{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T16:11:09Z","timestamp":1791130269325,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JNS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Object<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p> Given the success of deep brain stimulation (DBS) in a variety of applications (for example, Parkinson disease and essential tremor), other indications for which there is currently little effective therapy are being evaluated for clinical use of DBS. Obesity may be one such indication. Studies of the control of feeding and appetite by neurosurgical lesioning have been completed previously. This study was conducted to test the authors' hypothesis that continuous bilateral stimulatory inhibition of the rat lateral hypothalamic nucleus (LH) would lead to significant and sustained decrease in food intake and subsequent weight loss.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p> Sixteen Sprague\u2013Dawley rats were maintained on a high-fat diet. Daily food intake and weight gain were measured for 7 days, at which time the animals underwent stereotactic placement of 0.25-mm-diameter bipolar stimulating electrodes bilaterally in the LH. On postoperative Day 7, eight animals began to receive continuous stimulation of the LH. The remaining eight animals were left unstimulated as the control group. Individual animal weight, food intake, and water intake were monitored daily and continuously throughout the experiment until postoperative Day 24.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p> There was a decreased rate of weight gain after surgery in all animals, but the unstimulated group recovered and resumed a linear weight gain curve. The stimulated group, however, failed to show weight gain and remained below the mean baseline for body mass. There was a significant weight loss between the stimulated and unstimulated groups. On postoperative Day 24, compared with the day of surgery (Day 0), the unstimulated group had a mean weight gain of 13.8%, whereas the stimulated group had a 2.3% weight loss on average (p = 0.001), yielding a 16.1% weight difference between the two groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p> Bilateral electrical stimulatory inhibition of the LH is effective in causing significant and sustained weight loss in rats.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/jns-07\/10\/0809","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,13]],"date-time":"2007-12-13T15:49:17Z","timestamp":1197560957000},"page":"809-813","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Deep brain stimulation for treatment of obesity in rats"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Sepehr","family":"Sani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirk","family":"Jobe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey H.","family":"Kordower","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roy A. E.","family":"Bakay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-1070809","series-title":"Yale J Biol Med","first-page":"123","article-title":"Hypothalamic control of food intake in rats and cats","volume":"24","author":"Anand","year":"1951"},{"key":"b2-1070809","series-title":"J Comp Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903190204","article-title":"The melanin-concentrating hormone system of the rat brain: an immuno- and hybridization histochemical characterization","volume":"319","author":"Bittencourt","year":"1992"},{"key":"b3-1070809","series-title":"J Comp Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19981228)402:4<460::AID-CNE3>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"Hypocretin\/orexin- and melanin-concentrating hormone-expressing cells form distinct populations in the rodent lateral hypothalamus: relationship to the neuropeptide Y and agouti gene-related protein systems","volume":"402","author":"Broberger","year":"1998"},{"key":"b4-1070809","series-title":"Surg Clin North Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6109(05)70190-0","article-title":"Complications of surgery for obesity","volume":"81","author":"Byrne","year":"2001"},{"key":"b5-1070809","series-title":"Neuroreport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199011000-00024","article-title":"NMDA lesions of rat lateral hypothalamus: effects of dietary and physiological challenges","volume":"1","author":"Clark","year":"1990"},{"key":"b6-1070809","series-title":"Neuroscience","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(91)90275-S","article-title":"Neuroendocrine and behavioral responses to hyperosmolality in rats with lesions of the lateral hypothalamus made by N-methyl-D-aspartate","volume":"45","author":"Clark","year":"1991"},{"issue":"11 Suppl","key":"b7-1070809","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S663","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199911001-00026","article-title":"Economic costs of obesity and inactivity","volume":"31","author":"Colditz","year":"1999"},{"key":"b8-1070809","series-title":"Am J Physiol","first-page":"162","article-title":"Increase of food intake induced by electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus","volume":"172","author":"Delgado","year":"1953"},{"issue":"9 Suppl","key":"b9-1070809","series-title":"Metabolism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(95)90316-X","article-title":"Obesity and cancer","volume":"44","author":"Deslypere","year":"1995"},{"key":"b10-1070809","series-title":"Neuroscience","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(85)90306-9","article-title":"Ibotenic acid lesions of the lateral hypothalamus: comparison with 6-hydroxydopamine-induced sensorimotor deficits","volume":"14","author":"Dunnett","year":"1985"},{"key":"b11-1070809","series-title":"J Comp Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19981228)402:4<442::AID-CNE2>3.0.CO;2-R","article-title":"Chemically defined projections linking the mediobasal hypothalamus and the lateral hypothalamic area","volume":"402","author":"Elias","year":"1998"},{"key":"b12-1070809","series-title":"Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1126\/science.182.4111.488","article-title":"Hypothalamic obesity: the myth of the ventromedial nucleus","volume":"182","author":"Gold","year":"1973"},{"key":"b13-1070809","series-title":"Physiol Behav","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(82)90281-5","article-title":"Iontophoretic injections of kainic acid into the rat lateral hypothalamus: effects on ingestive behavior","volume":"29","author":"Grossman","year":"1982"},{"key":"b14-1070809","series-title":"Anat Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1090780203","article-title":"Hypothalamic lesions and adiposity in the rat","volume":"78","author":"Hetherington","year":"1940"},{"key":"b15-1070809","series-title":"J Nutr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/108.11.1830","article-title":"The metabolic effects of surgical trauma on growing rats","volume":"108","author":"Hoover-Plow","year":"1978"},{"key":"b16-1070809","series-title":"Exp Brain Res","first-page":"79","article-title":"The distribution of spinal projection neurons in the hypothalamus of the rat, studied with the HRP method","volume":"40","author":"Hosoya","year":"1980"},{"key":"b17-1070809","series-title":"Neurosci Lett","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(80)90290-6","article-title":"Cells of origin of the descending afferents to the lateral hypothalamic area in the rat, studied with the horseradish peroxidase method","volume":"18","author":"Hosoya","year":"1980"},{"key":"b18-1070809","series-title":"Exp Brain Res","first-page":"315","article-title":"Identification and distribution of the spinal and hypophyseal projection neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the rat. A light and electron microscopic study with the horseradish peroxidase method","volume":"35","author":"Hosoya","year":"1980"},{"key":"b19-1070809","series-title":"Brain Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(81)91244-0","article-title":"Reciprocal connections between the lateral hypothalamus and the frontal cortex in the rat: electrophysiological and anatomical observations","volume":"213","author":"Kita","year":"1981"},{"key":"b20-1070809","series-title":"J Comp Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901780204","article-title":"Amygdaloid projections to subcortical structures within the basal forebrain and brainstem in the rat and cat","volume":"178","author":"Krettek","year":"1978"},{"issue":"115 Suppl","key":"b21-1070809","series-title":"Acta Physiol Scand","first-page":"7","article-title":"On the hypothalamic organization of the nervous mechanism regulating food intake. I Hyperphagia from stimulation of the hypothalamus and medulla in sheep and goats II Studies of isotope and chemical composition in the hypothalamic region of hungry and fed rats","volume":"32","author":"Larsson","year":"1954"},{"key":"b22-1070809","series-title":"Am J Physiol","first-page":"R725","article-title":"Selective breeding for diet-induced obesity and resistance in Sprague-Dawley rats","volume":"273","author":"Levin","year":"1997"},{"key":"b23-1070809","series-title":"Prog Neurobiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0082(87)90004-9","article-title":"The hypothalamus, intrinsic connections and outflow pathways to the endocrine system in relation to the control of feeding and metabolism","volume":"28","author":"Luiten","year":"1987"},{"key":"b24-1070809","series-title":"JAMA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.284.13.1650","article-title":"The continuing epidemic of obesity in the United States","volume":"284","author":"Mokdad","year":"2000"},{"key":"b25-1070809","series-title":"Am J Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1961.201.5.838","article-title":"Electrophysiological studies of feeding and satiety centers in the rat","volume":"201","author":"Morgane","year":"1961"},{"key":"b26-1070809","series-title":"JAMA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.16.1523","article-title":"The disease burden associated with overweight and obesity","volume":"282","author":"Must","year":"1999"},{"key":"b27-1070809","series-title":"Neurosci Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-0102(85)90002-1","article-title":"Topographic organization of projections from the amygdala to the hypothalamus of the rat","volume":"2","author":"Ono","year":"1985"},{"key":"b28-1070809","series-title":"Brain Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(72)90468-4","article-title":"Activation of amygdaloid neurons in reward, eating and drinking elicited by electrical stimulation of the brain","volume":"45","author":"Rolls","year":"1972"},{"key":"b29-1070809","series-title":"Brain Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(79)90010-6","article-title":"The latency of activation of neurons in the lateral hypothalamus and substantia innominata during feeding in the monkey","volume":"164","author":"Rolls","year":"1979"},{"key":"b30-1070809","series-title":"J Auton Nerv Syst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1838(83)90129-7","article-title":"Central connections of the sensory and motor nuclei of the vagus nerve","volume":"9","author":"Sawchenko","year":"1983"},{"key":"b31-1070809","series-title":"Brain Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(93)90458-Y","article-title":"Lateral hypothalamic injections of glutamate, kainic acid, D, L-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazole propionic acid or N-methyl-D-aspartic acid rapidly elicit intense transient eating in rats","volume":"613","author":"Stanley","year":"1993"},{"key":"b32-1070809","series-title":"Brain Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(78)90692-3","article-title":"Intrahypothalamic injections of kainic acid produce feeding and drinking deficits in rats","volume":"158","author":"Stricker","year":"1978"},{"key":"b33-1070809","series-title":"Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1154028","article-title":"Glucoregulatory feeding by rats after intraventricular 6-hydroxydopamine or lateral hypothalamic lesions","volume":"189","author":"Stricker","year":"1975"},{"key":"b34-1070809","series-title":"Psychol Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1037\/h0039285","article-title":"The lateral hypothalamic syndrome: recovery of feeding and drinking after lateral hypothalamic lesions","volume":"69","author":"Teitelbaum","year":"1962"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/107\/4\/article-p809.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/107\/4\/article-p809.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/107\/4\/article-p809.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]],"date-time":"2023-04-13T01:25:41Z","timestamp":1681349141000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/107\/4\/article-p809.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,10]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns-07\/10\/0809","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3085","1933-0693"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3085","type":"print"},{"value":"1933-0693","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,10]]}}}