{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:08:13Z","timestamp":1790208493797,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":144,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["FOC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\u2713 Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) with the Gamma Knife and linear accelerator has revolutionized neurosurgery over the past 20 years. The most common indications for radiosurgery today are tumors and arteriovenous malformations of the brain. Functional indications such as treatment of movement disorders or intractable pain only contribute a small percentage of treated patients. Although SRS is the only noninvasive form of treatment for functional disorders, it also has some limitations: neurophysiological confirmation of the target structure is not possible, and one therefore must rely exclusively on anatomical targeting. Furthermore, lesion sizes may vary, and shielding adjacent radiosensitive neural structures may be difficult or impossible.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The most common indication for functional SRS is the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. Radiosurgical treatment for epilepsy and certain psychiatric illnesses is performed in several centers as part of strict research protocols, and radiosurgical pallidotomy or medial thalamotomy is no longer recommended due to the high risk of complications. Radiosurgical ventrolateral thalamotomy for the treatment of tremor in patients with Parkinson disease or multiple sclerosis, as well as in the treatment of essential tremor, may be indicated for a select group of patients with advanced age, significant medical conditions that preclude treatment with open surgery, or patients who must receive anticoagulation therapy. A promising new application of SRS is high-dose radiosurgery delivered to the pituitary stalk. This treatment has already been successfully performed in several centers around the world to treat severe pain in patients with end-stage cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/foc-07\/12\/e3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,14]],"date-time":"2007-12-14T12:02:05Z","timestamp":1197633725000},"page":"E2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Stereotactic radiosurgery for functional disorders"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Gerhard M.","family":"Friehs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences Program in Neurosurgery and New England Gamma Knife Center, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island; and"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Boston University Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael C.","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences Program in Neurosurgery and New England Gamma Knife Center, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc A.","family":"Goldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences Program in Neurosurgery and New England Gamma Knife Center, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasilios A.","family":"Zerris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences Program in Neurosurgery and New England Gamma Knife Center, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Nor\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences Program in Neurosurgery and New England Gamma Knife Center, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prakash","family":"Sampath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Boston University Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-0230003","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1998.89.4.0645","article-title":"Subsidence of seizure induced by stereotactic radiation in a patient with hypothalamic hamartoma. Case report","volume":"89","author":"Arita","year":"1998"},{"key":"b2-0230003","series-title":"Acta Radiol Ther Phys Biol","first-page":"545","article-title":"Closed stereotaxic hypophysectomy by means of 60 Co gamma radiation","volume":"11","author":"Backlund","year":"1974"},{"key":"b3-0230003","series-title":"Acta Neurochir Suppl","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-9371-6_23","article-title":"Radiosurgery of epilepsy. Long-term results","volume":"62","author":"Barcia-Salorio","year":"1994"},{"key":"b4-0230003","series-title":"Appl Neurophysiol","first-page":"400","article-title":"Radiosurgical treatment of epilepsy","volume":"48","author":"Barcia Salorio","year":"1985"},{"key":"b5-0230003","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1159\/000097925","article-title":"Microvascular decompression vs. gamma knife radiosurgery for typical trigeminal neuralgia: preliminary findings","volume":"85","author":"Brisman","year":"2007"},{"key":"b6-0230003","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-007-0356-z","article-title":"Corpus callosotomy using conformal stereotactic radiosurgery","volume":"23","author":"Celis","year":"2007"},{"key":"b7-0230003","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2001.95.6.0990","article-title":"Radiosurgery performed with the aid of a 3-mm collimator in the subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra of the vervet monkey","volume":"95","author":"De Salles","year":"2001"},{"key":"b8-0230003","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000245612.86484.7","article-title":"Trigeminal nerve radiosurgical treatment in intractable chronic cluster headache: unexpected high toxicity","volume":"59","author":"Donnet","year":"2006"},{"key":"b9-0230003","series-title":"Prog Neurol Surg","first-page":"249","article-title":"Movement disorder radiosurgery\u2014planning, physics and complication avoidance","volume":"20","author":"Duma","year":"2007"},{"key":"b10-0230003","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-006-0138-z","article-title":"Gamma knife radiosurgery for callosotomy in children with drug-resistant epilepsy","volume":"22","author":"Eder","year":"2006"},{"key":"b11-0230003","series-title":"Epilepsia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2006.00592.x","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of radiosurgical callosotomy: a retrospective analysis","volume":"47","author":"Feichtinger","year":"2006"},{"key":"b12-0230003","series-title":"Headache","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4610.1998.3801003.x","article-title":"Gamma knife treatment of refractory cluster headache","volume":"38","author":"Ford","year":"1998"},{"key":"b13-0230003","series-title":"Radiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.212.1.r99jl34143","article-title":"Stereotactic radiosurgical pallidotomy and thalamotomy with the gamma knife: MR imaging findings with clinical correlation\u2014preliminary experience","volume":"212","author":"Friedman","year":"1999"},{"key":"b14-0230003","series-title":"Ann Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410390416","article-title":"Gamma knife pallidotomy in advanced Parkinson's disease","volume":"39","author":"Friedman","year":"1996"},{"key":"b15-0230003","series-title":"Neurology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.11.1695-a","article-title":"Stroke induced by gamma knife pallidotomy: autopsy result","volume":"58","author":"Friedman","year":"2002"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"b16-0230003","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1159\/000099731","article-title":"Lesion size following Gamma Knife treatment for functional disorders","volume":"66","author":"Friehs","year":"1996"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"b17-0230003","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1159\/000098781","article-title":"Thalamotomy and caudatotomy with the Gamma Knife as a treatment for parkinsonism with a comment on lesion sizes","volume":"64","author":"Friehs","year":"1995"},{"key":"b18-0230003","series-title":"Surg Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2003.08.033","article-title":"Linear accelerator thalamotomy","volume":"62","author":"Frighetto","year":"2004"},{"key":"b19-0230003","series-title":"Neurosurg Clin N Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S1042-3680(03)00005-6","article-title":"Neurosurgery for intractable obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression: critical issues","volume":"14","author":"Greenberg","year":"2003"},{"key":"b20-0230003","series-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2007.04.043","article-title":"Outcome after pituitary radiosurgery for thalamic pain syndrome","volume":"69","author":"Hayashi","year":"2007"},{"issue":"5 Suppl","key":"b21-0230003","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2002.97.supplement_5.0433","article-title":"Gamma knife surgery for cancer pain-pituitary gland-stalk ablation: a multicenter prospective protocol since 2002","volume":"97","author":"Hayashi","year":"2002"},{"key":"b22-0230003","series-title":"Physiol Meas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/14\/2\/004","article-title":"MEG localization of interictal epileptic focal activity and concomitant stereotactic radiosurgery. A non-invasive approach for patient with focal epilepsy","volume":"14","author":"Hellstrand","year":"1993"},{"issue":"5 Suppl","key":"b23-0230003","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2002.97.supplement_5.0592","article-title":"Gamma knife subthalamotomy for Parkinson disease: the sub-thalamic nucleus as a new radiosurgical target. Case report","volume":"97","author":"Keep","year":"2002"},{"key":"b24-0230003","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199708000-00011","article-title":"Radiosurgical lesions in the normal human brain 17 years after gamma knife capsulotomy","volume":"41","author":"Kihlstr\u00f6m","year":"1997"},{"key":"b25-0230003","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199901000-00005","article-title":"Functional radiosurgery","volume":"44","author":"Kondziolka","year":"1999"},{"key":"b26-0230003","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"971","article-title":"Histological effects of trigeminal nerve radiosurgery in a primate model: implications for trigeminal neuralgia radiosurgery","volume":"46","author":"Kondziolka","year":"2000"},{"key":"b27-0230003","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1996.84.6.0940","article-title":"Stereotactic radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia: a multiinstitutional study using the gamma unit","volume":"84","author":"Kondziolka","year":"1996"},{"key":"b28-0230003","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1159\/000083176","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of trigeminal neuralgia treatment using a linear accelerator","volume":"82","author":"Kubicek","year":"2004"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"b29-0230003","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1159\/000098782","article-title":"Stereotactic Gamma Knife radiosurgery for the treatment of dystonia","volume":"64","author":"Kwon","year":"1995"},{"key":"b30-0230003","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E580","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000255348.33582.DE","article-title":"Cyberknife targeting the pterygopalatine ganglion for the treatment of chronic cluster headaches","volume":"60","author":"Lad","year":"2007"},{"key":"b31-0230003","series-title":"Acta Chir Scand","first-page":"585","article-title":"Cerebral radiosurgery. I. Gammathalanotomy in two cases of intractable pain","volume":"134","author":"Leksell","year":"1968"},{"key":"b32-0230003","series-title":"Acta Chir Scand","first-page":"311","article-title":"Stereotaxic radiosurgery in trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"137","author":"Leksell","year":"1971"},{"key":"b33-0230003","series-title":"Acta Chir Scand","first-page":"316","article-title":"The stereotaxic method and radiosurgery of the brain","volume":"102","author":"Leksell","year":"1951"},{"key":"b34-0230003","series-title":"Kungl Fysiogr Sallsk Lund Forhandl","first-page":"1","article-title":"Stereotaxic radiosurgery of the brain. Report of a case","volume":"25","author":"Leksell","year":"1955"},{"key":"b35-0230003","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1159\/000099557","article-title":"Functional neurosurgery\u2014a future for the gamma knife?","volume":"57","author":"Lindquist","year":"1991"},{"key":"b36-0230003","series-title":"Cas Lek Cesk","first-page":"154","article-title":"[Radiosurgical hypophysectomy in painful bone metastases of breast carcinoma.]","volume":"137","author":"Lisc\u00e1k","year":"1998"},{"key":"b37-0230003","series-title":"Phys Med Biol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5217","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/50\/22\/001","article-title":"Comparative analyses of linac and Gamma Knife radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia treatments","volume":"50","author":"Ma","year":"2005"},{"key":"b38-0230003","series-title":"Headache","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2006.00701.x","article-title":"Repeat trigeminal nerve radiosurgery for refractory cluster headache fails to provide long-term pain relief","volume":"47","author":"McClelland","year":"2007"},{"key":"b39-0230003","series-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.6.4.467","article-title":"Neurosurgical treatment for refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: implications for understanding frontal lobe function","volume":"6","author":"Mindus","year":"1994"},{"key":"b40-0230003","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1093\/neurosurgery\/46.1.157","article-title":"Effects of stereotactic radiosurgery on an animal model of hippocampal epilepsy","volume":"46","author":"Mori","year":"2000"},{"key":"b41-0230003","series-title":"Neurology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.3.443","article-title":"Functional outcomes after gamma knife thalamotomy for essential tremor and MS-related tremor","volume":"55","author":"Niranjan","year":"2000"},{"key":"b42-0230003","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1159\/000094954","article-title":"From selective thalamotomy with microrecording to gamma thalamotomy for movement disorders","volume":"84","author":"Ohye","year":"2006"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"b43-0230003","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1159\/000099733","article-title":"Gamma thalamotomy for parkinsonian and other kinds of tremor","volume":"66","author":"Ohye","year":"1996"},{"issue":"3 Suppl","key":"b44-0230003","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2000.93.supplement_3.0120","article-title":"Evaluation of gamma thalamotomy for parkinsonian and other tremors: survival of neurons adjacent to the thalamic lesion after gamma thalamotomy","volume":"93","author":"Ohye","year":"2000"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"b45-0230003","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.3171\/sup.2005.102.s_supplement.0234","article-title":"Gamma knife thalamotomy for movement disorders: evaluation of the thalamic lesion and clinical results","volume":"102","author":"Ohye","year":"2005"},{"issue":"5 Suppl","key":"b46-0230003","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2002.97.supplement_5.0600","article-title":"Thalamic lesions produced by gamma thalamotomy for movement disorders","volume":"97","author":"Ohye","year":"2002"},{"key":"b47-0230003","series-title":"Arch Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.58.12.1995","article-title":"Complications of gamma knife surgery for Parkinson disease","volume":"58","author":"Okun","year":"2001"},{"issue":"3 Suppl","key":"b48-0230003","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2000.93.supplement_3.0189","article-title":"Gamma knife radiosurgery for torsion spasm. Report of two cases","volume":"93","author":"Pan","year":"2000"},{"key":"b49-0230003","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199908000-00021","article-title":"Corpus callosotomy with radiosurgery","volume":"45","author":"Pendl","year":"1999"},{"key":"b50-0230003","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1997.87.3.0450","article-title":"Stereotactic radiosurgical treatment of sphenopalatine neuralgia. Case report","volume":"87","author":"Pollock","year":"1997"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"b51-0230003","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1159\/000100662","article-title":"Gamma Knife thalamotomy and pallidotomy in patients with movement disorders: preliminary results","volume":"61","author":"Rand","year":"1993"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"b52-0230003","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1159\/000100663","article-title":"Leksell Gamma Knife treatment of tic douloureux","volume":"61","author":"Rand","year":"1993"},{"key":"b53-0230003","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-200012000-00014","article-title":"Gamma knife surgery for epilepsy related to hypothalamic hamartomas","volume":"47","author":"R\u00e9gis","year":"2000"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"b54-0230003","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1159\/000099698","article-title":"First biochemical evidence of differential functional effects following Gamma Knife surgery","volume":"66","author":"R\u00e9gis","year":"1996"},{"key":"b55-0230003","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2006.104.6.913","article-title":"Prospective controlled trial of gamma knife surgery for essential trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"104","author":"R\u00e9gis","year":"2006"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"b56-0230003","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1159\/000098779","article-title":"First selective amygdalohippocampal radiosurgery for \u2018mesial temporal lobe epilepsy'","volume":"64","author":"R\u00e9gis","year":"1995"},{"key":"b57-0230003","series-title":"Epilepsia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0013-9580.2004.07903.x","article-title":"Gamma knife surgery in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: a prospective multicenter study","volume":"45","author":"R\u00e9gis","year":"2004"},{"key":"b58-0230003","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000186015.01179.70","article-title":"Linear accelerator radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"57","author":"Richards","year":"2005"},{"key":"b59-0230003","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1159\/000087307","article-title":"Neurophysiological evaluation of the optimum target in gamma thalamotomy: indirect evidence","volume":"83","author":"Sato","year":"2005"},{"key":"b60-0230003","series-title":"Minim Invasive Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-915598","article-title":"Linear accelerator stereotactic radiosurgery for the treatment of gelastic seizures due to hypothalamic hamartoma","volume":"48","author":"Selch","year":"2005"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"b61-0230003","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.3171\/sup.2005.102.s_supplement.0259","article-title":"Speiser BL: Microvascular decompression after gamma knife surgery for trigeminal neuralgia: intra-operative findings and treatment outcomes","volume":"102","author":"Shetter","year":"2005"},{"key":"b62-0230003","series-title":"Mov Disord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.1178","article-title":"Emergence of complex, involuntary movements after gamma knife radiosurgery for essential tremor","volume":"16","author":"Siderowf","year":"2001"},{"key":"b63-0230003","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2003.99.3.0511","article-title":"Dedicated linear accelerator radiosurgery for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"99","author":"Smith","year":"2003"},{"issue":"4 Suppl","key":"b64-0230003","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"312","article-title":"Radiosurgical posterior corpus callosotomy in a child with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Case report","volume":"106","author":"Smyth","year":"2007"},{"key":"b65-0230003","series-title":"J Radiosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JORA.0000010895.11597.9a","article-title":"Technical aspects of LINAC radiosurgery for the treatment of small functional targets","volume":"1","author":"Solberg","year":"1998"},{"key":"b66-0230003","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01402072","article-title":"Gammathalamotomy in intractable pain","volume":"52","author":"Steiner","year":"1980"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"b67-0230003","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"155","article-title":"Glossopharyngeal neuralgia treated with gamma knife surgery: treatment outcome and failure analysis. Case report","volume":"102","author":"Stieber","year":"2005"},{"key":"b68-0230003","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1159\/000099662","article-title":"Functional neurosurgery with the Leksell Gamma Knife","volume":"66","author":"Young","year":"1996"},{"issue":"3 Suppl","key":"b69-0230003","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2000.93.supplement_3.0128","article-title":"Gamma knife thalamotomy for treatment of tremor: long-term results","volume":"93","author":"Young","year":"2000"},{"key":"b70-0230003","series-title":"Acta Neurochir Suppl","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-9371-6_22","article-title":"Medial thalamotomy with the Leksell Gamma Knife for treatment of chronic pain","volume":"62","author":"Young","year":"1994"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"b71-0230003","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1159\/000098777","article-title":"Gamma Knife thalamotomy for the treatment of persistent pain","volume":"64","author":"Young","year":"1995"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"b72-0230003","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1159\/000056425","article-title":"Pallidotomy with the gamma knife: a positive experience","volume":"70","author":"Young","year":"1998"},{"key":"b1-0230003","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1998.89.4.0645","article-title":"Subsidence of seizure induced by stereotactic radiation in a patient with hypothalamic hamartoma. Case report","volume":"89","author":"Arita","year":"1998"},{"key":"b2-0230003","series-title":"Acta Radiol Ther Phys Biol","first-page":"545","article-title":"Closed stereotaxic hypophysectomy by means of 60 Co gamma radiation","volume":"11","author":"Backlund","year":"1974"},{"key":"b3-0230003","series-title":"Acta Neurochir Suppl","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-9371-6_23","article-title":"Radiosurgery of epilepsy. Long-term results","volume":"62","author":"Barcia-Salorio","year":"1994"},{"key":"b4-0230003","series-title":"Appl Neurophysiol","first-page":"400","article-title":"Radiosurgical treatment of epilepsy","volume":"48","author":"Barcia Salorio","year":"1985"},{"key":"b5-0230003","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1159\/000097925","article-title":"Microvascular decompression vs. gamma knife radiosurgery for typical trigeminal neuralgia: preliminary findings","volume":"85","author":"Brisman","year":"2007"},{"key":"b6-0230003","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-007-0356-z","article-title":"Corpus callosotomy using conformal stereotactic radiosurgery","volume":"23","author":"Celis","year":"2007"},{"key":"b7-0230003","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2001.95.6.0990","article-title":"Radiosurgery performed with the aid of a 3-mm collimator in the subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra of the vervet monkey","volume":"95","author":"De Salles","year":"2001"},{"key":"b8-0230003","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000245612.86484.7","article-title":"Trigeminal nerve radiosurgical treatment in intractable chronic cluster headache: unexpected high toxicity","volume":"59","author":"Donnet","year":"2006"},{"key":"b9-0230003","series-title":"Prog Neurol Surg","first-page":"249","article-title":"Movement disorder radiosurgery\u2014planning, physics and complication avoidance","volume":"20","author":"Duma","year":"2007"},{"key":"b10-0230003","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-006-0138-z","article-title":"Gamma knife radiosurgery for callosotomy in children with drug-resistant epilepsy","volume":"22","author":"Eder","year":"2006"},{"key":"b11-0230003","series-title":"Epilepsia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2006.00592.x","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of radiosurgical callosotomy: a retrospective analysis","volume":"47","author":"Feichtinger","year":"2006"},{"key":"b12-0230003","series-title":"Headache","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4610.1998.3801003.x","article-title":"Gamma knife treatment of refractory cluster headache","volume":"38","author":"Ford","year":"1998"},{"key":"b13-0230003","series-title":"Radiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.212.1.r99jl34143","article-title":"Stereotactic radiosurgical pallidotomy and thalamotomy with the gamma knife: MR imaging findings with clinical correlation\u2014preliminary experience","volume":"212","author":"Friedman","year":"1999"},{"key":"b14-0230003","series-title":"Ann Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410390416","article-title":"Gamma knife pallidotomy in advanced Parkinson's disease","volume":"39","author":"Friedman","year":"1996"},{"key":"b15-0230003","series-title":"Neurology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.11.1695-a","article-title":"Stroke induced by gamma knife pallidotomy: autopsy result","volume":"58","author":"Friedman","year":"2002"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"b16-0230003","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1159\/000099731","article-title":"Lesion size following Gamma Knife treatment for functional disorders","volume":"66","author":"Friehs","year":"1996"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"b17-0230003","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1159\/000098781","article-title":"Thalamotomy and caudatotomy with the Gamma Knife as a treatment for parkinsonism with a comment on lesion sizes","volume":"64","author":"Friehs","year":"1995"},{"key":"b18-0230003","series-title":"Surg Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2003.08.033","article-title":"Linear accelerator thalamotomy","volume":"62","author":"Frighetto","year":"2004"},{"key":"b19-0230003","series-title":"Neurosurg Clin N Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S1042-3680(03)00005-6","article-title":"Neurosurgery for intractable obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression: critical issues","volume":"14","author":"Greenberg","year":"2003"},{"key":"b20-0230003","series-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2007.04.043","article-title":"Outcome after pituitary radiosurgery for thalamic pain syndrome","volume":"69","author":"Hayashi","year":"2007"},{"issue":"5 Suppl","key":"b21-0230003","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2002.97.supplement_5.0433","article-title":"Gamma knife surgery for cancer pain-pituitary gland-stalk ablation: a multicenter prospective protocol since 2002","volume":"97","author":"Hayashi","year":"2002"},{"key":"b22-0230003","series-title":"Physiol Meas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/14\/2\/004","article-title":"MEG localization of interictal epileptic focal activity and concomitant stereotactic radiosurgery. A non-invasive approach for patient with focal epilepsy","volume":"14","author":"Hellstrand","year":"1993"},{"issue":"5 Suppl","key":"b23-0230003","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2002.97.supplement_5.0592","article-title":"Gamma knife subthalamotomy for Parkinson disease: the sub-thalamic nucleus as a new radiosurgical target. Case report","volume":"97","author":"Keep","year":"2002"},{"key":"b24-0230003","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199708000-00011","article-title":"Radiosurgical lesions in the normal human brain 17 years after gamma knife capsulotomy","volume":"41","author":"Kihlstr\u00f6m","year":"1997"},{"key":"b25-0230003","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199901000-00005","article-title":"Functional radiosurgery","volume":"44","author":"Kondziolka","year":"1999"},{"key":"b26-0230003","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"971","article-title":"Histological effects of trigeminal nerve radiosurgery in a primate model: implications for trigeminal neuralgia radiosurgery","volume":"46","author":"Kondziolka","year":"2000"},{"key":"b27-0230003","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1996.84.6.0940","article-title":"Stereotactic radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia: a multiinstitutional study using the gamma unit","volume":"84","author":"Kondziolka","year":"1996"},{"key":"b28-0230003","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1159\/000083176","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of trigeminal neuralgia treatment using a linear accelerator","volume":"82","author":"Kubicek","year":"2004"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"b29-0230003","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1159\/000098782","article-title":"Stereotactic Gamma Knife radiosurgery for the treatment of dystonia","volume":"64","author":"Kwon","year":"1995"},{"key":"b30-0230003","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E580","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000255348.33582.DE","article-title":"Cyberknife targeting the pterygopalatine ganglion for the treatment of chronic cluster headaches","volume":"60","author":"Lad","year":"2007"},{"key":"b31-0230003","series-title":"Acta Chir Scand","first-page":"585","article-title":"Cerebral radiosurgery. I. Gammathalanotomy in two cases of intractable pain","volume":"134","author":"Leksell","year":"1968"},{"key":"b32-0230003","series-title":"Acta Chir Scand","first-page":"311","article-title":"Stereotaxic radiosurgery in trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"137","author":"Leksell","year":"1971"},{"key":"b33-0230003","series-title":"Acta Chir Scand","first-page":"316","article-title":"The stereotaxic method and radiosurgery of the brain","volume":"102","author":"Leksell","year":"1951"},{"key":"b34-0230003","series-title":"Kungl Fysiogr Sallsk Lund Forhandl","first-page":"1","article-title":"Stereotaxic radiosurgery of the brain. Report of a case","volume":"25","author":"Leksell","year":"1955"},{"key":"b35-0230003","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1159\/000099557","article-title":"Functional neurosurgery\u2014a future for the gamma knife?","volume":"57","author":"Lindquist","year":"1991"},{"key":"b36-0230003","series-title":"Cas Lek Cesk","first-page":"154","article-title":"[Radiosurgical hypophysectomy in painful bone metastases of breast carcinoma.]","volume":"137","author":"Lisc\u00e1k","year":"1998"},{"key":"b37-0230003","series-title":"Phys Med Biol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5217","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/50\/22\/001","article-title":"Comparative analyses of linac and Gamma Knife radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia treatments","volume":"50","author":"Ma","year":"2005"},{"key":"b38-0230003","series-title":"Headache","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2006.00701.x","article-title":"Repeat trigeminal nerve radiosurgery for refractory cluster headache fails to provide long-term pain relief","volume":"47","author":"McClelland","year":"2007"},{"key":"b39-0230003","series-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.6.4.467","article-title":"Neurosurgical treatment for refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: implications for understanding frontal lobe function","volume":"6","author":"Mindus","year":"1994"},{"key":"b40-0230003","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1093\/neurosurgery\/46.1.157","article-title":"Effects of stereotactic radiosurgery on an animal model of hippocampal epilepsy","volume":"46","author":"Mori","year":"2000"},{"key":"b41-0230003","series-title":"Neurology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.3.443","article-title":"Functional outcomes after gamma knife thalamotomy for essential tremor and MS-related tremor","volume":"55","author":"Niranjan","year":"2000"},{"key":"b42-0230003","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1159\/000094954","article-title":"From selective thalamotomy with microrecording to gamma thalamotomy for movement disorders","volume":"84","author":"Ohye","year":"2006"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"b43-0230003","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1159\/000099733","article-title":"Gamma thalamotomy for parkinsonian and other kinds of tremor","volume":"66","author":"Ohye","year":"1996"},{"issue":"3 Suppl","key":"b44-0230003","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2000.93.supplement_3.0120","article-title":"Evaluation of gamma thalamotomy for parkinsonian and other tremors: survival of neurons adjacent to the thalamic lesion after gamma thalamotomy","volume":"93","author":"Ohye","year":"2000"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"b45-0230003","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.3171\/sup.2005.102.s_supplement.0234","article-title":"Gamma knife thalamotomy for movement disorders: evaluation of the thalamic lesion and clinical results","volume":"102","author":"Ohye","year":"2005"},{"issue":"5 Suppl","key":"b46-0230003","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2002.97.supplement_5.0600","article-title":"Thalamic lesions produced by gamma thalamotomy for movement disorders","volume":"97","author":"Ohye","year":"2002"},{"key":"b47-0230003","series-title":"Arch Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.58.12.1995","article-title":"Complications of gamma knife surgery for Parkinson disease","volume":"58","author":"Okun","year":"2001"},{"issue":"3 Suppl","key":"b48-0230003","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2000.93.supplement_3.0189","article-title":"Gamma knife radiosurgery for torsion spasm. Report of two cases","volume":"93","author":"Pan","year":"2000"},{"key":"b49-0230003","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199908000-00021","article-title":"Corpus callosotomy with radiosurgery","volume":"45","author":"Pendl","year":"1999"},{"key":"b50-0230003","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1997.87.3.0450","article-title":"Stereotactic radiosurgical treatment of sphenopalatine neuralgia. Case report","volume":"87","author":"Pollock","year":"1997"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"b51-0230003","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1159\/000100662","article-title":"Gamma Knife thalamotomy and pallidotomy in patients with movement disorders: preliminary results","volume":"61","author":"Rand","year":"1993"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"b52-0230003","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1159\/000100663","article-title":"Leksell Gamma Knife treatment of tic douloureux","volume":"61","author":"Rand","year":"1993"},{"key":"b53-0230003","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-200012000-00014","article-title":"Gamma knife surgery for epilepsy related to hypothalamic hamartomas","volume":"47","author":"R\u00e9gis","year":"2000"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"b54-0230003","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1159\/000099698","article-title":"First biochemical evidence of differential functional effects following Gamma Knife surgery","volume":"66","author":"R\u00e9gis","year":"1996"},{"key":"b55-0230003","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2006.104.6.913","article-title":"Prospective controlled trial of gamma knife surgery for essential trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"104","author":"R\u00e9gis","year":"2006"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"b56-0230003","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1159\/000098779","article-title":"First selective amygdalohippocampal radiosurgery for \u2018mesial temporal lobe epilepsy'","volume":"64","author":"R\u00e9gis","year":"1995"},{"key":"b57-0230003","series-title":"Epilepsia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0013-9580.2004.07903.x","article-title":"Gamma knife surgery in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: a prospective multicenter study","volume":"45","author":"R\u00e9gis","year":"2004"},{"key":"b58-0230003","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000186015.01179.70","article-title":"Linear accelerator radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"57","author":"Richards","year":"2005"},{"key":"b59-0230003","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1159\/000087307","article-title":"Neurophysiological evaluation of the optimum target in gamma thalamotomy: indirect evidence","volume":"83","author":"Sato","year":"2005"},{"key":"b60-0230003","series-title":"Minim Invasive Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-915598","article-title":"Linear accelerator stereotactic radiosurgery for the treatment of gelastic seizures due to hypothalamic hamartoma","volume":"48","author":"Selch","year":"2005"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"b61-0230003","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.3171\/sup.2005.102.s_supplement.0259","article-title":"Speiser BL: Microvascular decompression after gamma knife surgery for trigeminal neuralgia: intra-operative findings and treatment outcomes","volume":"102","author":"Shetter","year":"2005"},{"key":"b62-0230003","series-title":"Mov Disord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.1178","article-title":"Emergence of complex, involuntary movements after gamma knife radiosurgery for essential tremor","volume":"16","author":"Siderowf","year":"2001"},{"key":"b63-0230003","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2003.99.3.0511","article-title":"Dedicated linear accelerator radiosurgery for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"99","author":"Smith","year":"2003"},{"issue":"4 Suppl","key":"b64-0230003","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"312","article-title":"Radiosurgical posterior corpus callosotomy in a child with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Case report","volume":"106","author":"Smyth","year":"2007"},{"key":"b65-0230003","series-title":"J Radiosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JORA.0000010895.11597.9a","article-title":"Technical aspects of LINAC radiosurgery for the treatment of small functional targets","volume":"1","author":"Solberg","year":"1998"},{"key":"b66-0230003","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01402072","article-title":"Gammathalamotomy in intractable pain","volume":"52","author":"Steiner","year":"1980"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"b67-0230003","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"155","article-title":"Glossopharyngeal neuralgia treated with gamma knife surgery: treatment outcome and failure analysis. Case report","volume":"102","author":"Stieber","year":"2005"},{"key":"b68-0230003","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1159\/000099662","article-title":"Functional neurosurgery with the Leksell Gamma Knife","volume":"66","author":"Young","year":"1996"},{"issue":"3 Suppl","key":"b69-0230003","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2000.93.supplement_3.0128","article-title":"Gamma knife thalamotomy for treatment of tremor: long-term results","volume":"93","author":"Young","year":"2000"},{"key":"b70-0230003","series-title":"Acta Neurochir Suppl","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-9371-6_22","article-title":"Medial thalamotomy with the Leksell Gamma Knife for treatment of chronic pain","volume":"62","author":"Young","year":"1994"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"b71-0230003","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1159\/000098777","article-title":"Gamma Knife thalamotomy for the treatment of persistent pain","volume":"64","author":"Young","year":"1995"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"b72-0230003","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1159\/000056425","article-title":"Pallidotomy with the gamma knife: a positive experience","volume":"70","author":"Young","year":"1998"}],"container-title":["Neurosurgical Focus"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/23\/6\/foc-07_12_e3.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/23\/6\/foc-07_12_e3.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/23\/6\/foc-07_12_e3.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T08:51:40Z","timestamp":1780131100000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/23\/6\/foc-07_12_e3.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]},"references-count":144,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/foc-07\/12\/e3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-0684"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-0684","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]}}}