abscess in infants and children: a retrospective study of 107 patients in northeast Thailand","volume":"90","author":"Auvichayapat","year":"2007"},{"key":"b3-0240004","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"404","article-title":"Stereotactic surgery in the management of brain abscess","volume":"52","author":"Barlas","year":"1999"},{"key":"b4-0240004","series-title":"J Neurochem","first-page":"254","article-title":"Aquaporin-4 gene deletion in mice increases focal edema associated with staphylococcal brain abscess","volume":"95","author":"Bloch","year":"2005"},{"key":"b5-0240004","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"133","article-title":"William Macewen and the treatment of brain abscesses: revisited after one hundred years","volume":"84","author":"Canale","year":"1996"},{"key":"b6-0240004","series-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis","first-page":"1","article-title":"Retrospective analysis of 49 cases of brain abscess and review of the literature","volume":"26","author":"Carpenter","year":"2007"},{"key":"b7-0240004","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"E1339","article-title":"Outcome of brain abscess by Clostridium perfringens","volume":"61","author":"Colen","year":"2007"},{"key":"b8-0240004","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"1477","article-title":"Treatment of chronic abscesses of the brain by tapping. 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A series of nine cases and review","volume":"38","author":"Agrawal","year":"2003"},{"key":"b2-0240004","series-title":"J Med Assoc Thai","first-page":"1601","article-title":"Brain abscess in infants and children: a retrospective study of 107 patients in northeast Thailand","volume":"90","author":"Auvichayapat","year":"2007"},{"key":"b3-0240004","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"404","article-title":"Stereotactic surgery in the management of brain abscess","volume":"52","author":"Barlas","year":"1999"},{"key":"b4-0240004","series-title":"J Neurochem","first-page":"254","article-title":"Aquaporin-4 gene deletion in mice increases focal edema associated with staphylococcal brain abscess","volume":"95","author":"Bloch","year":"2005"},{"key":"b5-0240004","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"133","article-title":"William Macewen and the treatment of brain abscesses: revisited after one hundred years","volume":"84","author":"Canale","year":"1996"},{"key":"b6-0240004","series-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis","first-page":"1","article-title":"Retrospective analysis of 49 cases of brain abscess and review of the literature","volume":"26","author":"Carpenter","year":"2007"},{"key":"b7-0240004","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"E1339","article-title":"Outcome of brain abscess by Clostridium perfringens","volume":"61","author":"Colen","year":"2007"},{"key":"b8-0240004","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"1477","article-title":"Treatment of chronic abscesses of the brain by tapping. Preliminary note","volume":"87","author":"Dandy","year":"1926"},{"key":"b9-0240004","series-title":"Br Med J","first-page":"981","article-title":"Bacteriology of abscesses of the central nervous system: a multicentre prospective study","volume":"2","author":"de Louvois","year":"1977"},{"key":"b10-0240004","series-title":"Clin Radiol","first-page":"564","article-title":"Bacterial brain abscesses: prognostic value of an imaging severity index","volume":"62","author":"Demir","year":"2007"},{"key":"b11-0240004","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"703","article-title":"Staging of human brain abscess by computed tomography","volume":"146","author":"Enzmann","year":"1983"},{"key":"b12-0240004","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"1765","article-title":"Intracerebral abscess in children: historical trends at Children's Hospital Boston","volume":"113","author":"Goodkin","year":"2004"},{"key":"b13-0240004","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"76","article-title":"Discrimination of capsular stage brain abscesses from necrotic or cystic neoplasms using diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"106","author":"Fertikh","year":"2007"},{"key":"b14-0240004","series-title":"Minim Invasive Neurosurg","first-page":"103","article-title":"Endoscopic treatment of brain abscess in children","volume":"40","author":"Fritsch","year":"1997"},{"key":"b15-0240004","series-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol","first-page":"1073","article-title":"MR imaging of brain abscesses","volume":"152","author":"Haimes","year":"1989"},{"key":"b16-0240004","series-title":"J Infect","first-page":"359","article-title":"Bacterial brain abscesses: an evaluation of 96 cases","volume":"52","author":"Hakan","year":"2006"},{"key":"b17-0240004","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"1542","article-title":"Intracranial suppurative disease. Early presumptive diagnosis and successful treatment without surgery","volume":"218","author":"Heineman","year":"1971"},{"key":"b18-0240004","series-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis","first-page":"7","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of cefotaxime in combination with metronidazole for empirical treatment of brain abscess in clinical practice: a retrospective study of 66 consecutive cases","volume":"23","author":"Jansson","year":"2004"},{"key":"b19-0240004","series-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect","first-page":"129","article-title":"Brain abscess: clinical analysis of 53 cases","volume":"36","author":"Kao","year":"2003"},{"key":"b20-0240004","series-title":"Infections of the Central Nervous System","first-page":"479","article-title":"Brain abscess","author":"Kastenbauer","year":"2004"},{"key":"b21-0240004","series-title":"Am J Pathol","first-page":"1199","article-title":"Minocycline modulates neuroinflammation independently of its antimicrobial activity in staphylococcus aureus-induced brain abscess","volume":"171","author":"Kielian","year":"2007"},{"key":"b22-0240004","series-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet","first-page":"554","article-title":"The treatment of the brain abscess by unroofing and temporary herniation of abscess cavity with avoidance of usual drainage methods, with notes on the management of hernia cerebri general","volume":"39","author":"King","year":"1924"},{"key":"b23-0240004","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","first-page":"303","article-title":"Clinical features and predictive factors of intraventricular rupture in patients who have bacterial brain abscesses","volume":"78","author":"Lee","year":"2007"},{"key":"b24-0240004","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"358","article-title":"Aspergillosis case-fatality rate: systematic review of the literature","volume":"32","author":"Lin","year":"2001"},{"key":"b25-0240004","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"1447","article-title":"Endoscopic treatment of brain abscesses","volume":"22","author":"Longatti","year":"2006"},{"key":"b26-0240004","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","first-page":"979","article-title":"Strategies for the management of bacterial brain abscess","volume":"13","author":"Lu","year":"2006"},{"key":"b27-0240004","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"1332","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of fungal, tubercular, and pyogenic brain abscesses with conventional and diffusion MR imaging and proton MR spectroscopy","volume":"28","author":"Luthra","year":"2007"},{"key":"b28-0240004","series-title":"Pyogenic Infective Disease of the Brain and Spinal Cord. 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