{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T04:47:02Z","timestamp":1784954822319,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["FOC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>High-resolution ultrasonography is a noninvasive, readily applicable imaging modality, capable of depicting real-time static and dynamic morphological information concerning the peripheral nerves and their surrounding tissues. Continuous progress in ultrasonographic technology results in highly improved spatial and contrast resolution. Therefore, nerve imaging is possible to a fascicular level, and most peripheral nerves can now be depicted along their entire anatomical course. An increasing number of publications have evaluated the role of high-resolution ultrasonography in peripheral nerve diseases, especially in peripheral nerve entrapment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Ultrasonography has been shown to be a precious complementary tool for assessing peripheral nerve lesions with respect to their exact location, course, continuity, and extent in traumatic nerve lesions, and for assessing nerve entrapment and tumors. In this article, the authors discuss the basic technical considerations for using ultrasoniography in peripheral nerve assessment, and some of the clinical applications are illustrated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/foc.2009.26.2.e13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,30]],"date-time":"2009-01-30T14:31:01Z","timestamp":1233325861000},"page":"E13","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":110,"title":["High-resolution ultrasonography in evaluating peripheral nerve entrapment and trauma"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Ralph W.","family":"Koenig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria T.","family":"Pedro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian P. G.","family":"Heinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans-Peter","family":"Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregor","family":"Antoniadis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Kretschmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-0260013","series-title":"J Ultrasound Med","first-page":"193","article-title":"Reliability of sonographic measurements of the median nerve","volume":"27","author":"Alem\u00e1n","year":"2008"},{"key":"b2-0260013","series-title":"Eur J Ultrasound","first-page":"21","article-title":"Quantitative ultrasonography in focal neuropathies as compared to clinical and EMG findings","volume":"10","author":"Bargfrede","year":"1999"},{"key":"b3-0260013","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"767","article-title":"Diagnostic value of highresolution sonography in ulnar neuropathy at the elbow","volume":"62","author":"Beekman","year":"2004"},{"key":"b4-0260013","series-title":"Muscle Nerve","first-page":"202","article-title":"Clinical, electrodiagnostic and sonographic studies in ulnar neuropathy at the elbow","volume":"30","author":"Beekman","year":"2004"},{"key":"b5-0260013","series-title":"J Clin Ultrasound","first-page":"451","article-title":"High-resolution sonography of compressive neuropathies of the wrist","volume":"32","author":"Bianchi","year":"2004"},{"key":"b6-0260013","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"811","article-title":"Radial nerve palsy associated with humeral shaft fracture: evaluation with US\u2013initial experience","volume":"219","author":"Bodner","year":"2001"},{"key":"b7-0260013","series-title":"J Ultrasound Med","first-page":"1159","article-title":"Ultrasonography of the accessory nerve. Normal and pathologic findings in cadavers and patients with iatrogenic accessory nerve palsy","volume":"21","author":"Bodner","year":"2002"},{"key":"b8-0260013","series-title":"J Ultrasound Med","first-page":"1289","article-title":"Ultrasonographic appearance of supinator syndrome","volume":"21","author":"Bodner","year":"2002"},{"key":"b9-0260013","series-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol","first-page":"793","article-title":"Carpal tunnel syndrome: diagnosis with high-resolution sonography","volume":"159","author":"Buchberger","year":"1992"},{"key":"b10-0260013","series-title":"J Ultrasound Med","first-page":"531","article-title":"High-resolution ultrasonography of the carpal tunnel","volume":"10","author":"Buchberger","year":"1991"},{"key":"b11-0260013","series-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol","first-page":"533","article-title":"Dynamic high-resolution sonography of the carpal tunnel","volume":"168","author":"Chen","year":"1997"},{"key":"b12-0260013","series-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol","first-page":"219","article-title":"Sonography and MR imaging of posterior interosseous nerve syndrome with surgical correlation","volume":"181","author":"Chien","year":"2003"},{"key":"b13-0260013","series-title":"Radiographics","first-page":"E15","article-title":"Peripheral nerve lesions: role of high-resolution US","volume":"23","author":"Chiou","year":"2003"},{"key":"b14-0260013","series-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol","first-page":"681","article-title":"Sonography in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"173","author":"Duncan","year":"1999"},{"key":"b15-0260013","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"179","article-title":"Peripheral nerves of the extremities: imaging with US","volume":"167","author":"Fornage","year":"1988"},{"key":"b16-0260013","series-title":"J Ultrasound Med","first-page":"455","article-title":"Persistent median artery in the carpal tunnel. Color doppler ultrasonographic findings","volume":"21","author":"Gassner","year":"2002"},{"key":"b17-0260013","series-title":"Rheumatology","first-page":"584","article-title":"Ultrasonography shows increased cross-sectional area of the median nerve in patients with arthritis and carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"45","author":"Hammer","year":"2006"},{"key":"b18-0260013","series-title":"J Clin Ultrasound","first-page":"459","article-title":"Sonographic findings in the anterior interosseous nerve syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Hide","year":"1999"},{"key":"b19-0260013","series-title":"Ultrason Imaging","first-page":"81","article-title":"Multi-angle compound imaging","volume":"20","author":"Jespersen","year":"1998"},{"key":"b20-0260013","series-title":"Clin Neurophysiol","first-page":"1353","article-title":"The ultrasonographic wrist-to-forearm median nerve area ratio in carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"119","author":"Hobson-Webb","year":"2008"},{"key":"b21-0260013","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"389","article-title":"The potential value of ultrasonography in the evaluation of carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"61","author":"Kele","year":"2003"},{"key":"b22-0260013","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"809","article-title":"Distance measure error induced by displacement of the ulnar nerve when the elbow is flexed","volume":"86","author":"Kim","year":"2005"},{"key":"b23-0260013","series-title":"Joint Bone Spine","first-page":"142","article-title":"Ultrasound imaging in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome and its relevance to clinical evaluation","volume":"72","author":"Kotevoglu","year":"2005"},{"key":"b24-0260013","series-title":"Eur J Radiol","first-page":"365","article-title":"The value of ultrasonographic measurement in carpal tunnel syndrome in patients with negative electrodiagnostic tests","volume":"56","author":"Koyuncuoglu","year":"2005"},{"key":"b25-0260013","series-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol","first-page":"1629","article-title":"Advantages of real-time spatial compound sonography of the musculoskeletal system versus conventional sonography","volume":"179","author":"Lin","year":"2002"},{"key":"b26-0260013","series-title":"J Am Podiatr Med Assoc","first-page":"433","article-title":"Morphological and functional changes in the diabetic peripheral nerve: using diagnostic ultrasound and neurosensory testing to select candidates for nerve decompression","volume":"95","author":"Lee","year":"2005"},{"key":"b27-0260013","series-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol","first-page":"1240","article-title":"Predictors of carpal tunnel syndrome: accuracy of gray-scale and color Doppler sonography","volume":"186","author":"Mallouhi","year":"2006"},{"key":"b28-0260013","series-title":"J Radiol","first-page":"1869","article-title":"Ultrasound of peripheral nerves","volume":"86","author":"Martinoli","year":"2005"},{"key":"b29-0260013","series-title":"Radiographics","first-page":"199","article-title":"US of nerve entrapments in osteofibrous tunnels of the upper and lower limbs","volume":"20","author":"Martinoli","year":"2000"},{"key":"b30-0260013","series-title":"J Clin Ultrasound","first-page":"438","article-title":"Sonography of entrapment neuropathies in the upper limb (wrist excluded)","volume":"32","author":"Martinoli","year":"2004"},{"key":"b31-0260013","series-title":"Muscle Nerve","first-page":"798","article-title":"Ultrasonographic measurement of median nerve cross-sectional area in idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome: diagnostic accuracy","volume":"26","author":"Nakamichi","year":"2002"},{"key":"b32-0260013","series-title":"J Hand Surg [Br]","first-page":"85","article-title":"Morphology and dynamics of the ulnar nerve in the cubital tunnel. Observation by ultrasonography","volume":"25","author":"Okamoto","year":"2000"},{"key":"b33-0260013","series-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol","first-page":"415","article-title":"Examination of postoperative peripheral nerve lesions with highresolution sonography","volume":"177","author":"Peer","year":"2001"},{"key":"b34-0260013","series-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol","first-page":"1723","article-title":"Sonography of Morton's neuromas","volume":"174","author":"Quinn","year":"2000"},{"key":"b35-0260013","series-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol","first-page":"1203","article-title":"Tissue harmonic imaging sonography: evaluation of image quality compared with conventional sonography","volume":"171","author":"Shapiro","year":"1998"},{"key":"b36-0260013","series-title":"Ultrason Imaging","first-page":"93","article-title":"Compound scanning with a phased array","volume":"4","author":"Shattuck","year":"1982"},{"key":"b37-0260013","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"291","article-title":"Echotexture of peripheral nerves: correlation between US and histologic findings and criteria to differentiate tendons","volume":"197","author":"Silvestri","year":"1995"},{"key":"b38-0260013","series-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol","first-page":"989","article-title":"Highresolution sonography of the recurrent laryngeal nerve: anatomic and pathologic considerations","volume":"145","author":"Solbiati","year":"1985"},{"key":"b39-0260013","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"459","article-title":"Carpal tunnel syndrome: evaluation of median nerve circulation with dynamic contrastenhanced MR imaging","volume":"190","author":"Sugimoto","year":"1994"},{"key":"b40-0260013","series-title":"J Ultrasound Med","first-page":"737","article-title":"Ultrasonographic measurements of the ulnar nerve at the elbow. Role of confounders","volume":"27","author":"Thoirs","year":"2008"},{"key":"b41-0260013","series-title":"Suppl Clin Neurophysiol","first-page":"243","article-title":"Imaging nerve and muscle with ultrasound","volume":"57","author":"Walker","year":"2004"},{"key":"b42-0260013","series-title":"Muscle Nerve","first-page":"481","article-title":"Influence of body mass index on median nerve function, carpal tunnel pressure, and cross-sectional area of the median nerve","volume":"30","author":"Werner","year":"2004"},{"key":"b43-0260013","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"93","article-title":"Carpal tunnel syndrome: diagnostic usefulness of sonography","volume":"232","author":"Wong","year":"2004"},{"key":"b44-0260013","series-title":"Muscle Nerve","first-page":"1231","article-title":"Ultrasonographic swelling ratio in the diagnosis of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow","volume":"38","author":"Yoon","year":"2008"},{"key":"b45-0260013","series-title":"Arthritis Rheum","first-page":"304","article-title":"Diagnostic value of sonography in patients with suspected carpal tunnel syndrome: a prospective study","volume":"52","author":"Ziswiler","year":"2005"},{"key":"b1-0260013","series-title":"J Ultrasound Med","first-page":"193","article-title":"Reliability of sonographic measurements of the median nerve","volume":"27","author":"Alem\u00e1n","year":"2008"},{"key":"b2-0260013","series-title":"Eur J Ultrasound","first-page":"21","article-title":"Quantitative ultrasonography in focal neuropathies as compared to clinical and EMG findings","volume":"10","author":"Bargfrede","year":"1999"},{"key":"b3-0260013","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"767","article-title":"Diagnostic value of highresolution sonography in ulnar neuropathy at the elbow","volume":"62","author":"Beekman","year":"2004"},{"key":"b4-0260013","series-title":"Muscle Nerve","first-page":"202","article-title":"Clinical, electrodiagnostic and sonographic studies in ulnar neuropathy at the elbow","volume":"30","author":"Beekman","year":"2004"},{"key":"b5-0260013","series-title":"J Clin Ultrasound","first-page":"451","article-title":"High-resolution sonography of compressive neuropathies of the wrist","volume":"32","author":"Bianchi","year":"2004"},{"key":"b6-0260013","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"811","article-title":"Radial nerve palsy associated with humeral shaft fracture: evaluation with US\u2013initial experience","volume":"219","author":"Bodner","year":"2001"},{"key":"b7-0260013","series-title":"J Ultrasound Med","first-page":"1159","article-title":"Ultrasonography of the accessory nerve. Normal and pathologic findings in cadavers and patients with iatrogenic accessory nerve palsy","volume":"21","author":"Bodner","year":"2002"},{"key":"b8-0260013","series-title":"J Ultrasound Med","first-page":"1289","article-title":"Ultrasonographic appearance of supinator syndrome","volume":"21","author":"Bodner","year":"2002"},{"key":"b9-0260013","series-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol","first-page":"793","article-title":"Carpal tunnel syndrome: diagnosis with high-resolution sonography","volume":"159","author":"Buchberger","year":"1992"},{"key":"b10-0260013","series-title":"J Ultrasound Med","first-page":"531","article-title":"High-resolution ultrasonography of the carpal tunnel","volume":"10","author":"Buchberger","year":"1991"},{"key":"b11-0260013","series-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol","first-page":"533","article-title":"Dynamic high-resolution sonography of the carpal tunnel","volume":"168","author":"Chen","year":"1997"},{"key":"b12-0260013","series-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol","first-page":"219","article-title":"Sonography and MR imaging of posterior interosseous nerve syndrome with surgical correlation","volume":"181","author":"Chien","year":"2003"},{"key":"b13-0260013","series-title":"Radiographics","first-page":"E15","article-title":"Peripheral nerve lesions: role of high-resolution US","volume":"23","author":"Chiou","year":"2003"},{"key":"b14-0260013","series-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol","first-page":"681","article-title":"Sonography in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"173","author":"Duncan","year":"1999"},{"key":"b15-0260013","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"179","article-title":"Peripheral nerves of the extremities: imaging with US","volume":"167","author":"Fornage","year":"1988"},{"key":"b16-0260013","series-title":"J Ultrasound Med","first-page":"455","article-title":"Persistent median artery in the carpal tunnel. Color doppler ultrasonographic findings","volume":"21","author":"Gassner","year":"2002"},{"key":"b17-0260013","series-title":"Rheumatology","first-page":"584","article-title":"Ultrasonography shows increased cross-sectional area of the median nerve in patients with arthritis and carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"45","author":"Hammer","year":"2006"},{"key":"b18-0260013","series-title":"J Clin Ultrasound","first-page":"459","article-title":"Sonographic findings in the anterior interosseous nerve syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Hide","year":"1999"},{"key":"b19-0260013","series-title":"Ultrason Imaging","first-page":"81","article-title":"Multi-angle compound imaging","volume":"20","author":"Jespersen","year":"1998"},{"key":"b20-0260013","series-title":"Clin Neurophysiol","first-page":"1353","article-title":"The ultrasonographic wrist-to-forearm median nerve area ratio in carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"119","author":"Hobson-Webb","year":"2008"},{"key":"b21-0260013","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"389","article-title":"The potential value of ultrasonography in the evaluation of carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"61","author":"Kele","year":"2003"},{"key":"b22-0260013","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"809","article-title":"Distance measure error induced by displacement of the ulnar nerve when the elbow is flexed","volume":"86","author":"Kim","year":"2005"},{"key":"b23-0260013","series-title":"Joint Bone Spine","first-page":"142","article-title":"Ultrasound imaging in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome and its relevance to clinical evaluation","volume":"72","author":"Kotevoglu","year":"2005"},{"key":"b24-0260013","series-title":"Eur J Radiol","first-page":"365","article-title":"The value of ultrasonographic measurement in carpal tunnel syndrome in patients with negative electrodiagnostic tests","volume":"56","author":"Koyuncuoglu","year":"2005"},{"key":"b25-0260013","series-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol","first-page":"1629","article-title":"Advantages of real-time spatial compound sonography of the musculoskeletal system versus conventional sonography","volume":"179","author":"Lin","year":"2002"},{"key":"b26-0260013","series-title":"J Am Podiatr Med Assoc","first-page":"433","article-title":"Morphological and functional changes in the diabetic peripheral nerve: using diagnostic ultrasound and neurosensory testing to select candidates for nerve decompression","volume":"95","author":"Lee","year":"2005"},{"key":"b27-0260013","series-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol","first-page":"1240","article-title":"Predictors of carpal tunnel syndrome: accuracy of gray-scale and color Doppler sonography","volume":"186","author":"Mallouhi","year":"2006"},{"key":"b28-0260013","series-title":"J Radiol","first-page":"1869","article-title":"Ultrasound of peripheral nerves","volume":"86","author":"Martinoli","year":"2005"},{"key":"b29-0260013","series-title":"Radiographics","first-page":"199","article-title":"US of nerve entrapments in osteofibrous tunnels of the upper and lower limbs","volume":"20","author":"Martinoli","year":"2000"},{"key":"b30-0260013","series-title":"J Clin Ultrasound","first-page":"438","article-title":"Sonography of entrapment neuropathies in the upper limb (wrist excluded)","volume":"32","author":"Martinoli","year":"2004"},{"key":"b31-0260013","series-title":"Muscle Nerve","first-page":"798","article-title":"Ultrasonographic measurement of median nerve cross-sectional area in idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome: diagnostic accuracy","volume":"26","author":"Nakamichi","year":"2002"},{"key":"b32-0260013","series-title":"J Hand Surg [Br]","first-page":"85","article-title":"Morphology and dynamics of the ulnar nerve in the cubital tunnel. Observation by ultrasonography","volume":"25","author":"Okamoto","year":"2000"},{"key":"b33-0260013","series-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol","first-page":"415","article-title":"Examination of postoperative peripheral nerve lesions with highresolution sonography","volume":"177","author":"Peer","year":"2001"},{"key":"b34-0260013","series-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol","first-page":"1723","article-title":"Sonography of Morton's neuromas","volume":"174","author":"Quinn","year":"2000"},{"key":"b35-0260013","series-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol","first-page":"1203","article-title":"Tissue harmonic imaging sonography: evaluation of image quality compared with conventional sonography","volume":"171","author":"Shapiro","year":"1998"},{"key":"b36-0260013","series-title":"Ultrason Imaging","first-page":"93","article-title":"Compound scanning with a phased array","volume":"4","author":"Shattuck","year":"1982"},{"key":"b37-0260013","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"291","article-title":"Echotexture of peripheral nerves: correlation between US and histologic findings and criteria to differentiate tendons","volume":"197","author":"Silvestri","year":"1995"},{"key":"b38-0260013","series-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol","first-page":"989","article-title":"Highresolution sonography of the recurrent laryngeal nerve: anatomic and pathologic considerations","volume":"145","author":"Solbiati","year":"1985"},{"key":"b39-0260013","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"459","article-title":"Carpal tunnel syndrome: evaluation of median nerve circulation with dynamic contrastenhanced MR imaging","volume":"190","author":"Sugimoto","year":"1994"},{"key":"b40-0260013","series-title":"J Ultrasound Med","first-page":"737","article-title":"Ultrasonographic measurements of the ulnar nerve at the elbow. 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